中一上奥陶统：塔里木盆地的主要油源层

塔里木盆地下古生界存在中一下寒武统和中一上奥陶统两套有效烃源层。前者R。已达2．0％以上,只能作为有效气源岩;后者成熟度适中且有一定分布范围,是塔里木盆地最现实的烃源层,可分为三段,其中以上奥陶统中部的印干组和良里塔格组最具重要意义。对盆地中海相原油与寒武系和奥陶系岩石抽提物中甲基甾烷、三芳甲基甾烷及降胆甾烷的分布进行直观对比,表明原油与中—上奥陶统存在亲缘关系,而与寒武系无明显相关。全盆地所有钻遇的寒武系岩样,C27—C28—C2。甾烷碳数分布呈“斜线”型或反“L”型,而绝大部分中—上奥陶统岩样则呈不对称“V”字型分布。所分析的储层沥青的甾烷碳数分布与上述寒武系岩样一致,说明寒武系生油岩在地质历史上确曾生过油。包括塔中4、轮南、桑塔木和东河塘等在内的工业性油田产出的油,其甾烷碳数都呈不对称“V”字型分布,只有极少数的油样呈“斜线”或反“L”型分布,因此塔里木盆地的原油主要与中—上奥陶统相关,而与寒武系相关极少。运用G温度参数评价原油成熟度,结果为塔里木盆地主要油区原油的形成温度在117～133℃之间,对应的R。值为0．78％～0．92％,只相当干中等成熟阶段,可以推断它们不可能源干寒武系,只能源干奥陶系。     

中—上奥陶统:塔里木盆地的主要油源层

塔里木盆地下古生界存在中—下寒武统和中—上奥陶统两套有效烃源层。前者 R。已达2.0％以上,只能作为有效气源岩;后者成熟度适中且有一定分布范围,是塔里木盆地最现实的烃源层,可分为三段,其中以上奥陶统中部的印干组和良里塔格组最具重要意义。对盆地中海相原油与寒武系和奥陶系岩石抽提物中甲基甾垸、三芳甲基甾烷及降胆甾烷的分布进行直观对比,表明原油与中—上奥陶统存在亲缘关系,而与寒武系无明显相关。全盆地所有钻遇的寒武系岩样,C_(27)—C_(28)—C_(29)甾烷碳数分布呈“斜线”型或反“L”型,而绝大部分中一上奥陶统岩样则呈不对称“V”字型分布。所分析的储层沥青的甾烷碳数分布与上述寒武系岩样一致,说明寒武系生油岩在地质历史上确曾生过油。包括塔中4、轮南、桑塔木和东河塘等在内的工业性油田产出的油,其甾烷碳数都呈不对称“V”字型分布,只有极少数的油样呈“斜线”或反“L”型分布,因此塔里木盆地的原油主要与中—上奥陶统相关,而与寒武系相关极少。运用C_7温度参数评价原油成熟度,结果为塔里木盆地主要油区原油的形成温度在117～133℃之间,对应的 R。值为0.78％～0.92％,只相当于中等成熟阶段,可以推断它们不可能源于寒武系,只能源于奥陶系。     

中—上奥陶统：塔里木盆地的主要油源层

塔里木盆地下古生界存在中－下寒武统一和中－上奥陶统两套有效烃源层。前者Ｒ０已达２．０％以上,只能作为有效气源岩;后者成熟度适中且能一定分布范围,是塔里木盆地最现实的烃源层,可分为三段,其中以上奥陶统中部的印干组和良里塔格组最具重要意义。对盆地中海相原油与寒武系和奥陶系岩石抽提物中甲基甾烷、三芳甲基甾烷及降胆甾烷的分布进行直观对比,表明原油与中－上奥陶统存在亲缘关系,而与寒武系无明显相关。全盆地所有     

塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系烃源岩的分子地球化学特征

对塔里木盆地下古生界样品的地球化学分析表明,上奥陶统良里塔格组、中上奥陶统却尔却克群烃源岩与其他烃源岩具有明显的差异,具有低的C28甾烷、24-降胆甾烷、甲藻甾烷、甲藻三芳甾烷与伽马蜡烷含量以及高的C24四环萜烷、重排甾烷含量等特点。柯坪地区中上奥陶统萨尔干组、印干组页岩伽马蜡烷、C28甾烷相对含量与寒武系、中下奥陶统黑土凹组烃源岩具有相似性。萨尔干组、印干组烃源岩中生物标志物的绝对含量很低。柯坪地区寒武系玉尔吐斯组、中上奥陶统萨尔干组、上奥陶统印干组、满东地区中下奥陶统黑土凹组等较强沉积环境的泥质烃源岩伽马蜡烷、C28甾烷、特殊甾烷的相对含量与海相原油主体有较大差异。上奥陶统印干组烃源岩较高含量的三芳甲藻甾烷、24-降重排胆甾烷和24-降胆甾烷化合物的检出表明,断代生物标志物的提法值得商榷。     

