埋藏基岩地形对地震波动影响的模拟研究

本文以超声地震模型试验为基础,着重从地震波的强度方面来阐明埋藏基岩地形对地震波动的影响,提出了利用振动能量分析地震动问题的重要性,理论分析及实验结果表明,埋藏基岩地形对地震波动的影响表现为:一方面基岩面凹凸不平,致使基岩面上不同部位接收能量大小不同;另一方面,基岩的凹凸面对地震波产生汇聚与发散作用,这两方面共同作用的结果使得地表不同地点表现出不同的地震动强度。     

地震地面效应数值分析与模型实验简介

地震地面效应是地震工程和工程地震工作者共同关心的问题.前者着重研究地震动对上部结构的影响,后者则主要从事研究地震动对场地地基工程地质条件的影响.1979年对北京市区所作的一维地震反应分析,得出了土层厚度是影响地震地面运动的主要因素.输入地震动的卓越周期及其加速度峰值对反应谱形状的影响较时程曲线的影响明显.但一维方法只反映有界水平层及地震垂向上传.二维动力有限元地震反应分析改进了上述局限性,它可以研究任意形状的地基地质结构,能够反映埋藏基岩地形对地震波的折射、反射所产生的能量聚、散效应,埋藏基岩地形对地震地面效应的影响比上复松软土层土质不均匀的影响要大.超声地震模型实验首次引入工程地震学的研究课题中,得到了与上述数值分析方法相似的结果,并提出若干新问题.它提供了一种能够全面模拟震源—传播途径—场地地质结构的综合研究方法.     

北京地区地震地质条件及地震地面运动反应分析

本文利用北京市地下地质、地震及震害等资料,选定了城区西北部震害异常带下伏的基岩凹陷作为研究对象,应用经过扩展的SAP5二维结构动力分析程序进行了动力有限元分析,结果表明:1.二维动力有限元分析解决了不规则的埋藏基岩地形对地面地震反应问题。2.埋藏基岩地形的起伏对地震地面运动的影响是明显的。3.既便只输入S波,也有可观的竖向运动分量产生。4.埋藏基岩凹陷地形的地震地面运动反应与震害异常带有成因上的联系。     

穿越断层隧道振动台模型试验研究

以西藏某复杂隧道工程为背景,开展了穿越断层隧道振动台模型试验研究。从试验模型相似比、模型箱设计和边界处理、模型制作、测点布置及地震波加载等方面,详细地介绍了试验方案。试验重点观察在地震作用下穿越断层隧道动力响应规律及特征。试验结果分析表明,穿越断层隧道和均质围岩隧道地震动力响应规律有相似之处,随着地震波的向上传播,岩土体地震响应增大;断层处衬砌破坏严重;断层对地震波在岩土体内的传播有一定影响。     

场地和断层对埋地管道破坏的影响分析

场地条件和断层活动是埋地管道破坏的主要原因,避免因为场地岩土和断层的影响而造成管道破坏,是城市地下生命线工程建设中急需解决的问题。采用ADINA软件的Parasolid建模方式,通过定义合适的体类型和布尔操作,建立了埋地管道破坏分析的几何模型,实现了土体－断层－管道破坏有限元建模。借助模型参数选择,确定了基岩与岩土性质、管道特性等模型参数;定义了管-土摩擦和约束条件、地震波和断层位移荷载等。依据计算结果,分析了场地条件和断层参数对地下管道地震破坏的影响;结果表明：管道埋藏越深,断层断距越大,管道的变形越大,破坏越严重。给出了管-土摩擦系数和断层与管道交角的最优值,并给出了几点工程建议。     

断层面高精度形貌对比研究:基岩区古地震研究的选址

随着断层面形貌测量、宇宙成因核素测年、物理和化学指标测定等一系列先进技术的发展,已有大量的研究案例成功地从基岩断层面上提取了古地震信息,基岩断层面在古地震研究方面的优势被不断发掘。然而,沟谷等地表过程的侵蚀作用,也会使得基岩断层面出露。这种非构造成因的断层面,很容易与构造成因的断层面混淆,却不记录古地震信息。已有的研究工作,缺乏对这两种断层面出露方式的系统研究,更缺少对适合于古地震研究的基岩断层面特征的归纳总结,这将不利于在基岩区开展古地震研究工作。为了解决这一问题,选取了山西地堑系的马家窑和南马庄两处基岩断层面,采用小型无人机航测(s-UAV)结合陆基三维激光扫描(t-lidar)技术,获取了基岩断层面高精度形貌及周围的三维地形数据,将断层面形貌特征的定量分析结果与断层坎精细的地貌解译结合,研究基岩断层面的不同暴露方式下的形貌特征。结果显示,马家窑基岩断层面受沟谷侵蚀而逐渐暴露,表面形貌呈现出连续平滑的特征,不具有地震活动信息。南马庄基岩断层面的形貌显示出明显的阶跃式分带特征,具有分段出露的特点。结合精细地貌解译的结果,这种出露特征可能与周期性的地震活动有关,并识别了两次同震倾滑位移...     

