AN ANALYSIS OF THREE ELEMENTS OF WATER BALANCE IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER BASIN

The general trend of three elements (precipitation, runoff and evaporation) of the water balance of the Changjiang River Basin is discussed from the regional distribution of the mean annual values of view, i.e. isogram. The distribution of precipitation is non-uniform. The distribution of runoff mainly supplied from precipitation is more uniform than that of precipitation. The distribution of the evaporation from land is much more uniform than that of precipitation and runoff. Time distribution of these three elements shows the characteristics of comparatively distinct yearly variation and few variation between years. The relationship between precipitation and runoff, and between precipitation and evaporation in the humid region in the Changjiang River is analyzed. The slopes of their straight line correlation are nearly equal. The internal relationship between variables should be paid attention to, otherwise, a pseudo correlation may be resulted in. The paper provides the method of quantitative computa     

Impacts of Climatic Factors on Runoff Coefficients in Source Regions of the Huanghe River

Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956–2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had at- tracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient (R/P), baseflow coefficient (Br/P) and direct runoff coefficient (Dr/P) were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients (including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P). The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual pre- cipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is –3.9oC, temperature is the main factor in- fluencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area be-tween Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients be-come insignificant.     

A STUDY ON MARSH EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

Ａ ＳＴＵＤＹ ＯＮ ＭＡＲＳＨ ＥＶＡＰＯＴＲＡＮＳＰＩＲＡＴＩＯＮ ＩＮ ＴＨＥ ＳＡＮＪＩＡＮＧ ＰＬＡＩＮＣｈｅｎＧａｎｇｑｉ（陈刚起）；ＬｕＸｉｎｎｇｕｏ（吕宪国）（ＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ｔｈｅＣｈｉｎ...     

Large-scale desiccation of the Aral Sea due to over-exploitation after 1960

The Aral Sea was one of the largest lakes in the world before it started to shrink in the 1960s due to water withdrawal for agricultural irrigation.Precipitation decreased from 9.4 km3 in 1960 to 3.2 km3 in 2009,and annual river inflow into the Aral Sea decreased from 31.5 km3 in 1998 to 5.2 km3 in 2009.Comparison on the hydrological data of the Aral Sea between 1960 and 2009 showed the evaporation,water surface area,and water volume decreased by 90%,80%,and 88%,respectively.This study employs the observed values of water volume,precipitation,runoff,evaporation,and salinity to estimate water volume and salinity from 1960 to 2009,and the efficiency coefficients for predicted water volume and salinity are 0.975 and 0.974,respectively.Regression equations calculated from the observed data are used to predict precipitation,runoff,evaporation,and salinity from 2010 to 2021,and the results are then applied in the estimation of water volume and salinity.Our estimates suggest that salinity will increase to around 200 g/L and water volume will decrease to around 83 km3 in 2021.     

Topographic controls on the annual runoff coefficient and implications for landscape evolution across semiarid Qilian Mountains,NE Tibetan Plateau

The combination of different topographic and climatic conditions results in varied precipitation-runoff relations, which in turn influences hillslope erosion, sediment transport and bedrock incision across mountainous landscapes. The runoff coefficient is a suitable tool to represent precipitation-runoff relations, but the spatial distribution of the runoff coefficient across tectonically active mountains in semi-arid environments has received little attention because of limited data availability. We calculated annual runoff coefficients over 22 years for 26 drainage basins across the semi-arid Qilian Mountains based on:(i) annual discharge records; and(ii) the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset to enhance our understanding of the precipitation-runoff processes. The mean annual runoff coefficients show no obvious spatial trends. When compared to potential controlling factors, mean annual runoff coefficients are highly correlated with mean slope rather than any climatic characteristics(e.g., mean annualprecipitation and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The slope-dependent runoff coefficient could theoretically have enhanced the topographic control on erosion rates and dampen the influence of precipitation. The enhanced discharge for drainage basins with less precipitation but steep topography in the western Qilian Mountains will enable fluvial incision to keep pace with ongoing uplift caused by the northward growth of the Qilian Mountains. The geomorphic implications are that tectonic rather than climatic factors are more significant for long-term landscape evolution in arid and semi-arid contexts.     

