环渤海地区地下水资源与环境地质若干问题探讨

环渤海地区在我国经济发展中具有重要战略地位。面对区内水资源的日益短缺和地质灾害严重,合理开发利用地下水资源,有效保护地质环境,是实现环渤海地区社会、经济可持续发展的重要措施。本文中以环渤海地区地下水资源与主要环境地质问题现状为基础,围绕区内社会、经济发展需求,就环渤海地区地下水资源与环境地质调查下一步工作进行了探讨,提出重点应放在优化调整地下水开采布局和层位,充分开发利用浅层地下水;利用滨海河谷建设地下水库;利用地下空间和雨洪水资源,实施地下水与地表水联合调度;扩大咸水资源改造利用;勘查、建立城市应急(后备)水源地;开展地下水污染调查;加强地下水动态监测与研究等措施,建立以城市、港口为重点的地下水供水安全保障体系。环境地质调查重点则放在确定海岸基准线,开展重点城市、港口以及湿地环境地质调查评价,建立海岸带地质环境监测体系和地质灾害预警系统,构建海岸带地质环境保障体系等方面。     

阜阳颍东浅层地下水化学特征与空间分布规律研究

本研究在阜阳颍东区随机采取了30个浅层地下水水样进行水化学分析,使用统计分析方法和Piper图示法分析了地下水水化学类型和统计特征,采用克里格(Kriging)方法对地下水化学的空间分布进行插值,并分析了地下水化学的空间分布规律。结果显示,研究区浅层地下水pH值为7.84~8.83,平均值为8.23,属弱碱性水。SO_4~(2-)、K~+和NO_3~-的变异系数较大,对环境因素变化较为敏感,其他指标变异系数相对较小,在浅层地下水中相对较为稳定。工业区与居民区附近浅层地下水水质较接近,主要水化学类型为HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3-Ca+Mg型;农业区水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Na+K和HCO_3-Ca+Mg型。区内浅层地下水化学的空间分布规律并不完全与地下水径流一致,除了受地下水径流和岩石性质影响外,还受人类活动、土地利用类型和大气降水的补给条件等影响。     

安徽涡河地区浅层地下水化学特征分析

选择安徽涡河地区为研究区,通过采集区域内的浅层地下水的水文地球化学指标进行测试与分析,结果表明:区域内的地下水类型主要受到自然环境与人类活动影响,浅层地下水水化学类型在阴阳离子组成上较为接近,指示的沉积环境是基本一致的;三氮指标的高变异系数,指示了浅层地下水受化肥、污水、粪便等农业污染和生活污染的影响显著;铁、锰浓度的高背景值主要与区内地下水所属的水文地质单元有关。研究区浅层地下水的硬度与TDS的空间分布特征指示了区域地下水的的补径排方向。此外研究区内的地下水类型主要以HCO_3-Na型、HCO_3-Na·Mg型、HCO_3-Na·Ca·Mg型为主,分别占总数的28.57%、18.49%、14.29%。     

阆中市思依镇地下水水化学特征分析

阆中市思依镇地处四川红层缺水地区,居民饮用水水源主要为浅层地下水,分析总结地下水水化学特征对地区供水具有重要意义。运用Piper三线图、Durov图、Scholler图等水化学分析图解,因子分析、聚类分析统计学方法确定研究区地下水水化学类型、地下水主要离子组分的分布特征,总结研究区地下水水化学特征。研究表明,研究区水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3+SO_4-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca+Mg型三类,占水样总量的94.34%;地下水多为硬水,地下水主要阳离子为Ca~(2+),主要阴离子为HCO_3-+CO_3~(2-);区内地下水化学形成过程中溶滤作用为主导作用。     

云南勐兴铅锌矿区地下水化学成分与影响因素研究

云南勐兴铅锌矿矿区位于怒江与勐兴坝子夹持的近南北向分水岭西侧的斜坡地带,受地层产状及构造制约,构成单斜自流斜地,为独立的水文地质单元。通过对矿区丰水期、枯水期地下水水样进行化学成分分析,探讨地下水成分变化与影响因素之间联系,结果显示:按丰水期和枯水期进行地下水主要物理化学指标统计分类,地表出露泉点水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca·Mg为主,次之为HCO_3-Ca型水;坑道中以HCO_3-Ca为主,次之HCO_3-Na·Ca·Mg、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型水,影响地下水化学成分的主要因素为含水层岩性、取样时期、循环周期与径流路径差异和地下水的污染程度。在对该矿区矿产资源开发利用过程中要防止地下水污染,加强对环境的保护,使其理论与方法对同类矿山起到借鉴作用。     