龙门山断层破裂的频率非平稳特性

为研究地震过程中的频率非平稳特性,对近年来龙门山断层发生的两次大地震:汶川大地震和芦山大地震的近断层地震记录进行频谱分析。结果表明:相对于芦山地震有较大走向滑动分量的汶川地震,大多数位于汶川地震断层滑动前方的台站接收到更高的频率成分,位于断层滑动后方的台站接收到的地震波频率较低;尽管芦山地震断层相对汶川地震有较小的走向滑动分量,但仍然可以得出与汶川地震相同的结论,不同的是虽然芦山地震沿断层面向上方向分量大,但是其同一台站东西、南北、竖直三方向分量记录幅值相当。把芦山地震三分量记录变换到走向和沿断层面向上方向,证实了沿断层面向上方向高频成分更丰富。在断层滑动前方接收到的地震波频率较高,在断层滑动后方接收到的频率较低,这正是多普勒效应影响的结果。由于多普勒效应的客观存在,其对频率非平稳特性的影响与震源、传播路径和场地效应一样具有普遍性;所以,工程场地接收到的地震波的频率不仅取决于震源、传播路径、场地效应,还取决于断层滑动速度(多普勒效应)。     

应用于评价活动断层的地震方法技术

以在上海市区开展地震调查深埋活断层的实例,讨论了在都市区强干扰条件下开展断层活动性调查的地震方法技术。认为：在对基岩断层的活动性评价中,反射纵波法根据基岩断层是否向上延伸到第四纪Ｑ３地层内,而剪切波分裂法则根据由Ｑ３地层内界面反射横波确定的各向异性。当基岩断层向第四系延伸幅度较大,即第四纪地层内断层落差较大时,可采用反射纵波法;当基岩断层活动引起的第四纪地层内的断层落差较小,反射纵波法不能对其分辨时,可采用剪切波分裂法     

上海附近地区水域的地质灾害及其对工程建筑的影响

本区水域的地质灾害分为直接的、潜在的和人为的三种,类型有冲刷槽、滑坡、活动沙波和沙脊、不稳定岸坡、快速侵蚀和堆积,浅滩和暗礁,埋藏古河道、古洼地、埋藏基岩、含气沉积物、“鸡蛋壳”地层,断层和地震,人为障碍物等。本文讨论了各类水域地质灾害的分布、特征、对工程建筑的影响和防治措施。     

土层随机地震反应分析中侧向边界的影响分析

研究了随机地震激励下土层地震反应及土-结构相互作用分析中有限土域的取值范围对计算精度的影响。分别以基岩白噪声谱和杜修力修正基岩谱作为输入,进行了土层随机地震反应分析,探讨了自由边界、固定边界和黏弹性边界3种人工边界条件下土域的取值范围、土介质阻尼和土体长深比（L/H）对土层随机地震反应的影响,给出了侧向人工边界合理位置的具体建议。在此基础上,选取土体的合理边界范围,建立土-结构相互作用分析模型,分别以基岩白噪声谱、杜修力修正基岩谱以及实测地震波功率谱作为输入,进行了土-结构相互作用体系随机地震反应分析,计算结果验证了侧向人工边界取值在土-结构相互作用体系随机地震反应分析中的有效性。     

陆域冻土区天然气水合物多波地震数值模拟研究

多波地震勘探技术能够同时获得纵波和转换波资料,与常规的纵波勘探相比,能够提供更多的地下介质信息。且转换波对于埋深较浅的小断层、小幅度构造有更高的分辨率,充分利用多分量地震资料可以有效的提高地震勘探的精度。本文将多波地震技术引入到陆域冻土区天然气水合物勘探中,对陆域冻土区水合物进行多波地震数值模拟研究。采用弹性波有限差分方法进行多分量正演模拟,利用仿射坐标转换法将原始的多分量地震数据进行纵横波叠前分离,并通过多波高斯束偏移方法分别对波场分离后的PP波和转换PS波进行叠前深度偏移成像。根据我国祁连山冻土区水合物实际地震地质资料,建立逼近真实地质情况的天然气水合物数值模型。对上述水合物模型进行多波地震数值试算表明,多波地震勘探技术是一种有效的陆域冻土区水合物探测方法,充分利用多波地震资料有利于查明陆域冻土区水合物精细的地质构造,取得更好的勘探效果。     

