Ion microprobe isotopic measurements of individual interplanetary dust particles

Ion microprobe measurements of D/H ratios in individual fragments of eight stratospheric dust particles give δD values ranging from ?386 to +2534‰ relative to SMOW. The δD values in five particles far exceed those in terrestrial samples and prove that the samples are interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). The hydrogen isotopic composition is heterogeneous on a scale of a few microns demonstrating that the dust is unequilibrated. Measurements of D/H ratios in conjunction with elemental and molecular ion signals in different fragments of individual IDPs show that a carbonaceous phase, not water, is the carrier of the D enrichments. Previous infrared transmission measurements have shown that IDPs fall into three main spectral classes. Particles from two of those three IR classes show large D/H ratios. Two particles studied from the third class do not. However, one of these contains solar flare tracks and is extraterrestrial. Thus, most, but not all, IDPs contain hydrogen with a non-terrestrial isotopic composition.Carbon isotopic measurements on fragments of three IDPs give ratios similar to terrestrial values and show a largely uniform isotopic composition for a given particle. Small, but significant, differences in δ¹³C of ~40‰ between particles are seen. No correlations between the hydrogen and carbon isotopic compositions are observed.The magnesium and silicon isotopic compositions of fragments of three IDPs are found to be normal within measurement errors.     

汉诺坝幔源单斜辉石巨晶氢同位素组成的离子探针分析:微尺度不均一性

运用离子探针技术测定了河北汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中3个单斜辉石巨晶的氢同位素组成,结果显示同一颗粒内部表现出微尺度的不均一性,2mm范围内δD的变化达到60‰。δD和氢含量之间不存在同步的变化,巨晶内部的化学成分均一,因此我们认为巨晶的氢同位素不均一性继承自母岩浆。母岩浆的氢同位素变化可能是去气过程中气相与熔体之间的分馏引起的。单斜辉石巨晶形成后很短的时间内即被寄主岩浆带至地表并经历了快速淬火。     

Iron isotope variations in spinel peridotite xenoliths from North China Craton: implications for mantle metasomatism

Iron isotopes, together with mineral elemental compositions of spinel peridotite xenoliths and clinopyroxenites from Hannuoba and Hebi Cenozoic alkaline basalts, were analyzed to investigate iron isotopic features of the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. The results show that the Hannuoba spinel peridotite xenoliths have small but distinguishable Fe isotopic variations. Overall variations in δ⁵⁷Fe are in a range of ?0.25 to 0.14‰ for olivine, ?0.17 to 0.17‰ for orthopyroxene, ?0.21 to 0.27‰ for clinopyroxene, and ?0.16 to 0.26‰ for spinel, respectively. Clinopyroxene has the heaviest iron isotopic ratio and olivine the lightest within individual sample. No clear linear relationships between the mineral pairs on “δ-δ” plot suggest that iron isotopes of mineral separates analyzed have been affected largely by some open system processes. The broadly negative correlations between mineral iron isotopes and metasomatic indexes such as spinel Cr#, (La/Yb)_N ratios of clinopyroxenes suggest that iron isotopic variations in different minerals and peridotites were probably produced by mantle metasomatism. The Hebi phlogopite-bearing lherzolite, which is significantly modified by metasomatic events, appears to be much heavier isotopically than clinopyroxene-poor lherzolite. This study further confirms previous conclusions that the lithospheric mantle has distinguishable and heterogeneous iron isotopic variations at the xenoliths scale. Mantle metasomatism is the most likely cause for the iron isotope variations in mantle peridotites.     

Mg-metasomatism and formation conditions of Mg-chlorite-muscovite-quartzphyllites (leucophyllites) of the Eastern Alps (W. Hungary) and their relations to Alpine whiteschists