汉中玉矿区地下水水文地球化学特征

通过分析常规水化学组分显示,汉中玉矿区地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3-Ca型。前者赋存于麻窝子组白云质大理岩中,属弱碱性微硬水,后者赋存于晋宁期侵入岩体中,属弱碱性极软水,均达到偏硅酸矿泉水标准。     

山东省日照沿海浅层地下水化学特征与成因探讨

日照地处山东省东南沿海,浅层地下水类型为第四系松散岩类孔隙水与基岩裂隙水。通过对日照市浅层地下水1984~1992年与2013年水化学资料进行分析对比,结果显示,从1980年以来,日常市浅层地下水水化学特征发生巨大变化,由HCO_3型或HCO_3·Cl型为主逐渐转化为NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)型,出现NO_3-Ca·Na型水和NO_3·SO_4型水等更复杂类型地下水。且靠近沿海区域的地下水Cl-离子含量相对较高。分析认为,该特征形成原因是东南季风携带了海水气溶胶干降或随降水湿降所致。该区近年来硫酸盐及硝酸盐污染急剧加重,致使浅层地下水中的硫酸根含量剧增,使地下水水质受到严重污染,应引起足够重视。     

淮北城市地质环境

基于正在进行的淮北市城市地质调查工作,通过野外调查、地质测绘、土样及水样的采集测试、资料收集和综合分析,淮北城市规划区位于淮北凹陷盆地为主要的地质单元,褶皱及断裂构造发育,岩土体及地下水特征明显,土壤地球化学指标良好。由于人类工程活动,地质环境发生了变化,主要是地表水污染较严重,基岩地下水位下降显著,岩溶地下水质稳定,浅层孔隙水严重污染,采空塌陷面积较大,岩溶塌陷及崩塌地质灾害少且规模小。     

泰安市城区地下空间开发与环境地质影响关系分析

通过对泰安市城区地质环境条件的深入分析,系统阐述了泰安市城市地下空间开发与地质环境因素之间的相互影响关系,一方面城市地下空间开发受到地表水、地下水水位、水质及岩溶塌陷地质灾害等地质环境因素的制约,而地下空间开发建设又反过来影响和改变着城区地下水环境、土壤环境,并有可能提高城区岩溶塌陷发生的机率,因此建议有关部门在规划建设城市地下空间的同时要加强地质环境保护。     

龙泉山瓦斯赋存控制因素及综合评价方法

为研究龙泉山瓦斯赋存控制要素,降低工程建设风险,结合龙泉山瓦斯事故及地质资料分析,该区瓦斯是来源于须家河组生烃层的天然气,经断层-裂缝运移至背斜或构造高点的侏罗系砂体中,并在浅部以"气包状"聚集。为定量评价瓦斯危害,基于气测录井、气体浓度检测、瓦斯压力测试结果,提出了浅层天然气类瓦斯溢出量计算公式,并建立其涌出量与溢出量的相关关系,结果表明,龙泉山隧道瓦斯气体含量最高达150 000ppm,一氧化碳含量最高为99ppm,瓦斯溢出量为141 141 m~3,瓦斯涌出量为2.69m~3/min,达到了高瓦斯隧道判别标准。研究结果对成都市城市工程建设瓦斯风险防控具有一定的指导意义。     

Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality assessment of the multilayered aquifer in Lower Kelantan Basin,Kelantan, Malaysia

Continual expansion of population density, urbanization, agriculture, and industry in most parts of the world has increased the generation of pollution, which contributes to the deterioration of surface water quality. This causes the dependence on groundwater sources for their daily needs to accumulate day by day, which raises concerns about their quality and hydrogeochemistry. This study was carried out to increase understanding of the geological setup and assess the groundwater hydrogeochemical characteristics of the multilayered aquifers in Lower Kelantan Basin. Based on lithological data correlation of exploration wells, the study area can be divided into three main aquifers: shallow, intermediate and deep aquifers. From these three aquifers, 101 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that pH values in the shallow, intermediate and deep aquifers were generally acidic to slightly alkaline. The sequences of major cations and anions were Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ and HCO₃^? > Cl^? > SO₄^2? > CO₃^2?, respectively. In the intermediate aquifer, the influence of ancient seawater was the primary factor that contributed to the elevated values of electrical conductivity (EC), Cl^? and total dissolved solids (TDS). The main facies in the shallow aquifer were Ca–HCO₃ and Na–HCO₃ water types. The water types were dominated by Na–Cl and Na–HCO₃ in the intermediate aquifer and by Na–HCO₃ in the deep aquifer. The Gibbs diagram reveals that the majority of groundwater samples belonged to the deep aquifer and fell in the rock dominance zone. Shallow aquifer samples mostly fell in the rainfall zone, suggesting that this aquifer is affected by anthropogenic activities. In contrast, the results suggest that the deep aquifer is heavily influenced by natural processes.     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidences of the groundwater regime in Datong Basin, Northern China