塔里木盆地塔东2井寒武系稠油地球化学特征与成藏

剖析塔东2井稠油的地球化学特征与形成过程,对深化塔里木盆地海相原油的成藏特征具有重要的意义。综合运用碳同位素、色谱、色谱—质谱等技术手段研究了塔东2井寒武系稠油的特征,研究结果揭示塔东2井寒武系稠油具高伽马蜡烷、高C28甾烷、低重排甾烷和高C27 三芳甾烷的特征,与寒武系—下奥陶统烃源岩的分子特征类似,说明塔东2井寒武系原油源自寒武系—下奥陶统烃源岩;塔东2井稠油中检出高丰度的稠环化合物（荧蒽、芘、苯并\[a\]蒽、屈、苯并荧蒽、苯并芘）,及全油的碳同位素值明显偏重,揭示了原油烃类经热蚀变发生稠化;流体包裹体均一化温度和埋藏—热演化史分析确定了塔东2井原油的成藏期为450~440 Ma。     

塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系海相烃源岩地球化学特征

塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系属广阔的台地和槽盆沉积,是塔里木盆地的海相主力烃源岩。通过对寒武系—下奥陶统及中—上奥陶统烃源岩的饱和烃和芳香烃的剖析,发现11个分子系列参数在两套烃源岩中具有明显的区别。寒武系—下奥陶统烃源岩 T_(max) 较高,烃指数极低,产率指数较高;两套烃源岩的 TOC 值相当;Ph/nC_(18)值较高,藿烷/甾烷值较低(<2.0);甲藻甾烷含量较高,重排甾烷含量较低;姥鲛垸/植皖值较低,伽马蜡烷/C_(30)藿烷值较高,表明寒武系处于厌氧环境的时间较长,水体盐度较高,有利于有机质的堆积和保存。     

塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系海相烃源岩地球化学特征

塔里木盆地寒武系－奥陶系属广阔的台地和槽盆沉积,是塔里木盆地海相主力烃源岩,通过对寒武系一下奥陶统及中－上奥陶统烃源岩的饱和和芳香烃的部析,发现11个分子系列参数在两套烃源岩中具有明显的区别,寒武系一下奥陶统烃源岩Tmax较高,烃指数极低,产率指数较高,两套烃源岩的TOC玎当,Ph/nC18值较高,藿烷／甾烷值较低（＜2．0）,甲藻甾烷含量较高,重排甾烷含量较低,姥鲛烷／植烷值较低,伽马蜡烷／C30藿烷值较高,表明寒武系处于厌氧环境的时间较长,水体盐度较高,有利于有机质的堆积和保存。     

塔里木阿瓦提凹陷乌鲁桥油苗地化特征及来源

阿瓦提凹陷乌鲁桥油苗全油碳同位素较重(-29.4‰)。在甲基菲分布分数图版上落在高成熟油区;甲基菲比值为2.03,高于塔里木盆地现已发现的高成熟凝析油和成熟度较高的原油,表明该油苗的成熟度高。萜烷、甾烷分布具有C29Ts、重排藿烷含量低,伽玛蜡烷丰度较高,中等—高丰度C28甾烷,低重排甾烷等分布特征。这与凹陷及其周缘的石炭系—二叠系、三叠系及中—上奥陶统这三套烃源岩的明显不同,而与寒武系烃源岩相似。综合分析认为乌鲁桥油苗来源于寒武系烃源岩成熟晚期阶段生成的烃类。     

塔里木盆地寒武系烃源岩的研究新进展

塔里木盆地的勘探程度较低,下古生界不同烃源岩的特征及其展布仍是困扰地质家的重大问题。通过详细分析已钻揭的寒武系烃源岩,深入探讨了寒武系烃源岩的地球化学特征。结果表明由于不同地区寒武系烃源岩的沉积环境存在差别,因此不同地区有机质的丰度、甾萜烷的分布特征以及“三芴”组成均存在一定的差异,因此进行寒武系的油源对比时应考虑到这种差别,以提高油源对比的精度。总体来讲,寒武系烃源岩的标志性特征主要包括甾烷中的C28含量较高（>25%）、伽马蜡烷的含量较高（峰高与C31H接近,G/C31H22R>0.89）、碳同位素比值偏重（δ13C饱重于-30‰,δ13C芳接近或重于-28‰）,三芳甾烷的分布特征也明显区别于中—上奥陶统烃源岩。     