The lower Austroalpine orthogneiss-micachist complex of the Sopron-Fertörákos area of W. Hungary contains Mg-chlorite-muscovite-quartzphyllites (leuco- phyllite) and Mg-chlorite-bearing kyanite quartzites whose chemical compositions differ greatly from their surrounding rocks. Formation of leucophyllites took place in shear zones and was associated with depletion in alkalies and iron and enrichment of magnesium and H₂O. Mg-zonation of relict igneous muscovites of leucophyllites and changes in the whole rock chemical compositions suggest Mg-metasomatism. Material gains and losses have been assessed using the composition-volume relationship approach. Proceeding from metagranite through transition rocks to leucophyllites, MgO, H₂O, FeO, and alkalies show continuously increasing dispersion in isocon plots with Mg-enrichment even in sheared gneiss not in contact with leucophyllite. The metasomatic processes that formed the Mg-rich rocks may be similar to those responsible for the formation of high pressure whiteschists in the Central and Western Alps. The geochemical characteristics of the Dora Maira whiteschists (Italy) and their country gneisses are very similar to those of the Sopron leucophyllites, supporting the theory that Mg-metasomatism produced the whiteschist chemistry. On the basis of oxygen isotope compositions of relict igneous muscovites, the precursor granitic rock had a δ¹⁸O value around 13‰ proving its crustal anatectic origin. The leucophyllites have whole rock oxygen isotope compositions around 8.5‰ which is in conflict with the theory of an Mg-rich sedimentary protolith. Rather, the low δ¹⁸O values reflect fluid/rock interaction with a low δ¹⁸O fluid. Quartz-mineral oxygen isotope fractionations yield a metamorphic temperature of 560 ± 30 °C which agrees with earlier estimates from mineral stabilities. Silicon contents of phengites correspond to a metamorphic pressure of ～13 GPa at this temperature indicating eclogite facies metamorphism. The fluids in equilibrium with leucophyllites had oxygen isotope compositions around 7.9‰, similar to those calculated for the ultrahigh pressure Dora Maira whiteschists (7.6‰), further supporting the genetic link between the leucophyllites and whiteschists. Hydrogen isotope compositions of mixed white mica + chlorite samples from leucophyllites range from ?40 to ?35‰, correlating with chlorite contents. The calculated endmember chlorite and white mica have δD values of ?30 and ?40‰, respectively. The similar δD values of the white micas in leucophyllites, gneisses and metagranites suggest an overall equilibration with respect to H isotopes. The calculated δD value of the fluid is approximately 0‰, suggesting a seawater origin. This conclusion was also reached for the Dora Maira whiteschists. A possible fluid source that satisfies both metasomatic and isotopic data is dehydration of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust. The mafic–ultramafic complex of the Alpine Penninic unit underlying the Austroalpine nappes is a likely candidate. The subduction and subsequent dehydration of the ophiolite series would supply the Mg-rich fluids whose migration brought about the metasomatic alteration of the overlying gneiss-micaschist complexes.     

Multiple isotope composition (S, Pb, H, O, He, and Ar) and genetic implications for gold deposits in the Jiapigou gold belt, Northeast China

The Jiapigou gold belt (>150 t Au), one of the most important gold-producing districts in China, is located at the northeastern margin of the North China Craton. It is composed of 17 gold deposits with an average grade around 10 g/t Au. The deposits are hosted in Archean gneiss and TTG rocks, and are all in shear zones or fractures of varying orientations and magnitudes. The δ³⁴S values of sulfide from ores are mainly between 2.7?‰ and 10?‰. The Pb isotope characteristics of ore sulfides are different from those of the Archean metamorphic rocks and Mesozoic granites and dikes, and indicate that they have different lead sources. The sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that the ore-forming materials might originate from multiple, mainly deep sources. Fluid inclusions in pyrite have ³He/⁴He ratios of 0.6 to 2.5 Ra, whereas their ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios range from 1,444 to 9,805, indicating a dominantly mantle fluid with a negligible crustal component. δ¹⁸O values calculated from hydrothermal quartz are between ?0.2?‰ and +5.9?‰, and δD values of the fluids in the fluid inclusions in quartz are from ?70?‰ to ?96?‰. These ranges suggest dominantly magmatic water with a minor meteoric component. The noble gas isotopic data, along with the stable isotopic data, suggest that the ore-forming fluids have a dominantly mantle source with minor crustal addition.     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物分解气碳氢同位素组成特征

开展祁连山冻土区天然气水合物气体同位素研究,是解决其气体成因、来源等科学问题的一个重要手段。本研究采集祁连山南麓多年冻土区水合物科学钻探DK2和DK3孔共8个含水合物的岩芯样品,采用真空顶空法收集样品中水合物的分解气,分别用气相色谱(GC)、气相色谱同位素比值质谱(GC-IRMS)测定其气体成分和同位素组成,测试结果表明:祁连山冻土区天然气水合物样品的气体碳氢同位素变化较大,甲烷、乙烷和丙烷的碳同位素(δ13C)变化范围分别为-52.6‰～-48.1‰、-38.6‰～-30.7‰和-34.7‰～-21.2‰,而二氧化碳的碳同位素(δ13C)最低为-27.9‰,最高为16.7‰;甲烷、乙烷和丙烷的氢同位素(δD)变化范围分别为-285‰～-227‰、-276‰～-236‰和-247‰～-198‰。通过对这些碳氢同位素进行综合研究,包括气体分子组成与同位素的关系分析、甲烷的碳氢同位素之间的关系判断等,结果表明研究区天然气水合物的气体主要来源于热解气,而且是在淡水环境中形成的有机成因气。     