康定北部高原构造岩溶发育特征与地下水径流带识别

受自然环境和技术方法制约，青藏高原岩溶发育演化和岩溶地下水循环特征研究相对薄弱，制约了青藏高原碳酸盐岩区的经济发展、民生设施建设和地质灾害防治。通过野外地质测量，岩溶地下水、地表水和大气降水水化学和同位素特征分析，泉水流量动态，水均衡计算和物探等技术方法，系统分析了四川省康定市北郊碳酸盐岩分布区的岩溶发育特征，识别了岩溶径流通道和岩溶大泉主要补给来源。结果表明:康定市北郊碳酸盐岩分布于高山峡谷地貌类型区，可溶岩地层分布、岩溶发育程度和岩溶水补给、径流、排泄均受构造控制，可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带和活动断裂附近的岩溶发育程度较强。岩溶水呈管道流径流，主要以岩溶大泉形式集中排泄，泉流量约1.5×104 m3/d且动态较为稳定。通过水文地质条件分析，识别出研究区存在通化组岩溶水径流带和雅拉河断裂岩溶水径流带。水化学-同位素数据、岩溶泉流量动态和水均衡计算结果显示，雅拉河河水是岩溶大泉的主要补给源，岩溶地下水主要沿雅拉河断裂岩溶水径流带径流并集中排泄。      

THE HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER BUDGET OF QINGHAI LAKE DRAINAGE BASIN

The rapid shrinkage of the surface area reflects the long-term deficit water budget of Qinghai Lake. Study of the yearly hydrology and meteorology in the lake catchment basin and the hydrologic factors as well as water budget led to the conclusion that evaporation exceeding the water input resulted in the drop of lake level, thai the obvious decrease of runoff to the lake and precipitation on the catchment accelerated the falling of lake level before 1987. and that increase of about 6.7% in rainfall on the whole basin will balance the lake's water budget.     

Effects of slope gradient on runoff from bare-fallow purple soil in China under natural rainfall conditions

Purple soil is highly susceptible for overland flow and surface erosion, therefore understanding surface runoff and soil erosion processes in the purple soil region are important to mitigate flooding and erosion hazards. Slope angle is an important parameter that affects the magnitude of runoff and thus surface erosion in hilly landscapes or bare land area. However, the effect of slope on runoff generation remains unclear in many different soils including Chinese purple soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between different slope gradients and surface runoff for bare-fallow purple soil, using 5 m × 1.5 m experimental plots under natural rainfall conditions. Four experimental plots(10°, 16°, 20° and 26°) were established in theYanting Agro-ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Science in central Sichuan Basin. The plot was equipped with water storage tank to monitor water level change. Field monitoring from July 1 to October 31, 2012 observed 42 rainfall events which produced surface runoff from the experimental plots. These water level changes were converted to runoff. The representative eight rainfall events were selected for further analysis, the relationship between slope and runoff coefficient were determined using ANOVA, F-test, and z-score analysis. The results indicated a strong correlation between rainfall and runoff in cumulative amount basis. The mean value of the measured runoff coefficient for four experimental plots was around 0.1. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between slope and runoff coefficient. We reviewed the relationship between slope and runoff in many previous studiesand calculated z-score to compare with our experimental results. The results of z-score analysis indicated that both positive and negative effects of slope on runoff coefficient were obtained, however a moderate gradient(16°-20° in this study) could be a threshold of runoff generation for many different soils including the Chinese purple soil.     

