固定化活性污泥处理海水冲厕污水研究

确定了固定化污泥最佳的包埋剂配比,研究了不同温度、作用时间、pH值、微生物浓度和氯离子浓度条件下固定化污泥对人工海水冲厕污水的处理效果。结果表明,包埋剂最佳配比为聚乙烯醇(PVA)80 g/L、海藻酸钠4 g/L、活性炭10 g/L、SiO210 g/L、CaCO31.25 g/L。在30℃下固定化污泥对NH3-N和CODCr的去除效果最好,12 h时其去除率分别为83.9%和84.2%。固定化污泥在pH4~10之间均有很好的去除效果,其适宜用量为75 g/L,氯离子浓度的增大对NH3-N的去除几乎没有影响,但对CODCr的去除效果降低。曝气试验表明,固定化颗粒运行2个月情况良好,出水NH3-N和CODCr符合二级污水综合排放标准。     

以污泥提取液为生长介质的纤细角毛藻培养与CO2生物固定

污水污泥(MSS)中含有大量的氮磷营养盐,以其替代传统培养基作为微藻的营养来源,将显著降低微藻吸收固定CO2的成本,增强微藻在工业碳减排中的应用潜力。本研究以污水污泥提取液与海水的混合液作为纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)的生长介质,同时通入高浓度(5%～20%)CO2,在优化培养条件的基础上,将微藻接种到螺旋管式光生物反应器中进行动态试验,并逐日测定相应的藻生物量和固碳能力。结果表明,在污泥提取液和海水的混合体系中,纤细角毛藻的最适生长条件为:通入10%CO2气体,污泥提取液和海水按照1∶29比例混合,温度为30℃,光照强度为6 000lx。当保持10%CO2的通入速度为20mL·min-1时,生物反应器的适宜运行条件为:藻接种量1×106cells·mL-1,循环流量1 200mL·h-1。在上述优化条件下,最大藻生物量产率(0.36g·L-1·d-1)和最高固碳速率(0.67g·L-1·d-1)出现在循环培养第5d;此外,培养液中氮、磷营养盐的利用程度较高,NO3--N、NH4+-N、NO2--N、PO43--P的去除率分别达到96.9%、93.3%、78.0%和88.5%。     

地衣芽孢杆菌De株对凡纳滨对虾粪便的降解效果

采用独立分析法,研究地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis De株降解凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei粪便的效果.所收集对虾粪便先经冻干、粉碎,再溶解于灭菌海水中,分别在不同温度(16、21、26和31℃)、虾粪含量(5、10和20mg·L-1)、芽孢杆菌初始添加量(1、2.5、5和10mg·L-1)等条件下分析地衣芽孢杆菌De株对对虾粪便溶解液中的NH3-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N、PO-4-P及COD的降解效果.结果表明,地衣芽孢杆菌De株可有效降低样品中COD和NO-3-N的含量,其平均降解率分别高于60%和50%,而NH3-N、NO-2-N、及PO43--P等的浓度则不断升高;总体而言,地衣芽孢杆菌De株在26-31℃,初始添加量5mg·L-1时对对虾粪便具有较好的降解效果(p＜0.05);当粪便溶解液浓度大于10mg·L-1时组间各项参数的差异不显著(p＞0.05).     

长江水体溶解态无机氮和磷现状及长期变化特点

于2006年2、5、8和11月对长江从攀枝花至河口和上游的两条支流雅砻江和嘉陵江的溶解态无机氮(NO-3-N、NO-2-N和NH+4-N)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)进行了取样调查,同时结合长江营养盐的历史数据,分析了长江水体中溶解态无机氮、磷的长期变化特点。结果表明,长江NO-3-N、NH+4-N、DIN(包括NO-3-N、NO-2-N和NH+4-N)和PO3-4-P浓度从上游到下游显示出增加趋势,但存在季节差异;NO2-N浓度总体较低,在长江中下游(武汉—南京)浓度较高。长江从上游到下游DIN通量的变化主要受径流量的影响,从上游到下游单位面积年产N量逐渐升高;PO3-4-P输送通量从上游往下游呈增加趋势,也主要受径流量控制,但从季节变化来讲,PO3-4-P的月输送通量受其浓度的控制更加明显。自20世纪60年代来,长江水体中NO3--N、NO2--N、DIN和PO3-4-P的浓度都处于缓慢上升趋势,但到80年代上升速度明显加快;不同阶段DIN和34PO-P的季节变化特点也不尽相同,反映了其来源的差异。目前,长江水体中溶解态无机氮、磷浓度与国内及国际河流相比处于中等水平。     