松辽盆地庆深气田异常氢同位素组成成因研究

对松辽盆地徐家围子断陷庆深气田天然气组分、碳氢同位素和稀有气体同位素的分析表明,天然气以烷烃气为主,烷烃气碳同位素组成随着碳数增加呈变轻趋势,且δ13C1＆gt;-30‰, R/Ra一般大于1.0,δ13CCO2值介于-16.5‰~-5.1‰之间;氢同位素组成δD1=-205‰~-197‰,平均值为-203‰,δD2=-247‰~-160‰,平均值为-195‰,δD3=-237‰~-126‰,平均值为-163‰,且存在氢同位素组成倒转现象,即δD1＆gt;δD2＆lt;δD3。根据对庆深气田天然气不同地球化学特征分析,认为该气田烷烃气中重烃主要为有机成因,而 CH4有相当无机成因混入。庆深气田烷烃气氢同位素组成具有 CH4变化小,而重烃（δD2,δD3）变化大的特点。根据与朝阳沟地区天然气烷烃气氢同位素组成对比分析,认为 CH4主要表现为无机成因,而重烃气（δD2,δD3）主要为有机成因,且无机成因CH4氢同位素组成重于有机成因CH4。     

Hydrogen isotope systematics of submarine basalts

The D/H ratios and water contents in fresh submarine basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the East Pacific Rise, and Hawaii indicate that the primary D/H ratios of many submarine lavas have been altered by processes including (1) outgassing, (2) addition of seawater at magmatic temperature, and (3) low-temperature hydration of glass. Decreases in δD and H²O⁺ from exteriors to interiors of pillows are explained by outgassing of water whereas inverse relations between δD and H₂O⁺ in basalts from the Galapagos Rise and the FAMOUS Area are attributed to outgassing of CH₄ and H₂. A good correlation between δD values and H₂O is observed in a suite of submarine tholeiites dredged from the Kilauea East Rift Zone where seawater (added directly to the magma), affected only the isotopic compositions of hydrogen and argon. Analyses of some glassy rims indicate that the outer millimeter of the glass can undergo lowtemperature hydration by hydroxyl groups having δD values as low as ?100.δD values vary with H₂O contents of subaerial transitional basalts from Molokai, Hawaii, and subaerial alkali basalts from the Society Islands, indicating that the primary δD values were similar to those of submarine lavas.Extrapolations to possible unaltered δD values and H₂O contents indicate that the primary δD values of most thoteiite and alkali basalts are near ?80 ± 5: the weight percentages of water are variable, 0.15–0.35 for MOR tholeiites, about 0.25 for Hawaiian tholeiites, and up to 1.1 for alkali basalts. The primary δD values of ?80 for most basalts are comparable to those measured for deep-seated phlogopites. These results indicate that hydrogen, in marked contrast to other elements such as Sr, Nd, Pb, and O, has a uniform isotopic composition in the mantle. This uniformity is best explained by the presence of a homogeneous reservoir of hydrogen that has existed in the mantle since the very early history of the Earth.     

贺兰山北段牛头沟金矿床成矿流体和成矿物质来源:来自H-O-S-Pb同位素的证据

贺兰山北段牛头沟金矿床为华北克拉通西北缘新发现的金矿床,包括构造破碎带蚀变岩型和石英脉型两种矿化类型,后者可进一步细分为低缓石英脉型和陡窄石英脉型2个亚类。矿区所有矿体均赋存在古元古界贺兰山群变质杂岩和混合花岗岩内,受主干断裂F_1及其上盘次级断裂体系控制。综合本文及前人研究成果表明,破碎带蚀变岩型石英流体包裹体以纯液相水溶液包裹体为主,而低缓石英脉型和陡窄石英脉型石英流体包裹体则以气液两相水溶液包裹体为主,不同矿化类型成矿流体均为中低温(160~210℃)、中低盐度(6%~12%NaCl_(eq))的H_2O-NaCl流体。对矿区内3种矿化类型石英流体包裹体和硫化物分别开展的H-O和S-Pb同位素研究显示:破碎带蚀变岩型和陡窄石英脉型流体包裹体δD_(H2O)组成相近,分别为-75.2‰~-89.3‰和-87.0‰~-93.8‰,而低缓石英脉型流体包裹体则具有较高的δD_(H2O)值(-45.7‰~-67.7‰);流体包裹体δ~(18)O_(H2O)值则由破碎带蚀变岩型(3.7‰~4.4‰)→低缓石英脉型(1.9‰~3.3‰)→陡窄石英脉型(0.5‰~0.9‰)依次降低。破碎带蚀变岩型和陡窄石英脉型δ~(34)S组成均为正值,分别为1.3‰~6.9‰和2.2‰~5.8‰,而低缓石英脉型则具有较低的δ~(34)S值(-5.1‰~-2.6‰)。低缓石英脉型金矿具有明显不同的δD_(H2O)和δ~(34)S组成,可能与含矿断裂性质及其距离导矿构造F_1断裂较远等因素所共同导致的成矿流体氧逸度升高有关。3种矿化类型对应的矿石均表现出明显富集Th放射成因Pb的特点,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb(16.467~17.994)和~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb(15.382~15.582)组成相对均一,而~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化较大(37.413~42.345)。总体上,石英流体包裹体H-O同位素组成表明成矿流体均为岩浆水和大气降水形成的混合流体,其大气降水比例自破碎带蚀变岩型→低缓石英脉型→陡窄石英脉型依次升高;矿石S-Pb同位素指示成矿物质为深部岩浆和具有高Th/U比的基底围岩双重来源。结合区域构造–岩浆演化,笔者将牛头沟金矿床成矿过程概括为晚古生代裂陷盆地形成阶段、中晚侏罗世区域挤压推覆阶段和晚侏罗世至早白垩世岩浆热液活动阶段等3个阶段。     

Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of sedimentary kaolin deposits,Egypt: Paleoclimatic implications

The clay fractions of sedimentary kaolin deposits representing different ages (Carboniferous and Cretaceous), types (pisolitic flint and plastic), and localities (Sinai and Aswan) from Egypt were analyzed for their H and O isotopic compositions to examine the paleoclimate conditions during their formation. The δD values of the Carboniferous deposits in Sinai range between −67‰ and −88‰, while the values for the Cretaceous deposits in Sinai range between −59‰ and −75‰. The δ¹⁸O values of the Carboniferous deposits range from 17.9‰ to 19.4‰ and the values for the Cretaceous deposits range between 19.2‰ and 20.4‰. The relatively low δD and δ¹⁸O values of the Carboniferous deposit at the Abu Natash area (−67‰ and 17.9‰, respectively) compared to other Carboniferous deposits (averages of −83.3‰, and 18.8‰ for δD and δ¹⁸O, respectively) could be due to isotopic exchange between this deposit and the adjacent dolomite and/or the enclosed hydrothermally-formed Mn ores of the Carboniferous Um Bogma Formation. The δD and δ¹⁸O values of the Cretaceous pisolitic flint kaolin deposit from Aswan (averages of −65‰ and 20.3‰, respectively) and plastic kaolin from the same area (averages of −66‰ and 19.5‰, respectively) are almost identical. The differences in the δ¹⁸O values between the clay fractions of the pisolitic flint kaolin (20.3‰) and the previously analyzed bulk kaolin of the same deposit (average of 17.5‰) suggest a significant effect of non-clay minerals on the isotopic compositions of the kaolin deposits.The H and O isotopic compositions plot close to the kaolinite line that marks the isotopic composition of kaolinite in equilibrium with meteoric water at 20 °C. This indicates that the kaolinite from both the Carboniferous and Cretaceous deposits in Egypt formed by meteoric water weathering of the source rock(s). The δD and δ¹⁸O values also suggest that kaolinite of these deposits formed under warm-temperate to tropical conditions. The slight deviations of some samples from the kaolinite line suggest post-depositional modifications of the isotopic compositions of studied deposits probably due to the interaction between earlier-formed kaolinite and downward percolating meteoric water.The δD and δ¹⁸O values of the Cretaceous and Carboniferous deposits from all localities suggest that both deposits formed under similar climatic conditions due to the location of Egypt at almost the same distance from the equator either to the south during the Carboniferous or to the north during the Cretaceous.     

S, C, O, H Isotope Data and Noble Gas Studies of the Maoniuping LREE Deposit, Sichuan Province, China： A Mantle Connection for Mineralization