Application of stable isotope tracing technologies in identification of transformation among waters in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

In order to investigate the transformation among the precipitation,groundwater,and surface water in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,precipitation and groundwater samples which were collected at the meteorological station of the Sanjiang Mire Wetland Experimental Station,Chinese Academy of Sciences and the surface water which collected from the Wolulan River were used to identify the transformation of three types of water.The isotope composition of different kinds of water sources were analyzed via stable isotope(deuterium and oxygen-18) investigation of natural water.The results show a clear seasonal difference in the stable isotopes in precipitation.During the cold half-year,the mean stable isotope in precipitation in the Sanjiang Plain reaches its minimum with the minimum temperature.The δ18O and δD values are high in the rainy season.In the Wolulan River,the evaporation is the highest in August and September.The volume of evaporation and the replenishment to the river is mostly same.The groundwater is recharged more by the direct infiltration of precipitation than by the river flow.The results of this study indicate that the water bodies in the Sanjiang Plain have close hydrologic relationships,and that the transformation among each water system frequently occurs.     

1972-2017年南阿尔泰山中部冰湖变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

以1972、1989、1996、2006、2017年5个不同时段的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像数据、数字高程模型（DEM）数据和气象数据为数据源,通过计算机自动提取与人工目视解译相结合的方法获取南阿尔泰山中部地区各时段的冰湖信息,利用GIS空间分析方法对该地区的冰湖面积进行统计,并分析研究区冰湖在不同规模、不同坡度、不同海拔状态下的时空变化特征。结果表明:①近45年来南阿尔泰山中部地区的冰湖面积呈"先减后增"趋势。1972-1996年研究区的冰湖面积从411.14 km2减少至400.83 km2,共减少了10.31 km2,减少速率为0.43 km2/a。从1996-2017年冰湖面积增加了15.42 km2;增长率为0.514 km2/a。②研究区冰湖分布主要集中在海拔低于2 200 m、坡度小于25°的区域,不同海拔区间和不同坡度区间的冰湖面积均呈"先减后增"趋势。③结合气温、降水、冰川面积以及冰储量变化数据分析发现,南阿尔泰山中部地区冰湖对气候变化具有明显的响应。温度、降水量及冰川融水是影响冰湖面积变化的主要因素;且这三者之间存在一种平衡关系,即温度升高冰川消融速度加快,从而对冰湖的收支平衡产生直接影响。当冰湖的补给量（即冰川融水和降水量之和）大于由温度升高引起的蒸发量时,冰湖面积会呈增长趋势;反之亦然。1970-1980年整个阿勒泰地区年代际降水量减少了19.28 mm,温度上升了0.25℃,因此1972-1989年研究区冰湖的蒸发水量大于补给水量,导致该时段冰湖面积呈退缩态势。1989-1996年该区降水量增加了19.67%,温度升高了0.62℃,但是增加的降水量却无法弥补由温度升高引起的冰湖蒸发量,因此1989-1996年研究区冰湖面积仍处于退缩状态。1996-2017年由于温度和降水量大幅增加导致冰湖面积呈不断增长趋势。      

Runoff responses to climate change in arid region of northwestern China during 1960–2010

Based on runoff, air temperature, and precipitation data from 1960 to 2010, the effects of climate change on water resources in the arid region of the northwestern China were investigated. The long-term trends of hydroclimatic variables were studied by using both Mann-Kendall test and distributed-free cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart test. Results indicate that the mean annual air temperature increases significantly from 1960 to 2010. The annual precipitation exhibits an increasing trend, especially in the south slope of the Tianshan Mountains and the North Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in the study period. Step changes occur in 1988 in the mean annual air temperature time series and in 1991 in the precipitation time series. The runoff in different basins shows different trends, i.e., significantly increasing in the Kaidu River, the Aksu River and the Shule River, and decreasing in the Shiyang River. Correlation analysis reveals that the runoff in the North Xinjiang (i.e., the Weigan River, the Heihe River, and the Shiyang River) has a strong positive relationship with rainfall, while that in the south slope of the Tianshan Mountains, the middle section of the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains and the Shule River has a strong positive relationship with air temperature. The trends of runoff have strong negative correlations with glacier coverage and the proportion of glacier water in runoff. From the late 1980s, the climate has become warm and wet in the arid region of the northwestern China. The change in runoff is interacted with air temperature, precipitation and glacier coverage. The results show that streamflow in the arid region of the northwestern China is sensitive to climate change, which can be used as a reference for regional water resource assessment and management.     

