线纹海马Hippocampus erectus的tlr21基因结构及其对CpG-ODN的应答特征

作为先天性免疫反应中重要的模式识别受体之一, TLR(toll-like receptor)基因家族介导的先天性免疫是脊椎动物抵御病原微生物的重要防线。研究分析了线纹海马Hippocampus erectus tlr21基因的序列特征, 并基于抗原注射实验探讨了海马tlr21的免疫功能。线纹海马tlr21基因的开放阅读框长度为2946bp, 编码981个氨基酸, 预测其编码蛋白相对分子量为246.98kDa, 理论等电点为4.78。tlr21编码蛋白主要包含1个信号肽和3个功能结构域: 胞外区具有14个富含亮氨酸重复序列的结构域(LRR), 跨膜区具有富含半胱氨酸的结构域, 胞内区则具有TIR结构域。同源性比较和系统进化分析表明, 线纹海马tlr21基因与虎尾海马Hippocampus comes tlr21基因的同源性最高, 其次与斜带石斑鱼Epinephelus coioides、牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus、大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus和红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes的tlr21基因聚为一枝。tlr21基因在线纹海马的脑、鳃、肝、肠、肾、性腺、肌肉和育儿袋各组织均有分布, 肾脏中表达量最高。抗原注射实验结果发现, 线纹海马Tlr21对不同类型CpG寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG-ODNs)的识别能力存在差异, 其中, CpG-2007和CpG-HC4040对海马肾脏tlr21的mRNA表达量具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05)。研究表明, 线纹海马Tlr21能够通过识别含CpG序列的DNA发挥免疫识别作用, 研究结果将有助于系统认识海马免疫系统中TLR家族基因的功能特征, 为建立海马病害防治策略提供理论依据。     

线纹海马肠道菌群结构与功能对迟钝爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)感染的响应特征研究

细菌性肠炎对海马养殖业影响巨大, 但病原对海马肠道菌群的具体影响尚不清楚。文章利用已分离的病原细菌 Edwardsiella tarda YT1和海马细菌性肠炎模型, 结合16S rDNA高通量测序技术, 探究病原细菌侵染对海马肠道菌群的影响。结果发现, E. tarda侵染改变了海马肠道菌群的结构组成、多样性和丰度, 并显著降低了其多样性(p<0.05); 显著增加了海马肠道变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度(p<0.05), 减少了放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度(p<0.05); 导致致病菌爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella)在属水平的相对丰度极显著增加(p<0.01), 而肠道固有菌群嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)和罗氏菌属(Rothia)极显著减少(p<0.01), 以及球菌属(Macrococcus)与动球菌属(Planococcus)显著减少(p<0.05)。研究结果表明, E. tarda能通过改变海马肠道固有优势菌群的相对丰度导致菌群失调。菌群功能变化及其相关性分析表明, E. tarda可能通过显著提高细菌趋化性、鞭毛组装、ABC转运蛋白、磷酸转运酶系统以及脂多糖生物合成途径的活性(p<0.05), 抑制肠道核心菌群如嗜冷杆菌属、动球菌属和谷氨酸杆菌属的丰度及其核糖体、RNA降解、核苷酸剪切修复与脂肪酸生物合成途径的活性(p<0.05), 导致肠道菌群功能失调, 并诱发肠炎。     

基于无人机与卫星图像的大型绿藻孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)遥感估算研究

卫星影像是监测海面漂浮绿藻的重要数据源, 但是混合像元的存在使得绿藻提取存在一定的误差。想要实现近海区域底栖绿藻的精细监测, 需要解决绿藻亚像素覆盖度的问题。本文以厘米级分辨率无人机数据的绿藻提取结果为基准, 通过分析Landsat卫星影像绿藻光谱, 建立绿藻亚像素覆盖度与多种植被指数和多个特征波段反射率的反演模型。结果表明, 蓝、绿、红波段反射率与绿藻亚像素覆盖度呈现较好的线性关系, 随着绿藻亚像素覆盖度递增, 蓝、绿、红波段反射率的值均递减。将蓝、绿、红波段的三种绿藻亚像素覆盖模型进行验证, 发现绿波段反射率所建立的反演模型具有更高的准确性, 决定系数、均方根误差、平均相对误差分别为0.92%、0.07%、10.85%。本文所建立的模型可以估算大型绿藻亚像素覆盖度, 实现Landsat卫星影像对大型绿藻的精细监测。     