The Maoniuping REE deposit, located about 22 km to the southwest of Mianning, Sichuan Province, is the second largest light REE deposit in China, subsequent to the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Tectonically, it is located in the transitional zone between the Panxi rift and the Longmenshan-Jinpingshan orogenic zone. It is a carbonatite vein-type deposit hosted in alkaline complex rocks. The bastnaesite-barite, bastnaesite-calcite, and bastnaesite-microcline lodes are the main three types of REE ore lodes. Among these, the first lode is distributed most extensively and its REE mineralization is the strongest. Theδ34Sv-CDT values of the barites in the ore of the deposit vary in a narrow range of +5.0 to +5.1‰in the bastnaesite-calcite lode and +3.3 to +5.9‰in the bastnaesite-barite lode, showing the isotopic characteristics of magma-derived sulfur. Theδ13Cv-PDB values and theδ518OV-SMOW values in the bastnaesite-calcite lode range from -3.9 to -6.9‰and from +7.3 to +9.7‰, respectively, which fall into the range of "primary carbonatites", showing that carbon and oxygen in the ores of the Maoniuping deposit were derived mainly from a deep source. Theδ13Cv-PDB values of fluid inclusions vary from -3.0 to -5.6‰, with -3.0 to -4.0‰in the bastnaesite-calcite lode and -3.0 to -5.6‰in the bastnaesite-barite lode, which show characteristics of mantle-derived carbon. TheδDv-SMOW values of fluid inclusions range from -57 to -88‰, with -63 to -86‰in the bastnaesite-calcite lode and -57 to -88‰in the bastnaesite-barite lode, which show characteristics of mantle-derived hydrogen. Theδ18OH2OV-SMOW values vary from +7.4 to +8.6‰in the bastnaesite calcite lode, and +6.7 to +7.8‰in the bastnaesite-barite lode, almost overlapping the range of +5.5 to +9.5‰for magmatic water. The 4He content, R/Ra ratios are (13.95 to 119.58×10-6 (cm3/g)STP and 0.02 to 0.11, respectively, and 40Ar/36Ar is 313±1 to 437±2. Considering the 4He increase caused by high contents of radioactive elements, a mantle-derived fluid probably exists in the inclusions in the fluorite, calcite and bastnaesite samples. The Maoniuping deposit and its associated carbonatite-alkaline complex were formed in 40.3 to 12.2 Ma according to K-Ar and U-Pb data. All these data suggest that large quantities of mantle fluids were involved in the metallogenic process of the Maoniuping REE deposit through a fault system.     

成煤母质形成环境对热成因煤层气氢碳同位素的影响:不同气候环境的草本沼泽泥炭热模拟实验

煤层气的成因研究可以为煤层气勘探与开发提供科学依据,然而,煤层气的氢碳同位素组成受多种因素的影响,以前较多的研究是成气母质性质和成熟度对煤层气氢碳同位素的影响,对于成煤物质形成的气候环境对热解煤层气同位素的影响尚不清楚.热解模拟了高纬度寒冷干旱和低纬度热带湿润环境的草本泥炭,对热解烃类气体的氢碳同位素组成及其差异性进行了研究.研究结果表明:与低纬度热带湿润环境中形成的草本泥炭相比较,高纬度寒冷干旱环境的草本泥炭热解甲烷、乙烷和丙烷具有轻的氢同位素组成和重的碳同位素组成,并且从泥炭连续热解至R_o分别为2.5%、3.5%和5.5%时,甲烷、乙烷和丙烷δD值分别平均降低-17‰~-10‰、-32‰~-28‰和-25‰~-17‰,甲烷和乙烷δ13C值分别平均升高2.9‰~3.6‰和0.9‰~1.1‰.认为这种同位素差异起因于气候环境对形成泥炭的植物氢碳同位素组成的影响.建立了高纬度寒冷干旱和低纬度热带湿润环境中形成的成煤有机质热解烃类气体氢碳同位素组成与R_o之间的关系式,同时也建立了烃类气体的碳和氢同位素之间的关系式.这些研究成果为不同气候环境下形成的成煤有机质生成的煤层气成因研究提供了科学依据.      

On the iron isotope heterogeneity of lithospheric mantle xenoliths: implications for mantle metasomatism, the origin of basalts and the iron isotope composition of the Earth

With the aim to better understand the cause of the iron isotope heterogeneity of mantle-derived bulk peridotites, we compared the petrological, geochemical and iron isotope composition of four xenolith suites from different geodynamic settings; sub-arc mantle (Patagonia); subcontinental lithospheric mantle (Cameroon), oceanic mantle (Kerguelen) and cratonic mantle (South Africa). Although correlations were not easy to obtain and remain scattered because these rocks record successive geological events, those found between δ⁵⁷Fe, Mg#, some major and trace element contents of rocks and minerals highlight the processes responsible for the Fe isotope heterogeneity. While partial melting processes only account for moderate Fe isotope variations in the mantle (<0.2 ‰, with bulk rock values yielding a range of δ⁵⁷Fe ± 0.1 ‰ relative to IRMM-14), the main cause of Fe isotope heterogeneity is metasomatism (>0.9 ‰). The kinetic nature of rapid metasomatic exchanges between low viscosity melts/fluids and their wall-rocks peridotite in the mantle is the likely explanation for this large range. There are a variety of responses of Fe isotope signatures depending on the nature of the metasomatic processes, allowing for a more detailed study of metasomatism in the mantle with Fe isotopes. The current database on the iron isotope composition of peridotite xenoliths and mafic eruptive rocks highlights that most basalts have their main source deeper than the lithospheric mantle. Finally, it is concluded that due to a complex geological history, Fe isotope compositions of mantle xenoliths are too scattered to define a mean isotopic composition with enough accuracy to assess whether the bulk silicate Earth has a mean δ⁵⁷Fe that is chondritic, or if it is ~0.1 ‰ above chondrites as initially proposed.     