AN ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVERS IN THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF THE KUNLUN MOUNTAINS

ＡＮＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＯＦＴＨＥＲＩＶＥＲＳＩＮＴＨＥＮＯＲＴＨＥＲＮＳＬＯＰＥＯＦＴＨＥＫＵＮＬＵＮＭＯＵＮＴＡＩＮＳＸｕＹｏｕｐｅｎｇ（许有鹏）；ＧａｏＹｕｎｊｕｅ（高蕴珏）（Ｄｅｐａｒｔ...     

THE FEATURES OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE RENOVATION STRATEGY OF POYANG LAKE

（张本）（康星华）ＴＨＥＦＥＡＴＵＲＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＮＡＴＵＲＡＬＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳＡＮＤＴＨＥＲＥＮＯＶＡＴＩＯＮＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＹＯＦＰＯＹＡＮＧＬＡＫＥ￥ＺｈａｎｇＢｅｎＫａｎｇＸｉｎｇｈｕａ（ＨａｉｎａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｈａｉｋｏｕ５７００...     

Distributed estimation and analysis of precipitation recharge coefficient in strongly-exploited Beijing plain area,China

The precipitation recharge coefficient(PRC), representing the amount of groundwater recharge from precipitation, is an important parameter for groundwater resources evaluation and numerical simulation. It was usually obtained from empirical knowledge and site experiments in the 1980 s. However, the environmental settings have been greatly modified from that time due to land use change and groundwater over-pumping, especially in the Beijing plain area(BPA). This paper aims to estimate and analyze PRC of BPA with the distributed hydrological model and GIS for the year 2011 with similar annual precipitation as long-term mean. It is found that the recharge from vertical(precipitation + irrigation) and precipitation is 291.0 mm/yr and 233.7 mm/yr, respectively, which accounts for 38.6% and 36.6% of corresponding input water. The regional mean PRC is 0.366, which is a little different from the traditional map. However, it has a spatial variation ranging from –7.0% to 17.5% for various sub-regions. Since the vadose zone is now much thicker than the evaporation extinction depth, the land cover is regarded as the major dynamic factor that causes the variation of PRC in this area due to the difference of evapotranspiration rates. It is suggested that the negative impact of reforestation on groundwater quantity within BPA should be well investigated, because the PRC beneath forestland is the smallest among all land cover types.     

豫北平原浅层地下水化学特征与成因机制

地下水的化学特征与成因机制对地下水演化、地下水资源的合理开采及质量评价具有重要意义。为查明豫北平原浅层地下水的水质特征及控制因素,采集了不同类型的浅层地下水和地表水样品,分别测试了水样阴、阳离子和氢氧同位素组成。结果表明:①地下水中总溶解性固体物质（total dissolved solids,简称TDS）质量浓度范围为316~6 948 mg/L,微咸和咸地下水呈条带状分布在沁河冲洪积平原中部,在三阳镇-修武县一带,水化学类型复杂,以HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Mg·Ca型和SO₄-Na·Mg型水为主。北部山前冲洪积扇和沁河北岸地下水为淡水,为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型水。②δ2H-δ18O关系说明地下水起源于大气降水,水化学组分受水岩相互作用控制,在补给区以碳酸盐岩溶滤作用为主,径流区发生硅酸盐岩的风化溶解以及阳离子交换作用,排泄区以蒸发浓缩、石膏溶解和阳离子交换作用为主。③地质和气候环境是造成地下水咸化的主要成因,且受到工农业污水渗漏的影响。研究成果可以为该区地下水资源的合理开采和有效管理提供依据。      

Impacts of climatic change on river runoff in northern Xinjiang of China over last fifty years