Spatial and seasonal patterns of European short-snouted seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus distribution in island coastal environments

This study represents the first report on seahorses in the Macaronesian islands (North-East Atlantic), determining the spatial and seasonal abundance, population structure and physical appearance of European short-snouted seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus. Animals were surveyed off Gran Canaria Island in two bays, Melenara and Sardina del Norte, within three habitats: rocky bottom, artificial substrata and seagrass. Populations were monitored over a 5-year period (spring 2006–winter 2011) using 15-minute visual fast count (VFC) surveys. Seahorses were characterised by low abundances, small proportions of subadults and roughly equal sex ratios at each site. We aimed to determine whether environmental conditions and geographical position could explain differences in seahorse abundance and population structure between the study sites. Melenara Bay (mean sighting rate = 0.44 individuals VFC–¹; SD 0.72) offered protected environments where seahorse distribution varied with substratum type, irrespective of season. Strong hydrodynamic forces in winter affected abundance and size at exposed locations in Sardina del Norte Bay (mean sighting rate=0.21 individuals VFC^?1; SD 0.52). Our findings contribute to the scarce available knowledge about this Data Deficient species (IUCN Red List), helping to establish future conservation strategies and management recommendations for the preservation of H. hippocampus populations around Gran Canaria Island and other localities with similar coastal environments.     

线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)性腺特异性结构与生殖细胞发育特征研究 *

海马属(Hippocampus)鱼类具有独特的雄性育儿繁殖方式, 其卵巢和精巢结构也极其独特。本研究系统阐明了线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)的性腺及生殖细胞的发育特征, 根据组织学结构和细胞形态学变化特征, 将线纹海马的精巢和卵巢发育过程均分为6个时期。其中, 卵巢发育方式为不同步成熟型, Ⅰ期卵巢只包含第Ⅰ时相卵母细胞, 包括卵原细胞和早期初级卵母细胞(d<20μm); Ⅱ期卵巢开始出现第Ⅱ时相卵母细胞(d=20~140μm); Ⅲ期卵巢卵母细胞数量显著增多, 体积增大, 并开始出现第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞(d=140~260μm), 此时细胞内开始出现皮质小泡、卵黄颗粒和卵黄膜; Ⅳ期卵巢开始出现第 Ⅳ时相卵母细胞(d=260~1100μm), 卵黄颗粒充满整个细胞质, 形成过渡期的卵黄球; Ⅴ期卵巢出现大量第Ⅴ时相成熟卵母细胞(d=1100~2000μm), 细胞内形成流动性卵黄囊; Ⅵ期卵巢为排卵不久后的卵巢, 卵母细胞数量显著减少。线纹海马精巢属于非限制型小叶精巢, Ⅰ期精巢主要含精原细胞, 核大, 含一到多个核仁; Ⅱ期精巢开始形成精小囊, 囊内出现初级精母细胞; Ⅲ期精巢呈乳白色, 开始出现次级精母细胞; Ⅳ期精巢体积较 Ⅲ期时显著增大, 开始出现精子细胞, 并逐渐移向中央生精腔; Ⅴ期精巢内含大量的成熟精子, 随时准备释放。精子释放后精巢进入Ⅵ期, 残留少量精细胞在生精腔中。组织化学反应结果显示, 氨基酸、蛋白质和脂肪的信号在卵母细胞的细胞质、卵黄囊中呈阳性, 且随着卵母细胞的发育而增强。本研究结果为进一步探索海马属鱼类雄性繁殖策略提供了重要的基础数据。     

