疏勒河流域昌马灌区泉水量预测分析

疏勒河流域农业灌溉主要采用地表水灌溉 ,泉水为该区农业灌溉的主要水源之一 ,该文利用 2 0世纪 90年代的测流资料 ,采用有限差分方法对疏勒河中游泉水量的变化趋势进行预测分析 ,结果显示 ,随着时间的延长 ,泉流量呈逐渐减小的趋势 ,但下降梯度逐渐变小 ,最终趋于稳定     

疏勒河流域昌马灌区泉水量预测分析

疏勒可流域农业灌溉主要采用地表水灌溉，泉水为该区农业灌溉的主要水源之一，该文利用20世纪90年代的测流资料，采用有限差分方法对疏勒河中游泉水量的变化趋势进行预测分析。结果显示，随着时间的延长，泉流量呈逐渐减小的趋势，但下降梯度逐渐变小，最终趋于稳定。     

塔里木沙漠南缘安迪尔河水文特征分析

安迪尔河位于塔里木沙漠南缘,发源于昆仑山,上游河水沿河床大量入渗,中游为干河床,下游为泉水溢出补给型河流。安迪尔河缺乏水文资料,以临时水文站1998年实测水文资料为依据,对安迪尔河的水文特征进行分析,以便说明泉水型河流水文特征。分析了安迪尔河水位年内变化、冰期水位、畅流期水位、洪水期水位的变化特征;对安迪尔河水位流量关系进行了分析,建立了相应的水位流量关系方程式,并对冰期、畅流期的、洪水期逐日平均流量和流量特征进行了推求和分析,安迪尔河1998年泉水溢出量为0.5528亿m3。     

黄土岩溶泉岩溶发育特征综合研究

为进一步查明黄土地下水岩溶作用的强弱与变化规律,我们于2004年6月到2005年6月对长安县杨万村黄土岩溶泉进行了每月2次的观测,实验结果显示：杨万村岩溶泉pH值变化在6.89～7.38之间,年均值为 7.12,具弱碱性特点;电导率变化在634.36～758.27 μs\5cm-1之间,年均值为 681.61 μs\5cm-1。从当年6月到次年6月,黄土岩溶泉pH值在总体上呈现降低—升高—降低的变化规律,电导率呈现降低—升高的变化规律,pH值波动性较大。岩溶泉水的pH值和电导率受降水量、水温和CO2含量高低控制。水温、降水量和CO2含量高的夏、秋季,pH值小、电导率大;水温、降水和CO2含量低的冬、春季,pH值大、电导率小。由岩溶泉水的pH值和电导率大小变化得知,夏、秋季该泉岩溶作用强,冬、春季岩溶作用弱。与镇安渔洞河灰岩岩溶泉相比,黄土岩溶泉流量稳定、pH值低、电导率高,且pH值、电导率日变化显著。存在差异的主要原因为两地岩溶水的补给方式不同,黄土岩溶泉水具有典型地下水的特征,以薄膜水缓慢补给为主,而渔洞河岩溶泉以管道和重力水快速补给为主。     

赤峰松山区那戈营子矿泉水形成的地质构造和水文地质环境浅析

那戈营子矿泉水,位于赤峰市中心城区西部70km处。据访问,该泉水已有百年以上的历史,泉水终年流淌,流量较为稳定,泉水甘甜可口,在当地享有较高声誉。泉水中微量元素偏硅酸和锶含量分别达到了国家《饮用天然矿泉水》(GB8537-1995)所规定的矿泉水标准,此外,该泉水中还含有其它对人体有益的锂、锌、硒等微量元素,是一处天然出露的复合型冷水泉。     

氢氧同位素在岩溶水成因分析中的应用——以乌海市千里山岩溶泉域为例

本文以乌海市千里山岩溶泉域为例,利用雨水中氢氧同位素组成,用线性回归法求得了本地区大气降雨直线方程,并与全球雨水线对比,分析了本地区降雨与气候相关的一些特点;根据泉水的δD—δ18O关系与雨水进行对比,论述了泉水的补径排条件;利用雨水样品的取样高程与δ18O值的关系,求得了本地区18O的高度梯度,从而计算出了泉水的平均补给高程;利用泉水中放射性同位素氚含量(T)分析,估算了泉水的年龄。在用同位素方法的分析过程中,同时结合水动力条件进行了对比验证,证实了氢氧同位素方法分析岩溶水成因的适用性。     