Stable Isotopic Geochemical and Geochronological Constraints on the Formation of the Shihu Gold Deposit: The Intracontinental Metallogeny of the Taihang Tectonic Belt,Eastern China

The Early Cretaceous Shihu gold deposit is located in the northern segment of the Taihang Tectonic belt, which extends across the central part of the North China Craton. The deposit is hosted predominantly by the Archean metamorphic crystalline units, and is spatially and temporally related to quartz diorite porphyry present extensively throughout the gold deposit. We studied the geology, geochronology and stable isotopic geochemistry. Zircon U–Pb LA–ICP–MS ages of the quartz diorite porphyry at deposit range from 134 ± 1 to 131 ± 2 Ma, which are coeval and probably genetically related to the mineralization. The majority of the sulfides of the gold deposit have δ³⁴S values ranging from ?1 to 2‰, which suggest an homogeneous magmatic source. In addition, the isotopic compositions of δ¹⁸O_fluid and δ¹⁸D_fluid vary from 2.1 to 7.0‰ and ?93 to ?65‰, respectively, suggesting that the magmatic fluids mingled with meteoric water. The Pb isotopic analyses reveal that both the ore‐forming materials and the quartz diorite porphyry originated from the lower crust and may have been mixed with mantle material. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i ratios for the quartz diorite porphyry demonstrate that there was mixing of two end‐member (crust and the mantle) isotopic compositions. These results suggest that the ore‐forming fluids and materials were derived from lower‐crustal melting induced by mantle processes. Processes associated with the formation of the Shihu gold deposit differ significantly from those that characterize orogenic gold deposits, and instead are representative of formation in an intracontinental tectonic environment.     

Multiple metasomatism in Sulu ultrahigh-P garnet peridotite constrained by petrological and geochemical investigations

The pre‐pilot hole (PP1) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) recovered drill core samples from a 118 m‐thick section of peridotites located at Zhimafang in the southern Sulu UHP terrane, China. The peridotites consist of phlogopite‐bearing garnet lherzolite, harzburgite, wehrlite and dunite. Some peridotite layers contain magnesite and Ti‐clinohumite, and are characterized by LREE and LILE enrichment and HFSE depletion. Phlogopite (Phl) occurs in the peridotite matrix and is LILE‐enriched with low Zr/Hf ratios (0.19–0.60). Phlogopite shows a mantle signature in H and O isotopes (δ¹⁸O: +5.4‰ to +5.9‰, and δD: ?76‰ to ?91‰). Ti‐clinohumite (Ti‐Chu) is Nb and Ta‐enriched and has higher Ti and HREE concentrations than phlogopite. Magnesite (Mgs) occurs as megacrysts, as a matrix phase, and as veins (±Phl ± Ti‐Chu), and contains low REE^total contents (<0.3 ppm) with a flat REE pattern. The δ¹⁸O values (+5.5‰ to +8.0‰) of magnesite are in the range of primary carbonatite, but the δ¹³C values (?2.4‰ to ?3.4‰) are slightly more positive than those of the mantle and of primary carbonatite. Petrochemical data indicate that the Zhimafang peridotite was subjected to three episodes of metasomatism, listed in succession from oldest to youngest: (1) crystallization of phlogopite in the mantle caused by infiltration of K‐rich hydrous fluid/melt; (2) formation of Mgs and Mgs ± Phl ± Ti‐Chu veins possibly caused by infiltration of mantle‐derived carbonatitic melt with a hydrous silicate component; and (3) replacement of magnesite, garnet and diopside by dolomite and secondary hydrous phases caused by a crust‐related, CO₂‐bearing, aqueous fluid. Stable isotopic compositions of phlogopite and magnesite indicate metasomatic agents for events (1) and (2) are from an enriched mantle. Multiple metasomatism imposed on mantle peridotite of variable composition led to significant compositional heterogeneity at all scales within the Zhimafang peridotite.     