基于地震资料的小断裂检测技术

煤矿安全生产的形势越来越严峻,查明煤层的构造发育情况,特别是小断层及微断裂的发育情况,是目前煤炭工业迫待解决的一大难题。根据煤田中小断层和断面波的特征,有针对性的提出了小断层高分辨率时频谱处理识别技术和基于断面波特征的微断裂识别方法,模型试验和实际地震资料的应用表明,该方法能够充分挖掘地震资料的有效信息,较好的识别出煤田中的小断层和微断裂。     

Systematization of active faults for the assessment of the seismic hazard

A systematization of active faults has been developed based on the progress of scientists from the leading countries in the world in the study of seismotectonics and seismic hazard problems. It is underlain by the concept of the fault-block structure of the geological-geophysical environment governed by the interaction of differently oriented active faults, which are divided into two groups—seismogenic and nonseismogenic faults. In seismogenic fault zones, the tectonic stress accumulated is relieved by means of strong earthquakes. Nonseismogenic fault zones are characterized by creep displacement or short-term, oscillatory, and reciprocal movements, which are referred to local superintense deformations of the Earth’s crust (according to the terminology used by Yu.O. Kuz’min). For a situation when a strong earthquake happens, a subgroup of seismodistributing faults has been identified that surround the seismic source and affect the distribution of the seismic waves and, as a consequence, the pattern of the propagation of the coseismic deformations in the fault-block environment. Seismodistributing faults are divided into transit and sealing faults. Along transit faults, secondary coseismic effects (landfalls, landslides, ground fractures, liquefaction, etc) are intensified during earthquakes. In the case of sealing faults, enhancement of the coseismic effects can be observed on the disjunctive limb nearest to the epicenter, whereas, on the opposite limb, the intensity of such effects appreciably decreases. Seismogenic faults or their systems are associated with zones of earthquake source origination (ESO), which include concentrated seismicity regions. In such zones, each earthquake source is related to the evolution of a fault system. ESO zones also contain individual seismogenic sources being focuses of strong earthquakes with M of ≥5.5 in the form of ruptures, which can be graphically represented in 2D or 3D as a surface projection of the source. Depending on the type of data based on which they are identified, individual seismogenic sources are divided into geological-geophysical and macroseismic sources. The systematization presented is the theoretical basis for and the concept of the relational database that is being developed by the authors as an information system for the generation of seismotectonic GIS projects required for the subsequent analysis of the seismic hazard and the assessment of the probability of the origination of macroseismic earthquake effects in a predetermined location.     

Shallow seismic refraction analysis: Application to studying the active North Sakhalin fault

Results are presented from a seismic refraction survey (P-S waves) carried out in different years on recent faults of North Sakhalin. Structural features of the near-surface zone of active faults with different types of tectonic motions and their imaging in seismic fields are demonstrated. Criteria for estimating the activity of the studied tectonic disruption are proposed.     

贝加尔裂谷系及邻区断裂现今活动变化及成因(英文)

已有的地质和地球物理方法无法对年、月、旬等现今时间尺度上的断层活动变化进行有效预测。运用基于地震活动定量指数运算程序的地理信息技术可以解决这个问题。这种方法被应用于贝加尔裂谷系(BRS)及邻区的研究当中。研究发现,断层活动变化发生在以几年为周期的时间尺度上,这无法用区域应力场的变化进行合理解释。沿着穿越贝加尔裂谷系的剖面编制了活动断层图以及地震活动定量指数曲线。提出的这种方法可以根据地震活动定量指数对活动断层进行仔细的分类,从而为解决地震中期预报相关问题开辟了重要途径。这种方法还被用来研究断层现今活动的时空变化和形成机制。研究发现,在实时尺度上断层活动具有高频发生的特征,这种现象可能是由于脆性岩石圈板内和块体内部运动产生的慢变形波的干扰导致的。利用变形波的通过速度可以对活动断层进行分组,各组具有不同的地质和地球物理特征参数,同时还可以对变形波波前的方向以及某一区域内主要断层在实时间隔内(地质上的瞬间)的活动情况进行预测。     