金佛山表层岩溶泉水化学动态变化浅析

为进一步研究中国亚热带地区表层岩溶水的动态变化规律,了解亚热带岩溶作用机制,通过分析重庆金佛山表层岩溶泉——碧潭泉和水房泉的全自动观测数据,得出以下结论：（1）长时间尺度监测表明,海拔不同的两个泉水之间水化学性质有较大差异。（2）短时间尺度加密观测表明,碧潭泉和水房泉的水化学性质昼夜变化一致,但有区别。（3）在降雨作用下,碧潭泉和水房泉的水化学动态变化一致。（4）两个泉水水位都比较稳定,可以在一定程度上保证附近居民的用水,尤其可用于山顶的旅游开发。研究结论有助于进一步认识表层岩溶水的变化规律,理解亚热带岩溶作用的机理,并且还可以参与到全国表层岩溶对比之中,完善表层岩溶动力系统的分类,指导人们对地表水资源的利用。     

重庆市岩溶泉发育特征与流量控制机制分析

为给岩溶山区的经济发展和居民的生产生活提供水资源保障,论文以重庆市为例,通过查明重庆岩溶泉及其流量的发育规律和控制机制,利用1∶200000区域水文地质图和水文地质普查报告,运用水文地质勘查、统计分析和ArcGIS的空间分析等手段,在分析岩溶发育特征的基础上,分析地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造和地表水系等因素对岩溶泉发育、分布及其流量的影响。结果表明：地势起伏度范围在0~200 m时最有利于岩溶泉的发育,随着地势起伏度的增加,岩溶泉平均流量开始逐渐减少;碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩岩组岩溶泉发育密度最大,其次为灰岩与白云岩互层岩组、灰岩岩组、白云岩岩组;构造复合部位、背斜缓翼、向斜轴部、断裂构造等地质构造部位均有利于岩溶泉发育;以岩溶水水动力特征及其与当地侵蚀基准面的相互关系为依据,将重庆市的岩溶大泉划分为以下3种类型：河床型、河岸型、河源型,而岩溶大泉分布数量由多到少分别为河岸型>河源型>河床型。     

环境对湘西洛塔表层岩溶泉水文地球化学特征的影响

对湘西洛塔不同生态环境类型灌木丛裸露区、旱地与灌木丛半覆盖区、旱地与草丛全覆盖区下表层岩溶泉进行了取样分析,其水文地球化学特征表明:生态恢复对表层岩溶泉水资源具有调蓄作用,使表层岩溶泉在丰水期减峰,枯水期延后;干河猪场、黄家湾、小路湾坡面径流泥沙平均含量分别为94.10 mg/L、389.30 mg/L、1 639.92mg/L,大小顺序为小路湾黄家湾干河猪场;表层岩溶泉水化学组分均以HCO-3、Ca2+为主,HCO-3、Ca2+含量的大小顺序均为黄家湾泉干河猪场泉小路湾泉;表层岩溶泉pH均大于7.00,呈弱碱性;游离CO2在干河猪场泉、黄家湾泉、小路湾泉中的浓度分别为4.06 mg/L、9.38 mg/L、2.78 mg/L,暂时硬度在干河猪场泉、黄家湾泉、小路湾泉中的浓度分别为124.31 mg/L、173.95 mg/L、88.19 mg/L,总酸度在干河猪场泉、黄家湾泉、小路湾泉中的浓度分别为4.62 mg/L、10.67 mg/L、3.16 mg/L。pH的大小顺序为小路湾泉干河猪场泉黄家湾泉;暂时硬度、游离CO2、总酸度的大小顺序均为黄家湾泉干河猪场泉小路湾泉,说明良好的植被覆盖具有更好的水文地球化学效应。     

火山湿地——药泉湖

药泉湖地处黑龙江省五大连池国家级自然保护区的核心部分,是新期火山喷发形成的火山堰塞湖,湖底有多处碳酸气泉眼并有暗河流动,再加上二龙眼矿泉水的注入,形成了世间罕见的矿泉湖。药泉湖有三眼泉水,即翻花泉、南泉、北泉。南、北泉水清澈,翻花泉水混浊,但三泉之水皆可治病。据     

黄土丘陵区地表水和地下水对降水的响应——以康沟小流域为例

以"退耕还林"为主体的黄土丘陵区生态环境建设在过去10年来取得了显著成效.为揭示"退耕还林"政策实施以来黄土丘陵区的降水与地表水和地下水的关系,本文以延安康沟流域为例,根据1997-2006年延安站的逐日气象数据和康沟流域地表径流、泉水、井水水位实测水文数据,以及康沟流域地形地貌和土地利用等资料,利用相关分析法分析了康...     

