模糊评判在露天转地下矿山的矿房结构参数优化中的应用

模糊评判法能较好地解决方案选择的问题。本文针对石人沟铁矿露天转地下矿山过渡期开采期间,矿山地下开采带来的露天边坡、地下采场稳定性问题,通过数值模拟,得到地下第一中段开采时地下采场和边坡的应力、应变数值,并结合矿块的采切比、矿块回采率经济指标,运用模糊数学的方法,建立了考虑经济效益的稳定性模糊评判模型。通过合理确定评价指标的隶属度函数和利用二元排序法构造判断矩阵确定各评价指标的权重,对9种方案进行了综合评判,确定了最优方案,选出了合理的矿房结构参数,既可保证矿山的安全生产,又可保证矿山经济效益。     

山东省平邑左庄石膏矿区非采空致塌机理与治理方法

平邑左庄石膏矿区曾发生过3次地面塌陷,但井下实地调查发现,该矿区地面塌陷并非地下采空塌陷波及地表后而引发的地面塌陷。根据矿区地质环境条件、采矿方法及井巷工程布置等因素,分析认为地面塌陷原因是矿山布置的第一开采中段未预留出足够的顶柱厚度,致使井下回采时揭穿矿房顶柱接触到上覆第四纪松散盖层,第四纪孔隙水携带泥砂泄入矿坑发生潜蚀作用,在矿房顶柱与第四纪松散盖层之间形成“天窗式”砂漏,第四纪松散盖层中逐渐形成土洞,土洞扩大并塌陷后引发地面塌陷。     

蒙古国图木尔廷-敖包锌矿三维地质建模与资源量估算对比研究

图木尔廷-敖包锌矿是蒙古国一处大型在产矿山。近年来,通过不断调整找矿思路,矿山深部找矿终获突破,在原Ⅰ号主矿体深边部发现了Ⅱ号矿体。在总结矿床地质特征的基础上,利用3DMine软件构建了矿床三维地质模型,运用距离幂次反比法对最终露采境界外资源量进行了估算。结果表明:利用3DMine估算的资源量与Micromine估算的结果基本一致,与传统方法估算的结果也在误差范围之内。由此说明:使用三维地质建模软件估算的资源储量是可靠的,最终露采境界外地质资源储量模型的建立,直观地揭示了深部矿体的空间展布与形态,为矿山露天转地下开采可研和设计提供了基础操作平台,建议矿山露天转地采阶段将该地质资源模型与采掘井巷工程集成在一起,实现资源储量的动态管理。     

二氧化碳地质存储过程中沿井筒渗漏定性分析

二氧化碳沿井筒渗漏是二氧化碳地质埋存过程中所面临的重要风险之一.尤其是对于已经封堵的废弃井,由于获取井下的信息比较困难,因此评价废弃井的完整性是一个比较大的挑战.本文为评估二氧化碳沿废弃井渗漏提出了风险分析的方法.该方法包括了三个主要步骤:渗漏方案的制定,定量模拟及结果分析.所制定的渗漏方案将通过数值模拟进行定量分析及评价.本文将阐述该评价方法的第一步骤:渗漏方案的制定.该步骤为渗漏的定量模拟提供了理论基础.该方法被广泛接受并现场应用于德国某大型二氧化碳存储及提高天然气采收率项目中.     

高应力区露天转地下开采岩体移动规律

以金川龙首矿为例,基于2003―2008年长达12期的GPS实测数据,按照时空分布比较分析总体变形趋势,得出整个矿区的地表沉降特征、平面位移特征、行线（勘探线）随时间变化的沉降和平面位移特征。据此分析了以水平构造应力为主导的高应力区露天转地下开采引起岩体的变形规律,并与该矿闭坑之初的变形规律比较,通过理论分析的方法对产生差异的原因进行初步解释,并用数值模拟的方法加以验证,其研究结果对认识露天转地下开采引起的岩体移动、破坏特征,指导矿区安全生产有积极意义     