Basin Structure and Numerical Simulation for the Mechanisms of Seismic Disasters

In the present study seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous media is numerically simulated by using the pseudospectral method with the staggered grid RFFT differentiation in order to clarify the cause for the complicated distribution characteristics of strong ground motion in regions with basin structure. The results show that the maximum amplitudes of simulated ground acceleration waveforms are closely related to the basin structure. Interference of seismic waves in the basin strongly affects the distribution of maximum seismic waveforms, which may result in peak disasters during earthquakes. Peak disasters might be away from basin boundaries or earthquake faults. Seismic energy transmitted into the basin from the bedrock can hardly penetrate the bottom of the basin and then travel back into the bedrock region. The seismic energy is absorbed by basin media, and transferred into the kinematical energy of seismic waves with great amplitude in the basin. Seismic waves between basins may result in seriou     

The utilization of seismic interpretation to identify and describe the shallow subsurface structures in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea

The shallow subsurface structures of the offshore Nile Delta particularly in the southeastern Mediterranean were dealt through the interpretation of 40 two-dimensional seismic reflection lines. The interpretations of seismic reflection data indicated that the principle sedimentary processes affecting the study area include three main structural groups according to their origin and development. The first group of structures comprises of gravity-driven structures, which include slides, slumps, turbidities, and debris flow. Slides are present in three different forms on seismic sections: slide sheets, slides with scar, and wedges of slide materials. Slumps have many geometrical shapes: lenses, spoon-shaped slumps, and slumped blocks bound by growth faults. Debris flows are present as transparent unit (due to the dispersion of seismic waves at debris boundaries), whereas turbidities appear on the seismic profiles, which are formed of closely spaced parallel thin reflectors analogous to their thin stratified bedded layers. The second group of structures is syn-depositional structures, which include growth faults, and tilted and rotated fault blocks. Growth faults are listric in shape and usually dip seaward; displacements along the fault plane increase with depth. Some of these faults are incipient, and some are complicated and intersected by secondary antithetic faults. Most of the growth faults soles out basin wards and in the evaporites layer. Fault blocks are formed due to the Messinian evaporite movement vertically and horizontally due to its mobility as a consequence to the pressure resulted from the overloading of Pliocene sediment. The third group of structures comprises evaporite flow structures such as diapiric structures and graben collapse structures. The surface of the Messinian evaporites was folded during its flow as a consequence to the lateral compression acted on the mobile strata of the Messinian evaporites to form diapiric triangular structures and creates a stress zone faulting and fractures system. These conditions led to the formation of collapse structures or graben collapse structures.     

探测城市断裂活动性的浅层地震方法技术

用地震方法探测城市直下型活动断裂是一种不可替代的勘探技术,对于不同的探测深度需采用不同的排列长度。试验研究结果表明,小道间距接收不但有助于准确确定断裂的空间位置,而且也有助于确定基岩断裂上断点的埋深,即采用小道间距接收,有利于综合提高地震记录的纵横向分辨率。结合北京夏垫活断裂的浅层反射地震探测结果,讨论了采用浅层反射地震技术探测城市活断层应注意的一些问题。     

A tectonophysical model of the Baikal seismic zone: testing and implications for medium-term earthquake prediction

The first tectonophysical model of the Baikal seismic zone represents a separate complex region of the lithosphere. It has a pinnate structure with a backbone belt of current deformation, which is a concentrator of largest earthquakes, and branching, repeatedly reactivated large and small faults. In its vertical section, the seismic zone is tree-like, the stem and the branches being faults of different size ranks which can generate earthquakes when reactivated. The real-time short-period fault motions and the respective seismicity occurring at a certain time and in certain places are triggered by strain waves, which disturb the metastable state of the faulted lithosphere subject to regional stress. The modeling work includes developing general requirements for tectonophysical models of continental rifts and special methods for identifying the faults that become active within short historic time spans, as well as techniques for locating potential events in space and time in specific active faults. The methods and model testing for medium-term earthquake prediction are described by the example of the well-documented Baikal seismic zone, which is the most active part of the Baikal rift system. The tectonophysical model for the Baikal zone is statistically supported by field data, and this allows estimating the velocities and periods of strain waves for different zone segments and faults, with implications for nearest-future earthquake prediction.     

浅层地震反射法在城市活断层勘查中压制干扰方法探讨

利用浅层地震反射法可勘查城市活断层，但城市干扰源较多，特别是车辆、建筑施工等干扰非常严重，给地震勘探和资料处理带来很大困难。根据各种干扰源的动力学特征，为压制干扰波，采取合理选择施工时间，激发接收参数及排列方式等措施。在数据处理中，利用滤波剩余静校正等方法提高信噪比，并对时间剖面进行相关一差分分析识别断层。