The characteristics of climatic change and river runoff, as well as the response of river runoff to climatic change in the northern Xinjiang are analyzed on the basis of the hydrological and meteorological data over the last 50 years by the methods of Mann-Kendall nonparametric test and the nonlinear regression model. The results show that: 1) The temperature and the precipitation increased significantly in the whole northern Xinjiang, but the precipitation displayed no obvious change, or even a decreasing trend in the northern mountainous area of the northern Xinjiang. 2) River runoff varied in different regions in the northern Xinjiang. It significantly increased in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains and the north of the northern Xinjiang (p=0.05), while slightly increased in the west of the northern Xinjiang. 3) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) affects river runoff by influencing temperature and precipita-tion. The NAO and precipitation had apparent significant correlations with the river runoff, but the temperature did not in the northern Xinjiang. Since the mid-1990s river runoff increase was mainly caused by the increasing temperature in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains and the north of the northern Xinjiang. Increased precipitation resulted in increased river runoff in the west of the northern Xinjiang.     

THE PRECIPITATION INFILTRATION AND RUNOFF RECHARGING EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION IN THE TAKLIMAKAN DESERT

１　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｌｏｃａｌｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎｉｓｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅｆｒｅｓｈｗａｔｅｒｓｏｕｒｃｅｉｎｄｅｓｅｒｔｓ．ＴｈｅＴａｋｌｉｍａｋａｎＤｅｓｅｒｔｂｅｌｏｎｇｓｔｏａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅａｒｉｄｂｅｌｔ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏａｆｅｗｙｅａｒｓ’ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｄａｔａ，ｉｔｉｓｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｉｎｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｏｆ３０－５０ｍｍａｎｎｕａｌｌｙ．Ｈｏｗｅｖ…     

新疆罗布泊罗北凹地地下卤水化学场特征研究

简要介绍了新疆罗布泊罗北凹地地下卤水的水化学场特征,包括研究区地下卤水主要水化学类型为硫酸镁亚型和地下卤水宏量组分的水平和垂直分带性.另外,通过水样同位素测定分析研究了该区地下卤水的形成机制,即罗布泊古湖水主要由塔里木河等地表水及大气降水补给,后经过强烈的蒸发浓缩作用而形成的.     

广西龙江流域水环境状况及地下水资源潜力评价

龙江流域是西南岩溶区一个典型的水文盆地。由于降水丰沛 ,地下水、地表水资源十分丰富 ,但受工矿企业废水的污染 ,龙江河水在枯水季节已基本失去了作为人畜饮用水水源的功能 ,沿江许多城镇人畜饮用水困难。在水资源十分丰富的西南岩溶区 ,类似的许多沿江城市出现水质性缺水 ,给水文地质工作提出了新的要求。文章认为以一定规模的水文盆地为基本单元 ,以流域地表水地下水资源的可利用性的综合评价为出发点 ,有针对性开展缺水城镇及岩溶干旱片的供水论证及地下水生态环境调查 ,是新一轮水文地质工作的重点 ,也是基础性公益性水工环工作的首要任务。     

Water resources response and prediction under climate change in Tao'er River Basin,Northeast China

Climate change has significantly affected hydrological processes and increased the frequency and severity of water shortage, droughts and floods in northeast China. A study has been conducted to quantify the influence of climate change on the hydrologic process in the Tao'er River Basin(TRB), one of the most prominent regions in northeast China for water contradiction. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model was calibrated and validated with observed land use and hydro-climatic data and then employed for runoff simulations at upper, middle and lower reaches of the river basin for different climate change scenarios. The results showed that a gradual increase in temperature and decrease in annual precipitation in the basin was projected for the period 2020-2050 for both representative concentration pathways(RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The climate changes would cause a decrease in annual average runoff at basin outlet by 12 and 23 million m3 for RCP4.5 and 8.5, respectively. The future runoff in the upstream and midstream of the basin during 2020-2050 would be-10.8% and-12.1% lower than the observed runoff compared to the base period for RCP4.5, while those would be-5.3% and-10.7% lower for RCP8.5. The future runoff will decrease at three hydrology stations for the assumed future climate scenarios. The results can help us understand the future temperature and precipitation trends and the hydrological cycle process under different climate change scenarios, and provide the basis for the rational allocation and management of water resources under the influence of future climate change in the TRB.