地面-井下双源瞬变电磁立体探测模拟研究

在探测地下、井下或巷道下方的局部异常体时,地面瞬变电磁信噪较低而井下瞬变电磁发射磁距受限,因此探测深度较小。为解决这个问题,本文提出了一种地面大回线仅发射+井下重叠回线发射接收的地面-井下双源瞬变电磁立体探测方法。通过COMSOL软件数值模拟与室内水槽试验,模拟了四种不同的瞬变电磁装置(井下重叠回线,井上大回线发射+井下小回线接收,地面中心回线,地面-井下立体探测)探测。数值模拟结果发现地面-井下双源装置的感应电位曲线幅值最大且灵敏度最高;室内模型试验结果绘制成感应电动势多测道剖面图,分析比较其曲线特征,表明地面-井下瞬变电磁立体探测明显优于其他三种瞬变电磁装置,其效果非常明显、稳定且磁感应强度更高,与数值模拟结果一致。因此,地面-井下双源瞬变电磁立体探测方法可行且值得推广。     

煤巷地震超前探测合成记录的数值模拟方法研究

地震数值模拟技术是地震勘探方法研究的重要手段之一。应用地震波反射法探测技术,对巷道前方地质异常进行预报预测,可以更加有效地保证煤矿井下生产的安全。这里对弹性波动方程应用交错网格高阶有限差分技术,对巷道中的地震勘探技术进行数值模拟。采用的交错网格高阶差分技术网格频散小,PML使边界条件的处理简单而高效。通过不同的模型,模拟和研究井下地震波的传播情况,并对转换波的情况进行了对比。结果表明,该方法具有实现简单,精度高,稳定性好的特点。     

深井地下灌注数值模型SWIFT

深井地下灌注是一种有效处理工业废液的方法,随着认识的不断深入和技术的不断提高,将成为未来我国对难处理、高毒性废液实行最终处理的重要选择之一。SWIFT数值模型能够同时模拟灌注层中水流运动、热量运移、盐分运移和放射性核素运移过程,并且能够充分考虑深部灌注层高温高压等特殊地质环境。其多方面的模拟功能不但适用于深井灌注的数值模拟,还可用于海水入侵、高放射性核废料填埋的模拟分析。在美国,该数值模型已经被用于多个深井灌注项目的数值模拟。对SWIFT进行了较全面的介绍,并指出该模型使用过程中应特别注意的几个问题。     

司家营铁Ⅲ

从水文地质条件、充水情况等方面研究影响司家营铁矿Ⅲ采场地下水涌水量因素;在矿区水文地质条件的基础上,进行了矿区地下水均衡计算,通过矿区地下水影响因素的综合分析,计算出矿区地下水总补给量和总排泄量,得出两者的平衡关系;分别采用大井法及数值模拟法,对司家营铁矿Ⅲ采场露天转井下深部开采不同中段的地下水涌水量进行计算,并结合自然降水和考虑露天采场回填废石影响,系统预测了不同开采中段矿坑总涌水量。研究成果表明,矿区地下水呈负均衡状态,对矿区开采呈有利态势;矿坑系统涌水量综合预测结果与阶段性的实测资料较为一致,为司家营铁矿Ⅲ采场井下防排水及地质环境保护奠定了基础。     

基于Surpac的铜陵新桥矿床露天开采境界优化

矿床的境界优化就是要设计一个最为接近理想状态的模型,使矿山企业利润最大化,在满足经济和边坡角几何约束的条件下,设计一个最终开采境界.基于三维地质矿业软件,可以将三维可视化技术与矿床的后期开采、生产进度编排进行紧密的结合,完成矿体形态与工程实体的衔接,其不同于传统境界优化的方法,可以在三维空间内进行境界优化的应用和研究.本研究选取SURPAC三维地质矿业软件系统,结合铜陵新桥矿床的实际需求,基于三维数字矿山模型,使用L-G算法规范的数学逻辑结构对露天采场进行境界优化.其结果可以为扩大经济效益提供详实的数据基础,并为新桥矿床开展更为合理的开采生产安排提出合理化建议.     