Datong Basin is one of the Cenozoic faulted basins in Northern China’s Shanxi province, where groundwater is the major source of water supply. The results of hydrochemical investigation show that along the groundwater flow path, from the margins to the lower-lying central parts of the basin, groundwater generally shows increases in concentrations of TDS, HCO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, Cl^?, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ (except for Ca²⁺ content). Along the basin margin, groundwater is dominantly of Ca–HCO₃ type; however, in the central parts of the basin it becomes more saline with Na–HCO₃-dominant or mixed-ion type. The medium-deep groundwater has chemical compositions similar to those of shallow groundwater, except for the local area affected by human activity. From the mountain front to the basin area, shallow groundwater concentrations of major ions increase and are commonly higher than those in medium-deep aquifers, due to intense evapotranspiration and anthropogenic contamination. Hydrolysis of aluminosilicate and silicate minerals, cation exchange and evaporation are prevailing geochemical processes occurring in the aquifers at Datong Basin. The isotopic compositions indicate that meteoric water is the main source of groundwater recharge. Evaporation is the major way of discharge of shallow groundwater. The groundwater in medium-deep aquifers may be related to regional recharges of rainwater by infiltrating along the mountain front faults, and of groundwater permeating laterally from bedrocks of the mountain range. However, in areas of groundwater depression cones, groundwater in the deep confined aquifers may be recharged by groundwater from the upper unconfined aquifer through aquitards.     

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Mettur region, Tamilnadu, India using drastic and GIS techniques

A study was carried in Mettur taluk, Salem district of Tamilnadu, India to develop a DRASTIC vulnerability index in GIS environment owing to groundwater pollution with increasing population, industries, and agricultural activities. Seven DRASTIC layers were created from available data (depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity) and incorporated into DRASTIC model to create a groundwater vulnerability map by overlaying the hydrogeological parameters. The output map indicates southwestern part of the study area with high pollution potential, northern and northwestern parts as moderate pollution potential and northeastern parts as low and no risk of pollution potential. For validating the vulnerability assessment, a total of 46 groundwater samples were collected from different vulnerability zones of the study area for two different seasons (pre- and post-monsoon) and analyzed for major anions and cations. Higher ionic concentrations were noted in wells located near highly industrialized, urbanized, and agricultural active zones. The water types represent Na–Mg–HCO₃ and Na–Cl–HCO₃ type indicating dominance of anthropogenic-related activities. Nitrate and chloride were demarcated as pollution indicators and correlated with DRASTIC vulnerability map. The results show that southwestern, northwestern, and northern parts of the study area recorded with high and moderate vulnerable zones, record higher nitrate values. In contrast to DRASTIC method predicted, low vulnerable zones show higher chloride concentration may be due to agricultural and urban development.     

重庆涪陵页岩气勘查开发区环境地质调查进展

紧密结合国家非常规能源勘探开发的重大战略,聚焦重庆涪陵页岩气勘查开发区环境地质调查工作,总结了研究区岩溶发育特征与分布规律,评价了涪陵页岩气开发区区域水资源量和地下水质量。在此基础上,收集分析国内外资料,梳理了页岩气勘查开发所引发的6类环境(地质)问题及勘查、钻井、压裂、开采、闭井等5个阶段需关注的地质环境问题或风险等,其中涪陵页岩气勘查开发区主要诱发水土污染、地质灾害和大气污染等环境(地质)问题; 基本识别了2种地下水污染模式、3种污染类型及可能的地下水污染风险途径; 初步确定了涪陵页岩气勘查开发区污染指示性特征因子,并形成了页岩气勘查开发区地质环境影响评价指标体系,可指导页岩气勘查开发的环境地质调查。该研究为页岩气国家新型清洁能源的绿色开发和开发区生态文明建设提供支撑。     