三江源地区1961-2010年降水时空变化(英文)

Based on a monthly dataset of precipitation time series (1961-2010) from 12 meteorological stations across the Three-River Headwater Region (THRHR) of Qinghai Province, China, the spatio-temporal variation and abrupt change analysis of precipitation were examined by using moving average, linear regression, spline interpolation, the Mann-Kendall test and so on. Major conclusions were as follows. (1) The long-term annual and seasonal precipitation in the study area indicated an increasing trend with some oscillations during 1961-2010; however, the summer precipitation in the Lantsang (Lancang) River Headwater Region (LARHR), and the autumn precipitation in the Yangtze River Headwater Region (YERHR) of the THRHR decreased in the same period. (2) The amount of annual precipitation in the THRHR and its three sub-headwater regions was greater in the 1980s and 2000s. The springs were fairly wet after the 1970s, while the summers were relatively wet in the 1960s, 1980s and 2000s. In addition, the amount of precipitation in the autumn was greater in the 1970s and 1980s, but it was relatively less for the winter precipitation, except in the 1990s. (3) The normal values of spring, summer, winter and annual precipitation in the THRHR and its three sub-headwater regions all increased, but the normal value of summer precipitation in the LARHR had a negative trend and the normal value of winter precipitation declined in general. (4) The spring and winter precipitation increased in most of the THRHR. The summer, autumn and annual precipitation increased mainly in the marginal area of the west and north and decreased in the regions of Yushu, Zaduo, Jiuzhi and Banma. (5) The spring and winter precipitation in the THRHR and its three sub-headwater regions showed an abrupt change, except for the spring precipitation in the YARHR. The abrupt changes of spring precipitation were mainly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, while the abrupt changes of winter precipitation were primary in the mid-to late 1970s. This research would be helpful for further understanding the trends and periodicity of precipitation and for watershed-based water resource management in the THRHR.     

1956—2013年曹家湖流域径流深变化

在古浪河水文站观测数据基础上,运用数理统计方法对曹家湖流域1956—2013年径流深变化的研究表明:(1)曹家湖流域春、夏、秋、冬季径流深的变化趋势均表现为20世纪80年代偏多,2000年后偏少,这两个时段内年径流深与季节径流深变化一致;除冬季外,其他季节20世纪60年代径流深均高于多年平均;夏、冬季和年径流深70、90年代偏多。(2)就年际变化而言,春、夏、秋季径流深均表现为减小趋势,但不显著,冬季径流深呈不显著微弱增加趋势。受季节变化的影响,年径流深也表现出减小的态势。(3)各季节径流深变化均存在4~18a的短周期变化,除春季外,其他季节径流深变化还存在28~30a的长周期变化。(4)研究区春、秋、冬季和年径流深分别在2008、1961、2007、2007年突变减小,除冬季外,其他均未通过95%的显著性水平检验;研究时段内,夏季径流深经历了两次突变显著减少,分别出现在1966年和2007年。(5)研究区春、夏、秋季以及年降水量与径流深之间存在显著的正相关关系,冬季降水量与径流深存在不显著的负相关关系。     

1967-2017年甘肃省小麦需水量和缺水量时空特征

基于甘肃省28个气象站点1967—2017年的逐日气象数据，采用Penman-Monteith 公式和作物系数计算了小麦的需水量，结合美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的方法计算了有效降水量，进一步得出小麦缺水量，并分析了小麦需水量与缺水量的变化趋势和空间分布特征，探讨了小麦需水量影响因子重要程度。结果表明：1967—2017年甘肃省春、冬小麦全生育期的年平均需水量分别为517.03 mm和436.70 mm，年平均缺水量分别为468.24 mm和301.54 mm；在时间上，51 a来春小麦种植区内的需水量与缺水量整体上无明显的趋势变化，而冬小麦种植区内的需水量与缺水量整体上呈明显上升趋势；在空间上，春小麦种植区内需水量和缺水量大致由西北向东南递减，冬小麦种植区内的需水量和缺水量大致由西向东递减。甘肃省小麦生育期内日照时数和日平均气温是影响小麦需水量的主要因素。     

Quantitatively estimate the components of natural runoff and identify the impacting factors in a snow-fed river basin of China

Snowmelt water is an essential runoff source of some alpine rivers in China. This study selected the Upper Burqin River(UBR), a typical snow-fed river, to quantitatively assess the runoff contributions of different components, as well as the causes of runoff variations under the background of cryosphere change and global warming. Based on the spatial-temporal distributions of snow and glaciers during a year, as well as the altitudinal variations of 0 ℃ isotherm, the high flow hydrographs in UBR was separated into two parts: seasonal snowmelt flood of lower altitudes(3,000 m) and glacier-snow melt flow in high altitudes(3,000-4,296 m). The daily baseflow hydrograph of UBR was separated by the digital filtering technique. It is concluded that the contributions of snowmelt flow, glacier melt flow, and baseflow(includes rainfall runoff component) to total annual flow volumes are 27.2%(±2.7%), 8.5%(±1.7%), and 64.3%(±3.0%), respectively. The speed of air temperature rise in spring may be the controlling factor for monthly snowmelt flow distributions in the snow-fed river. The volume of snowmelt was determined by spring precipitation(SP) and previous winter's precipitation(PWP). The PWP changes can explain 43.7% of snowmelt changes during 1981-2010 in UBR, while snowmelt change in 1957-1980 is more impacted by SP. The determining factor of snowmelt variation was changed from SP to PAP during the recent decades. Precipitation in current year, excluding previous year's rainfall and snowfall, can only explain 32%-70% of the variability in total runoff.     