Mining Method Selection and Optimization for Hanging-Wall Ore-Body at Yanqianshan Iron Mine,China

In order to smooth ore production during the transition from open pit to underground mining at Yanqianshan Iron Mine, China, it is necessary to select an appropriate mining method to operate simultaneously open-pit mining and underground mining for inner-slope (hanging-wall) ore-body. Based on practical geologic setting of the hanging-wall ore-body, a comprehensive evaluation model for selecting the underground mining method to extract handing-wall ore-body was proposed, which is constituted by 3 sub-systems of safety factors, production factors and technical–economic factors. This evaluation model could be analyzed by the mutation progression method, which based on catastrophe theory and fuzzy mathematics. In addition, the FLAC^3D is employed to simulate the mining process of hanging-wall ore-body, and finally the optimal mining scheme is determined. By using mutation progression analysis and numerical modeling, some useful conclusions for hanging-wall ore-body mining have been drawn, which will be beneficial to mining safety during transitional period from open-pit to underground mining.     

地下矿体采动下的露天采场边坡稳定性研究

对于进入中晚期的露天金属矿,为了延长矿山的寿命或露天转地采稳产过渡,通常选择露天与地下联合开采,那么矿体采动下的边坡稳定性问题则尤为突出。在边坡几何形态、上部荷载和材料性质等不变的情况下,极限平衡获得的边坡安全系数为定值,因此,不能用来反映地下矿体采动对边坡稳定性影响。为了克服常规极限平衡方法的上述缺陷,采用基于边坡应力场的矢量和法求解滑动面的安全系数,结合蚁群算法与遗传算法联合搜索边坡临界滑动面,以确定矿体开采前后边坡的安全系数和临界滑动面。最后,给出一个假定算例和两个工程算例说明上述安全系数求解和临界滑面搜索方法的有效性,并揭示了地下矿体开采对露天采场边坡的稳定性的影响。     

露天地下开采隔离层稳定性研究

露天地下开采隔离层稳定性分析是矿山中经常遇到的问题。以大宝山矿露天地下开采的工程实例,采用数值分析方法,对隔离层稳定性进行分析计算,发现空区顶板的拉应力是关系隔离层稳定性的关键因素。通过对隔离层的安全厚度数值计算,与5种理论计算方法结果进行了比较,综合求和归一法数据处理和多项式数值逼近得到了不同空区跨度与隔离层安全厚度关系。结果为露天地下开采隔离层稳定性分析的方法进行了验证和补充,也为矿山设计隔离层厚度提供了参考,对指导露天地下开采安全生产施工具有重要意义。     

Rock Mass Deformation Characteristics in High-Steep Slopes Influenced by Open-Pit to Underground Mining

In Daye Iron Mine, the open-pit mining has ended and the underground mining started in 2003. The present pit slopes are as high as 430 m and the slope angle is up to 43°. During the process of open-pit to underground mining, the high-steep pit slopes would be affected by both open-pit mining and underground mining, and its deformation characteristics would become more complex. So in this paper, the trinity method of numerical simulation, model experiment and field test was adopted to analyze the displacement and stress fields systematically. The results show that: (1) Prominent rebound deformation occurs near the slope foot, which is induced by the unloading in open-pit mining. When it is backfilled to 0 m level, the rebound deformation decreases, which indicate that backfilling mass can restrict the deformation and improve the slope stability; (2) Subsidence dominates the slope deformation in open-pit to underground mining and it increases with an increasing elevation of monitoring point; the maximum horizontal displacement occurs in the lower part of the slopes, because the backfilled part is squeezed by both the north slope and the south slope, and it has a lower elastic modulus than the previous orebody; (3) The stress and its variability near the slope foot are much larger than other places, indicating that the slope foot is most affected by stress redistribution and stress concentration may occur here; the stress at other stress monitoring points changes little, indicating that the influence of open-pit to underground mining is local; (4) The effect of underground mining on the deformation of the faults is not prominent; (5) Mining operations in near-ground part affect more on the variation of deformation and stress of pit slopes than that in deeper part.     