塔中古生界储层中流体包裹体成分分析及其意义

对塔中地区30个储层包裹体样品进行了MCI(包裹体成分)与单体烃同位素分析.观察到包裹油与储层油既有区别又有联系.共有6个包裹体特别是下奥陶统样品显示C28-甾烷丰度相对较高、甾烷异构化程度相对较低、低分子量甾萜类化合物丰度相对较高等寒武系的成因特征,指示寒武系源岩对塔中地区有成烃贡献.多数分析包裹油显示中上奥陶统成因生物标志物特征,以及介于寒武系与中上奥陶统成因原油之间的单体正构烷烃同位素特征,个别包裹油显示与中上奥陶统完全一致的单体同位素与生物标志物特征,指示中上奥陶统对塔中地区也具有成烃贡献.塔中部分包裹油与储层油间、包裹油间显著的地球化学性质差异,指示该区具明显的多期成藏特征.塔中储层包裹体成分分析可有效地用于识别端员油、多期充注与混源聚集、恢复生物降解、气侵等次生改造原油面貌.流体包裹体成分分析对于叠合盆地的油气成因与成藏过程研究有重要意义.     

从塔里木盆地看中国海相生油问题

塔里木盆地厚达 5～ 7km的海相寒武、奥陶系 ,可划分出下、中寒武统和中、上奥陶统两套工业性烃源岩。油源对比证实 :盆地目前保存下来的海相成因工业性油藏 ,主要来源于中上奥陶统泥灰岩。正是因为塔里木盆地比四川、鄂尔多斯盆地多了一套中等成熟的中上奥陶统油源岩 ,所以能够找到海相油田。笔者认为 :海相工业性烃源岩不必很厚 ,但w (TOC)应≥0 .5% ,碳酸盐岩要含泥质 ;海相源岩往往并不发育在凹陷中心 ,而发育在 4种有利沉积相带上 ;碳酸盐岩具有“双重母质”的特点 ,浮游藻类偏油 ,底栖藻类偏气。海相源岩的形成模式有“保存模式”和“生产力模式”两种 ,分别对应于塔里木寒武系和中上奥陶统烃源岩。塔里木古生代克拉通早期活动、晚期稳定、持续降温的演化史 ,有利于海相油气的多期成藏和晚期保存。     

一个典型的寒武系油藏:塔里木盆地塔中62井油藏成因分析

塔里木盆地志留系沥青砂岩广泛发育,主要原因是来源于寒武系的原油在进入志留系储层后区域性的抬升剥蚀使油藏遭到严重破坏,但到目前为止,究竟是寒武系烃源岩还是中上奥陶统烃源岩或是两者都对现今的志留系沥青砂岩中的有机质有贡献还不清楚.对塔中62井原油的化学组成和油源的分析表明,其甾萜类组成具有寒武系烃源岩的组成特征,反映该油藏原油主要来源于寒武系.另一方面,塔中62井砂岩透镜体被泥岩圈闭,油藏具有较好的保存条件,且后期中上奥陶统生成的烃类难以充注进入油藏.塔中62井志留系油藏破坏作用较弱、保存较好,是塔里木盆地在志留系发现的第一例来源于寒武系的油藏.     

The significance of 24-norcholestanes,triaromatic steroids and dinosteroids in oils and Cambrian–Ordovician source rocks from the cratonic region of the Tarim Basin,NW China

Two oil families in Ordovician reservoirs from the cratonic region of the Tarim Basin are distinguished by the distribution of regular steranes, triaromatic steroids, norcholestanes and dinosteroids. Oils with relatively lower contents of C₂₈ regular steranes, C₂₆ 20S, C₂₆ 20R + C₂₇ 20S and C₂₇ 20R regular triaromatic steroids, dinosteranes, 24-norcholestanes and triaromatic dinosteroids originated from Middle–Upper Ordovician source rocks. In contrast, oils with abnormally high abundances of the above compounds are derived from Cambrian and Lower Ordovician source rocks. Only a few oils have previously been reported to be of Cambrian and Lower Ordovician origin, especially in the east region of the Tarim Basin. This study further reports the discovery of oil accumulations of Cambrian and Lower Ordovician origin in the Tabei and Tazhong Uplifts, which indicates a potential for further discoveries involving Cambrian and Lower Ordovician sourced oils in the Tarim Basin. Dinosteroids in petroleum and ancient sediments are generally thought to be biomarkers for dinoflagellates and 24-norcholestanes for dinoflagellates and diatoms. Therefore, the abnormally high abundance of these compounds in extracts from the organic-rich sediments in the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician and related oils in the cratonic region of the Tarim Basin suggests that phytoplankton algae related to dinoflagellates have appeared and might have flourished in the Tarim Basin during the Cambrian Period. Steroids with less common structural configurations are underutilized and can expand understanding of the early development history of organisms, as well as define petroleum systems.     