Genesis of the Weiquan Ag–Polymetallic Deposit in East Tianshan, China: Evidence from Zircon U–Pb Geochronology and C–H–O–S–Pb Isotope Systematics

The Weiquan Ag-polymetallic deposit is located on the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and in the western segment of the Aqishan-Yamansu arc belt in East Tianshan,northwestern China. Its orebodies, controlled by faults, occur in the lower Carboniferous volcanosedimentary rocks of the Yamansu Formation as irregular veins and lenses. Four stages of mineralization have been recognized on the basis of mineral assemblages, ore fabrics, and crosscutting relationships among the ore veins. Stage I is the skarn stage(garnet + pyroxene), Stage Ⅱ is the retrograde alteration stage(epidote + chlorite + magnetite ± hematite 士 actinolite ± quartz),Stage Ⅲ is the sulfide stage(Ag and Bi minerals + pyrite + chalcopyrite + galena + sphalerite + quartz ± calcite ± tetrahedrite),and Stage IV is the carbonate stage(quartz + calcite ± pyrite). Skarnization,silicification, carbonatization,epidotization,chloritization, sericitization, and actinolitization are the principal types of hydrothermal alteration. LAICP-MS U-Pb dating yielded ages of 326.5±4.5 and 298.5±1.5 Ma for zircons from the tuff and diorite porphyry, respectively. Given that the tuff is wall rock and that the orebodies are cut by a late diorite porphyry dike, the ages of the tuff and the diorite porphyry provide lower and upper time limits on the age of ore formation. The δ~(13)C values of the calcite samples range from-2.5‰ to 2.3‰, the δ~(18)O_(H2 O) and δD_(VSMOW) values of the sulfide stage(Stage Ⅲ) vary from 1.1‰ to 5.2‰ and-111.7‰ to-66.1‰, respectively,and the δ~(13)C, δ~(18)O_(H2 O) and δD_(V-SMOW) values of calcite in one Stage IV sample are 1.5‰,-0.3‰, and-115.6‰, respectively. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids evolved gradually from magmatic to meteoric sources. The δ~(34)S_(V-CDT) values of the sulfides have a large range from-6.9‰ to 1.4‰, with an average of-2.2‰, indicating a magmatic source, possibly with sedimentary contributions. The ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb, ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb, and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb ratios of the sulfides are 17.9848-18.2785,15.5188-15.6536, and 37.8125-38.4650, respectively, and one whole-rock sample at Weiquan yields~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb, and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb ratios of 18.2060, 15.5674, and 38.0511,respectively. Lead isotopic systems suggest that the ore-forming materials of the Weiquan deposit were derived from a mixed source involving mantle and crustal components. Based on geological features, zircon U-Pb dating, and C-H-OS-Pb isotopic data, it can be concluded that the Weiquan polymetallic deposit is a skarn type that formed in a tectonic setting spanning a period from subduction to post-collision. The ore materials were sourced from magmatic ore-forming fluids that mixed with components derived from host rocks during their ascent, and a gradual mixing with meteoric water took place in the later stages.     

H-O-S-Cu-Pb Isotopic Constraints on the Origin of the Nage Cu-Pb Deposit, Southeast Guizhou Province, SW China

The Nage Cu-Pb deposit,a new found ore deposit in the southeast Guizhou province,southwest China,is located on the southwestern margin of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt.Ore bodies are hosted in slate and phyllite of Neoproterozoic Jialu and Wuye Formations,and are structurally controlled by EW-trending fault.It contains Cu and Pb metals about 0.12 million tonnes with grades of 0.2 wt% to 3.4 wt% Cu and 1.1 wt% to 9.27 wt% Pb.Massive and disseminated Cu-Pb ores from the Nage deposit occur as either veinlets or disseminations in silicified rocks.The ore minerals include chalcopyrite,galena and pyrite,and gangue minerals are quartz,sericite and chlorite.The H-O isotopic compositions of quartz,S-Cu-Pb isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals,Pb isotopic compositions of whole rocks and ores have been analyzed to trace the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals for the Nage Cu-Pb deposit.The δ65CuNBS values of chalcopyrite range from-0.09% to +0.33‰,similar to basic igneous rocks and chalcopyrite from magmatic deposits.δ65CuNBS values of chalcopyrite from the early,middle and final mineralization stages show an increasing trend due to63Cu prior migrated in gas phase when fluids exsolution from magma.δ34SCDT values of sulfide minerals range from 2.7‰ to +2.8‰,similar to mantle-derived sulfur(0±3‰).The positive correlation between δ65CuNBS and δ34SCDT values of chalcopyrite indicates that a common source of copper metal and sulfur from magma.δDH2OSMOW and δ18OH2O-SMOW values of water in fluid inclusions of quartz range from 60.7‰ to 44.4‰ and +7.9‰ to +9.0‰(T=260°C),respectively and fall in the field for magmatic and metamorphic waters,implicating that mixed sources for H2O in hydrothermal fluids.Ores and sulfide minerals have a small range of Pb isotopic compositions(208Pb/204Pb=38.152 to 38.384,207Pb/204Pb=15.656 to 17.708 and 206Pb/204Pb=17.991 to 18.049) that are close to orogenic belt and upper crust Pb evolution curve,and similar to Neoproterozoic host rocks(208Pb/204Pb=38.201 to 38.6373,207Pb/204Pb=15.648 to 15.673 and 206Pb/204Pb=17.820 to 18.258),but higher than diabase(208Pb/204Pb=37.830 to 38.012,207Pb/204Pb=15.620 to 15.635 and206Pb/204Pb=17.808 to 17.902).These results imply that the Pb metal originated mainly from host rocks.The H-O-S-Cu-Pb isotopes tegather with geology,indicating that the ore genesis of the Nage Cu-Pb deposit is post-magmatic hydrothermal type.     