Research and application of roadway backfill coal mining technology in western coal mining area

In China’s western coal mining area, the traditional room mining technology is facing coal pillar instability, mine earthquake, large-area roof subsidence in the goaf, surface subsidence, water and soil loss, vegetation deterioration, and other environmental problems. To solve the aforementioned problems and to improve coal recovery, the roadway backfill coal mining (RBCM) method was proposed as a solution and its technical principle and key equipment were presented in this paper. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical behavior (strain-stress relation in confined compressive test) of aeolian sand and loess backfill materials were studied for a rational backfill design for underground mines. Further, coal pillar stress, plastic zone change, and surface deformation of the RBCM schemes were studied using the FLAC^3D numerical simulation software, and a reasonable mining scheme of “mining 7 m and leaving 3 m” was determined. The engineering application in Changxing Coal Mine shows that the RBCM method with loess and aeolian sand as backfill materials allows a stable recovery of coal pillars with a recovery ratio of more than 70 %. The maximum accumulated surface subsidence and the maximum horizontal deformation were measured to be 15 mm and 0.8 mm/m respectively, indicating that the targeted backfilling effect can help protect the environment and also control surface subsidence.     

Geological and geotechnical aspects of underground coal mining methods within Australia

About one quarter of the coal produced in Australia is by underground mining methods. The most commonly used underground coal mining methods in Australia are longwall, and room and pillar. This paper provides a detailed review of the two methods, including their advantages and disadvantages, the major geotechnical and operational issues, and the factors that need to be considered regarding their choice, including the varying geological and geotechnical conditions suited to a particular method. Factors and issues such as capital cost, productivity, recovery, versatility and mine safety associated with the two methods are discussed and compared. The major advantages of the longwall mining method include its suitability for mining at greater depth, higher recovery, and higher production rate compared to room and pillar. The main disadvantages of the room and pillar method are the higher risks of roof and pillar collapse, higher capital costs incurred as well as lower recovery rate.     

急倾斜煤柱开采后对巷道影响的数值模拟

为提高煤炭的回收率和经济效益,针对长沟峪煤矿4槽煤柱,应用ANSYS有限元软件对-230～-310水平的煤柱开采前后进行数值模拟,得出:(1)煤柱开采以后,煤岩体总体下沉,但对-140水平巷道影响较小。(2)开采后,煤柱的中间部位是转折区,煤柱中部以上主应力减小,属于安全区域;煤柱中部以下主应力增大,随深度的增加,主应力增大;-320水平附近煤柱采后的主应力是采前的2倍多,是煤柱开采后主应力最大的地方,所以开采此区域为相对重点注意区域。(3)煤柱开采后-140水平的煤柱附近主应力增大,是没开采前的1.6倍,也是煤柱开采后主应力较大的地方,开采前要适当对-140水平煤柱附近进行加固。数值模拟得出结果和实际开采吻合较好,因此急倾斜煤柱开采后对巷道影响的数值模拟对开采有一定的指导意义。     

俯伪斜分段密集采煤法三维有限元数值模拟研究

俯伪斜分段密集采煤法,作为一种较新的采煤方法,在我国技术上还不很成熟,因此,首次针对京煤集团木城涧矿大台井的地质条件和赋煤状况,通过简化建立三维立体有限元模型,模拟计算了该矿煤层顶底板在开采前后运动变化情况。结果表明:煤层倾角、推采距离和开采巷道数三者是影响煤层顶底板运动规律的重要因素,得到了表征顶底板运动规律的顶底板法向最大应力和法向最大位移与三影响因素关系曲线,详细阐述了三影响因素下的煤层顶底板运动规律;同时,对现场开采中支撑压力大小,特别是在三影响因素下,超前支撑压力的作用范围与应力峰值位置进行了数值计算,并总结了其影响规律;最后,指出了该数值分析方法对现场开采将具有十分重要的应用价值和指导意义。     

潘二矿下向卸压开采高应力演化特征试验研究

为研究深部近距离煤层群下向卸压开采高应力演化的特征,根据潘二煤矿深部近距离煤层群8煤和6煤地质与开采技术条件,设计了下向卸压开采的二维相似材料模拟试验模型,对8煤和6煤开采引起的采动应力进行监测。系统分析了8煤下向开采与6煤开采后的采场围岩采动应力、岩层运移及不规则煤柱对采动应力演化的影响,获得了近距离煤层群8煤下向卸压开采的顶底板采动高应力演化特征及6煤回采期间覆岩运移、采动应力裂隙演化和来压特征,得出了下向卸压开采不规则煤柱对采动应力、裂隙分布的影响规律。研究不仅为以采动高应力演化为主导作用的煤岩动力灾害防治提供了理论基础,也为卸压开采采场参数设计与优化提供了技术支撑。