Accumulation and Reformation of Silurian Reservoir in the Northern Tarim Basin

Silurian sandstone in Tarim Basin has good reservoir properties and active oil and gas shows, especially thick widely-distributed bituminous sandstone. Currently, the Silurian was found containing both bitumen and conventional reservoirs, with petroleum originating from terrestrial and marine source rocks. The diversity of their distribution was the result of "three sources, three stages" accumulation and adjustment processes. "Three sources" refers to two sets of marine rocks in Cambrian and Middle-Upper Ordovician, and a set of terrestrial rock formed in Triassic in the Kuqa depression. "Three stages" represents three stages of accumulation, adjustment and reformation occurring in Late Caledonian, Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan, respectively. The study suggests that the Silurian bitumen is remnants of oil generated from Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks and accumulated in the sandstone reservoir during Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian and Late Hercynian stages, and then damaged by the subsequent two stages of tectonic uplift movements in Early Hercynian and Pre-Triassic. The authors presumed that the primary paleo-reservoirs formed during these two stages might be preserved in the Silurian in the southern deep part of the Tabei area. Except for the Yingmaili area where the Triassic terrestrial oil was from the Kuqa Depression during Late Himalayan Stage, all movable oil reservoirs originated from marine sources. They were secondary accumulations from underlying Ordovician after structure reverse during the Yanshan-Himalayan stage. Oil/gas shows mixed-source characteristics, and was mainly from Middle-Upper Ordovician. The complexity and diversity of the Silurian marine primary properties were just defined by these three stages of oil-gas charging and tectonic movements in the Tabei area.     

Application of sulfur and carbon isotopes to oil–source rock correlation: A case study from the Tazhong area,Tarim Basin,China

Up until now, it has been assumed that oil in the Palaeozoic reservoirs of the Tazhong Uplift was derived from Upper Ordovician source rocks. Oils recently produced from the Middle and Lower Cambrian in wells ZS1 and ZS5 provide clues concerning the source rocks of the oils in the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, China. For this study, molecular composition, bulk and individual n-alkane δ¹³C and individual alkyl-dibenzothiophene δ³⁴S values were determined for the potential source rocks and for oils from Cambrian and Ordovician reservoirs to determine the sources of the oils and to address whether δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values can be used effectively for oil–source rock correlation purposes. The ZS1 and ZS5 Cambrian oils, and six other oils from Ordovician reservoirs, were not significantly altered by TSR. The ZS1 oils and most of the other oils, have a “V” shape in the distribution of C₂₇–C₂₉ steranes, bulk and individual n-alkane δ¹³C values predominantly between −31‰ to −35‰ VPDB, and bulk and individual alkyldibenzothiophene δ³⁴S values between 15‰ to 23‰ VCDT. These characteristics are similar to those for some Cambrian source rocks with kerogen δ¹³C values between −34.1‰ and −35.3‰ and δ³⁴S values between 10.4‰ and 21.6‰. The oil produced from the Lower Ordovician in well YM2 has similar features to the ZS1 Cambrian oils. These new lines of evidence indicate that most of the oils in the Tazhong Uplift, contrary to previous interpretations, were probably derived from the Cambrian source rocks, and not from the Upper Ordovician. Conversely, the δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values of ZS1C Cambrian oils have been shown to shift to more positive values due to thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Thus, δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values can be used as effective tools to demonstrate oil–source rock correlation, but only because there has been little or no TSR in this part of the section.     

Molecular fossils and sources of Cambrian heavy oil of Well Tadong-2 in the Tarim Basin,Xinjiang, China

Research on the molecular fossil characteristics of heavy oil from Well Tadong-2 is of great importance to constrain the source of marine crude oils in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. The authors synthetically applied the isotope mass spectrograph, chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrography to the studies of molecular fossil characteristics of heavy oil from Well Tadong-2 in the Tarim Basin, and the results obtained revealed that heavy oil from Well Tadong-2 is characterized by high gammacerane, high C₂₈ sterane, low rearranged sterane and high C₂₇-triaromatic steroid, these characteristics are similar to those of Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks, demonstrating that Cambrian crude oils came from Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks; condensed compounds (fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, bow, benzo fluoranthene, benzopyrene) of high abundance were detected in heavy oil from Well Tadong-2, and the carbon isotopic values of whole oil are evidently heavy, all the above characteristics revealed that hydrocarbons in the crude oils became densified in response to thermal alteration.     