重庆涪陵页岩气勘查开发区环境地质调查进展

紧密结合国家非常规能源勘探开发的重大战略,聚焦重庆涪陵页岩气勘查开发区环境地质调查工作,总结了研究区岩溶发育特征与分布规律,评价了涪陵页岩气开发区区域水资源量和地下水质量。在此基础上,收集分析国内外资料,梳理了页岩气勘查开发所引发的6类环境(地质)问题及勘查、钻井、压裂、开采、闭井等5个阶段需关注的地质环境问题或风险等,其中涪陵页岩气勘查开发区主要诱发水土污染、地质灾害和大气污染等环境(地质)问题; 基本识别了2种地下水污染模式、3种污染类型及可能的地下水污染风险途径; 初步确定了涪陵页岩气勘查开发区污染指示性特征因子,并形成了页岩气勘查开发区地质环境影响评价指标体系,可指导页岩气勘查开发的环境地质调查。该研究为页岩气国家新型清洁能源的绿色开发和开发区生态文明建设提供支撑。     

南京市地下空间开发与地质环境效应初探

介绍了国内外和南京市地下空间的开发利用情况，阐述了南京市地质环境特征和地质灾害现状。探讨了地下空间开发与地质环境之间的相互作用和影响，提出了地下空间开发中应重视和加强的几个方面。     

安徽马鞍山市当涂地区地下水水化学特征及演化机制

【研究目的】 了解长江中下游平原地区地下水流系统并深入分析其地下水水化学特征及其演化机制。【研究方法】 综合马鞍山市当涂地区的水文地质条件、水动力场等,基于研究区水化学基本特征,运用多元统计分析、水化学图件、离子比值和反向水文地球化学模拟等方法对该地区浅层地下水水化学演化进行分析。【研究结果】 结果表明：（1）研究区地下水主要为低矿化度偏碱性水,地下水组分中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-为主。（2）研究区地下水水化学类型主要可分为7类,其中松散岩类孔隙含水岩组和碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水岩组的水化学类型主要为HCO₃^-Ca型、HCO₃^-Ca·Na型、HCO₃·Cl-Ca·Na型以及HCO₃^-Ca·Mg型;基岩类裂隙含水岩组的化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型和SO₄·HCO₃^-Ca·Mg型。（3）研究区浅层地下水水样超标率为46%,总体水质较差,超标率较高的组分依次为Mn、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）、硝酸盐（以N计）、Fe、As、氨氮（以N计）等。（4）研究区地下水的化学组分主要受到岩石风化作用的控制;此外,还存在Na-Ca的正向阳离子交替吸附作用。反向水文地球化学模拟结果进一步定量论证了水岩相互作用对本区浅层地下水组分的形成和演化起着主导作用。【结论】 研究区地下水主要为低矿化度偏碱性,主要可分为松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水和基岩类裂隙水。主要离子比例和反向水文地球化学模拟揭示了本区浅层地下水化学组分主要是地下水溶滤方解石、白云石等碳酸盐矿物、石英、长石等硅酸盐矿物,高岭土等黏土矿物以及岩盐、石膏等达到过饱和之后形成的。     

Environmental characterization of a karst polje: an example from Izeh polje,southwest Iran

Groundwater contamination is a well-known phenomenon, which occurs on local and regional scales in Izeh polje. The aims of this paper are investigation of the impact of human activities on the polje ecosystem, determination of the vulnerability of ground water, and to solve environmental problems. Nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Izeh polje was predicted using a solute transport model. The nitrate concentration in groundwater in most parts of Izeh polje is greater than maximum concentration permissible for drinking water, i.e., 45 mg/l. The main source of nitrate in the eastern underground areas of Izeh city is the domestic sewage. Bacterial pollution of shallow ground water in Izeh polje is severe and widespread. About 45% of ground water samples in May and September 2001 have positive MPN coliforms. Infiltration of polluted surface waters and decrease of water table depth, have lead to bacterial pollution of 80% of ground water samples in January 2002. The northeast, south and southwest areas of Izeh polje have higher pollution potential rather than its middle parts. The aquifer vulnerability indices in the middle, eastern, and northern parts of the polje are moderately lower as a result of decreased sediment size of the aquifer. The pollution in the polje depends on the amount and presence of pollutants. If they do exist, the possibility of pollution is considerable due to the coarseness of materials and shallow depth of groundwater table.     

关中城市群开采地下水有关环境地质问题 及其防治对策建议

关中城市群地下水自集中开采以来区域地下水位呈整体下降趋势,主要城市集中供水水源地水位降幅30~50 m,最大超过120 m。长期过量开采地下水引起了地下水位持续下降、地面沉降、地裂缝以及水质污染等环境地质问题。近年随着城市群限制开采量,地下水水位下降及其相关环境地质问题在局部地段有所缓和。本文以50年地下水动态监测数据为基础,针对关中城市群地下水动态特征及相关的环境地质问题进行研究分析,并对预防和缓解环境地质问题、合理开发地下水资源提出建议。