Is There a Paleolimnological Explanation for ‘Walking on Water’ in the Sea of Galilee?

Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee) is a small freshwater lake (148 km² and a mean depth of 20 m) situated in northern Israel. Throughout recent history there have been no known records of a total ice formation on its top. Furthermore, given that convection requires an initial cooling of the entire lake down to 4 °C, it is difficult to imagine how such a low-latitude lake, presently subject to two-digit temperatures during the winter, could ever freeze. Lake Kinneret is, however, unique in the sense that there are dense (warm and salty) springs along its western shore. The dynamics of the regions adjacent to these springs are investigated using a one-dimensional nonlinear analytical ice model, a paleoceanographic record of the sea surface temperature of the Mediterranean Sea, and a statistical model. We show that, because the water directly above the plume created by the salty springs does not convect when it is cooled down to 4 °C, freezing of the region directly above the salty springs was possible during periods when the climate in the region was somewhat cooler than it is today. We refer to this localized freezing situation as ‘springs ice’. The analytical ice-model involves a slowly varying approach where the ice is part of a thin fresh and cold layer floating on top of the salty and warm spring water below. During the ice formation process, the ice is cooled by the atmosphere above and warmed by the spring water below. The plumes created by the springs have a length scale of 30 m, and it is argued that, during the Younger Dryas when the air temperature in the region was probably 7 °C or more cooler than today, ‘springs ice’ (thick enough to support human weight) was formed once every 27 years or less. During the cold events 1500 and 2500 years ago (when the atmospheric temperature was 3 °C or more lower than today) springs ice occurred about once in 160 years or less. Since the duration of these cold events is of the same order as the springs ice recurrence time, there is a substantial chance that at least one springs ice occurred during these cooler periods. With today's climate, the likelihood of a springs ice is virtually zero (i.e., once in more than 10,000 years). One set of those springs associated with the freezing is situated in Tabgha, an area where many archeological features associated with Jesus Christ have been found. On this basis, it is proposed that the unusual local freezing process might have provided an origin to the story that Christ walked on water. Since the springs ice is relatively small, a person standing or walking on it may appear to an observer situated some distance away to be ‘walking on water’. This is particularly true if it rained after the ice was formed (because rain smoothes out the ice’s surface). Whether this happened or not is an issue for religion scholars, archeologists, anthropologists, and believers to decide on. As natural scientists, we merely point out that unique freezing processes probably happened in that region several times during the last 12,000 years.     

The response of ostracod shell chemistry to seasonal change in a Mediterranean freshwater spring environment

We established the relationships between water chemistry changes in a pool fed by a permanent spring and seasonal variations in trace-element contents (Sr & Mg) in the shells of the ostracod species Herpetocypris intermedia, based on monthly collections of ostracod and water samples. The water chemistry of the investigated pool (Maïques, Valëncia, Spain) was dominated by calcium and bicarbonate, and showed marked seasonal variation in alkalinity, Ca²⁺ content, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios. Although the variability in the water chemistry was relatively low (~10% relative standard deviation over the entire period), the trace-element contents in the ostracod shells tracked the seasonal change in the water chemistry of Maïques pool. Moreover, due to the rapid renewal of H. intermedia population, this species is able torecord in its shells the evolution of the water chemistry at a monthly time scale. Our results also showed that, in the Maïques pool system, ostracod Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios increased with the decrease in water salinity.To our knowledge, this is the first geochemical study of ostracods dwelling in spring environments. The results of this study may be applied to paleohydrological reconstruction using ostracods preserved in sediments deposited around springs (i.e. travertine and tufa deposits).     

北京地区气温多尺度分析和热岛效应

以北京地区20个气象观测站47年(1960-2006年)逐日的平均气温记录为基础,利用线性倾向估计、突变分析、小波分析等分析方法对北京地区气温的时空分布特征及其热岛状况进行了分析.研究表明:近47年来北京地区年平均气温变化呈上升趋势,7年滑动平均曲线表明这种上升趋势近年来稍有减弱.城市热岛效应明显,四季热岛效应的时间和空间均有差异.冬季热岛效应比夏季强,但夏季热岛效应呈现出多中心的现象.小波分析表明热岛强度存在3个周期变化.在25a左右的尺度上,进入21世纪春季和冬季相对较弱,夏季和秋季较强.     

Gygrekjelda, a new warm spring in Bockfjorden, Svalbard

The note informs about a new warm spring west of Jotunkjeldene with larger water discharge and much less sinter deposits than the other springs in Bockfjorden.