Lower Palaeozoic unconformities in an intracratonic platform setting: glacial erosion versus tectonics in the eastern Murzuq Basin (southern Libya)

The stratigraphic record of the eastern Murzuq Basin has been importantly influenced by deformation resulting in angular and/or deeply erosional unconformities, though the overall context is intracratonic. Major transgressive events and the Ordovician glaciation are nevertheless documented, allowing the delineation of tectonic-, eustasy- or climate-driven unconformities. Lower Palaeozoic key events and related unconformities that characterize the North Gondwana platform have therefore a signature in the eastern Murzuq Basin. The basement/cover unconformity, also known as the infra-Tassilian surface, truncates all the deformed and metamorphosed Lower Cambrian and older rocks. Above is a ?Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician megasequence (Murizidié and Hasawnah Fms.), which is in turn truncated by an intra-Ordovician, angular unconformity. This megasequence is unconformably overlain by a Middle Ordovician (Hawaz Fm.) to Silurian (Tanzzuft and Akakus Fms) megasequence, which includes the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic unit (Mamuniyat Fm.), bounded at the base by a polygenic glacial erosion surface showing corrugated glacial lineations, tillites, and glaciotectonic structures. The Middle Ordovician to Silurian megasequence is finally truncated by a base-Devonian, angular unconformity overlain by fluvial sandstones. Regarding the possibility that those fluvial deposits may be as younger as Late Devonian in the eastern Murzuq Basin based on palaeoflora, the so-called Caledonian unconformity might be here a much younger (mid-Eifelian?) surface, and the occurrence of the Lower Devonian “Tadrart Fm.” is questioned. The Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface, which is sometimes referred to as the Taconic unconformity, usually truncates Middle Ordovician strata in the Murzuq Basin but reaches significantly deeper stratigraphic levels in places that have been previously involved in the intra-Ordovician deformation event. In the Murizidié (southeastern Murzuq Basin), the infra-Tassilian surface, the intra-Ordovician unconformity, and the Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface amalgamate together. Here, an estimate of the glacial erosion depth cannot be derived from the stratigraphic hiatus beneath the glacial incision, the main part of which relate to the intra-Ordovician tectonic event. The Upper Ordovician climate-related glacial erosion surface is not a valid unconformity for a sequence hierarchy framework of the Lower Palaeozoic, although it presents most of the physical attributes of tectonic-driven unconformities.     

Distinguishing Cambrian from Upper Ordovician source rocks: Evidence from sulfur isotopes and biomarkers in the Tarim Basin

The reported source rocks for the abundant petroleum in the Tarim Basin, China range from Cambrian to Lower Ordovician and/or Upper Ordovician in age. However, the difference between the two groups of source rocks is not well characterized. In this study, pyrite was removed from eleven mature to over mature kerogen samples from source rocks using the method of CrCl₂ reduction and grinding. The kerogen and coexisting pyrite samples were then analyzed for δ³⁴S values. Results show that the kerogen samples from the Cambrian have δ³⁴S values between +10.4‰ and +19.4‰. The values are significantly higher than those from the Lower Ordovician kerogen (δ³⁴S of between +6.7‰ and +8.7‰), which in turn are generally higher than from the Upper Ordovician kerogen samples (δ³⁴S of between ?15.3 and +6.8‰). The associated pyrite shows a similar trend but with much lower δ³⁴S values. This stratigraphically controlled sulfur isotope variation parallels the evolving contemporary marine sulfate and dated oil δ³⁴S values from other basins, suggesting that seawater sulfate and source rock age have an important influence on kerogen and pyrite δ³⁴S values. The relatively high δ³⁴S values in the Cambrian to Lower Ordovician source rocks are associated with abundant aryl isoprenoids, gammacerane and C₃₅ homohopanes in the extractable organic matter, indicating that these source rocks were deposited in a bottom water euxinic environment with water stratification. Compared with the Upper Ordovician, the Cambrian to Lower Ordovician source rocks show abundance in C₂₈ 20R sterane, C₂₃ tricyclic terpanes, 4,23,24-trimethyl triaromatic dinosteroids and depletion in C₂₄ tetracyclic terpane, C₂₉ hopane. Thus, δ³⁴S values and biomarkers of source rock organic matter can be used for distinguishing the Cambrian and Upper Ordovician source rocks in the Tarim Basin.