龙口湾近岸海域水质状况调查与评价

依据2007年2月、5月对龙口湾近岸海域表层海水的温度、盐度、pH值、悬浮物(SS)、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)、硝酸盐(NO3--N)、铵氮(NH4+-N)、活性磷酸盐(PO43--P)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、石油类等理化指标测定结果,应用单因子污染指数和富营养化指数对该海域的水质进行了分析和评价。结果显示,该海域表层海水中各污染要素质量浓度大致呈现由SW部海域向NE部海域递增的趋势,无机氮、活性磷酸盐及石油类为该海域的主要污染物,该海域总体营养水平较高,处于磷限制的潜在性富营养水平。     

小清河口春季亚硝酸盐偏高问题探讨

2008年春季对莱州湾小清河口的走航调查发现,调查区域大部分水体的DOC,CODMn,NH4+-N,PO43--P高于4类海水的限定值,处于严重污染状态。水体CHla的浓度范围在1.02~37.92μg/L之间,但DO饱和度却在23%~96%之间,盐度小于15水体的DO饱和度低于50%,水体缺氧严重。河口存在NO2--N含量偏高现象。由河口向外,NO2--N浓度逐渐增加,至盐度24.4的水体达到0.27 mg/L的高值,NO2--N增加主要是NH4+-N的硝化反应产生的。NH4+-N生成NO2--N主要受DO和NH4+-N比例与浓度的影响,DO饱和度在30%~70%,NH4+-N大于3.33 mg/L的水体中NO2--N生成速率最快。     

海水工厂化养殖废水循环利用的初步探讨

以海水工厂化养殖排出的废水养殖双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes phi-lippinarum)、长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)和细基江蓠(Gracilariatenuistipitata).结果表明:双齿围沙蚕耐污染能力最强;细基江蓠和双齿围沙蚕具有较强的净化水质能力.养殖废水经7 d处理后,NH4+-N、NoO3--N、NO2--N、PO43--P、COD和底质有机物分别下降至处理前的11.20%、23.69%、27.50%、14.6%、3.2%和0.32%,且沙蚕和江蓠平均日生长率分别为2.30 mg/g·d和80 mg/g·d.该方法不但能净化水质,还能实现养殖废水的循环利用.     

南海北部沉积物间隙水中营养盐研究

通过2004年9月对南海北部6个站位的采样分析,探讨了间隙水的营养盐含量及其空间分布特征,估算了沉积物-海水界面营养盐的扩散通量。结果表明,NH4-N含量为8.9—142.3μmol.L-1,是南海北部间隙水中营养盐的主要组分,占溶解态无机氮的比例范围为49.1%—75.2%。在平面分布上,NH4-N含量表现为近海高于远海,PO4-P则差别不大。NH4-N、NO3-N、NO2-N和PO4-P在沉积物-海水界面的平均通量分别为7.08、-0.61、-0.51、0.14μmol.(m2.d)-1。NH4-N、PO4-P主要是从沉积物向上覆水扩散,是底层水体营养盐的来源之一。     

竹醋对生活污水好氧处理的强化作用初步研究

采用在生活污水好氧处理之前投加外源物质的方法 ,研究了竹醋 (Bamboo Vinegar,BV)及其主要有机成分 (乙酸 )对污水好氧处理效果的强化作用。结果表明 :1当 VBV/ V污水 的比值达到1 / 1 0 6时 ,BV对污水 CODcr的去除有极显著的强化作用 :CODcr去除率比不加竹醋的对照组提高1 0 %。但是 ,BV对污水中 NH+ 4 - N,T- P的去除率没有影响。 2乙酸单独使用亦可显著提高污水CODcr去除率 ,当 V乙酸 / V污水 为 1 / 1 0 7时 ,强化效果最好 ,CODcr去除率提高 1 3%。由于乙酸具有与BV相似的作用特点 ,所以认为 BV对污水处理效果的强化作用来自其中的乙酸。为了将 BV应用于污水处理中 ,需要进一步研究确定 BV对活性污泥法、生物膜法处理污水的强化效果     

厦门湾富营养化程度趋势变化研究

本文根据2003～2006年厦门湾水质调查资料,研究了水体中化学耗氧量(COD)、溶解态无机氮(DIN)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)的含量分布及该海域富营养化程度的变化趋势.结果表明,近4a来,厦门湾COD平均含量呈现下降趋势;而水体的DIN和PO43--P平均含量呈增加趋势.厦门湾水体中平均N/P大于16,主要表现为磷限制特征,而马銮湾海区则表现为"丰磷"状态.厦门湾水体富营养化指数由1.1增加至5.4,增加趋势明显.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.