Meteoric fluid‐rock interaction in Variscan shear zones

Variscan shear zones in the Armorican Massif represent sites of strong fluid‐rock interaction. The hydrogen isotope composition of muscovite (δD_Ms) from syntectonic leucogranite allows to determine the source of fluids that infiltrated the footwall of three detachment zones and the South Armorican Shear Zone. Using temperatures of hydrogen isotope exchange estimated from microstructural data, we calculate the hydrogen isotope ratios of water (δD_water) present within the shear zones during high‐temperature deformation. A ~40‰ difference in δD_water values from deep to shallow crustal level reveals a mixing relationship between deep crustal fluids with higher δD values that range from ?34 to ?33‰, and meteoric fluids with δD values as low as ?74‰ in the upper part of detachment footwalls.     

拉萨地块西段中新世赛利普超钾质火山岩富集地幔源区和岩石成因:Li同位素制约

作为一种“非传统稳定同位素”,锂同位素地球化学研究已经成为近年来国际上研究的热点之一.文章成功应用锂同位素对青藏高原西南部赛利普超钾质火山岩进行了示范研究.研究表明,赛利普超钾质火出岩的w(Li)为11.2×10-6～22.9× 10-6,同位素组成δ7Li为1.2‰～+3.5‰,平均值为0 2‰,与平均上地壳的相当.超钾质火山岩的锂同位素组成与岩浆结晶分异程度参数之间不存在任何相关性,这表明在超钾质火山岩结晶分异过程中没有发生明显的锂同位素分馏,锂同位素组成特征反映了其形成时的源区特征.超钾质火山岩的锂同位素组成变化范围达4.7‰,并且与pb-Sr-Nd同位素和岩浆结晶分异参数之间亦无任何相关性,表明锂同位素异常可能反映了不均匀源区岩石特征.通过计算模拟以及与前人的类似研究成果进行对比,笔者认为俯冲印度地壳而不是特提斯洋壳(包括沉积物)的流体/熔体参与了超钾质火山岩的源区富集,并在此基础上提出了超钾质火山岩成因模式.     

Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of Newania Dolomite Carbonatites, Rajasthan, India: implications for source of carbonatites

The Newania carbonatite complex of Rajasthan, India is one of the few dolomite carbonatites of the world, and oddly, does not contain alkaline silicate rocks thus providing a unique opportunity to study the origin and evolution of a primary carbonatite magma. In an attempt to characterize the mantle source, the source of carbon, and the magmatic and post-magmatic evolution of Newania carbonatites, we have carried out a detailed stable carbon and oxygen isotopic study of the complex. Our results reveal that, in spite of being located in a metamorphic terrain, these rocks remarkably have preserved their magmatic signatures in stable C and O isotopic compositions. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O variations in the complex are found to be results of fractional crystallization and low temperature post-magmatic alteration suggesting that like other carbonatites, dolomite carbonatites too fractionate isotopes of both elements in a similar fashion. The major difference is that the fractional crystallization of dolomite carbonatites fractionates oxygen isotopes to a larger extent. The modes of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O variations in the complex, ?4.5?±?1‰ and 7?±?1‰, respectively, clearly indicate its mantle origin. Application of a multi-component Rayleigh isotopic fractionation model to the correlated δ¹³C versus δ¹⁸O variations in unaltered carbonatites suggests that these rocks have crystallized from a CO₂ + H₂O fluid rich magma, and that the primary magma comes from a mantle source that had isotopic compositions of δ¹³C ~ ?4.6‰ and δ¹⁸O ~ 6.3‰. Such a mantle source appears to be a common peridotite mantle (δ¹³C = ?5.0?±?1‰) whose carbon reservoir has insignificant contribution from recycled crustal carbon. Other Indian carbonatites, except for Amba Dongar and Sung Valley that are genetically linked to Reunion and Kerguelen plumes respectively, also appear to have been derived from similar mantle sources. Through this study we establish that dolomite carbonatites are generated from similar mantle source like other carbonatites, have comparable evolutionary history irrespective of their association with alkaline silicate rocks, and may remain resistant to metamorphism.