Abundance,distribution and habitat preference of Hippocampus guttulatus and Hippocampus hippocampus in a semi‐enclosed central Mediterranean marine area

Population abundance, distribution and habitat preference of the Mediterranean sympatric seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus and Hippocampus hippocampus were investigated in a semi‐enclosed sea system (Apulian coast, Ionian Sea). A total of 242 individuals of seahorses were sighted in the 11 transects surveyed in summer 2011. Hippocampus guttulatus (n = 225) were 14 times more abundant than H. hippocampus (17). The mean abundance of H. guttulatus for all the pooled sites was 0.018 m^?2 (SE ± 0.003) ranging from a maximum of 0.035 (SE ± 0.007) to a minimum of 0.008 (SE ± 0.002). The size structure of long‐snouted seahorse shows a population ranging from 7 to 14 cm (SL) with a peak at 10 cm (TL). Juveniles (96.0 ± 8.0 mm) represent a significant fraction of the population, accounting more than 21% of the sighted individuals. In Mar Piccolo, H. guttulatus is able to shelter both in monotonous habitats, including the algal beds, and diversified ones, such as the rich filter‐feeder communities that colonize hard substrates. By contrast, H. hippocampus is mainly associated with habitats of low complexity. Today, the Mar Piccolo di Taranto is among the most heavily polluted water bodies in South Italy, with trace metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides and organic wastes affecting both biotic and abiotic matrices. However, despite the high level of degradation, the presence of a large mussel farm has avoided the impact of towed fishing gears, and eutrophication of water bodies has ensured a high trophic level that supports large crustacean populations, potential prey for seahorses.     

Reproductive output of male seahorses,Hippocampus abdominalis,from Wellington Harbour,New Zealand: Implications for conservation

This investigation examines aspects of reproductive output in brooding wild male seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis, from Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Previously undocumented, such information is crucial to the management and protection of this species in relation to the CITES Appendix II‐listing of all seahorse species. Brooding males (n = 46) were captured and kept captive until the release of their juveniles, whereupon the number of juveniles was counted and sampled for standard length (SL) and dry weight (DW). SL (mean ± 1SE) of brooding males was 18.1 ± 0.6 cm and wet weight (WW) 17.6 ± 1.6 g. Number (mean ± 1SE) of juveniles released per brood was 271.2 ± 27. The number of juveniles produced was positively correlated with parent SL, WW, and brood pouch volume. Brood pouch volume was positively correlated with male SL. SL (mean ±1SE) of juveniles released was 16.7 + 0.2 mm and DW 1.2 ± 0.1 mg. Mean SL and DW of juveniles were not correlated with the number of juveniles per brood, parent male SL or parent male pouch volume. The percentage of pouch contents which were non‐viable (i.e., premature or non‐viable eggs) upon juvenile release was low (1.1 ± 0.2%; mean ±1SE of the total pouch contents). Based on findings in this study it is suggested that the CITES 10 cm minimum height restriction, which can be used in lieu of non‐detriment findings to allow sustainable exploitation of seahorses, is not suitable for H. abdominalis from Wellington Harbour as it would appear to only protect small males that produce low numbers of juveniles.     

2017年春、夏季黄海35°N共发的绿潮、金潮和赤潮

于2017年4月至6月，沿南黄海35°N断面出现了罕见的绿潮、金潮和赤潮等有害藻华共发现象。本研究通过现场定时定速拖网等方法，对黄海35°N断面不同站位的大型漂浮藻类进行了定量观测，并对赤潮区浮游植物进行了显微镜观察。结果表明：沿35°N断面的漂浮绿藻和马尾藻生物量具有明显的时空变化特征，4月下旬漂浮绿藻和马尾藻开始零星出现，5月下旬生物量和分布范围明显增加，在6月上旬达到最大，随后在6月下旬降低。漂浮绿藻和马尾藻的分布区域存在差异，120°30''—122°30''E为两者共同分布海域，向西以漂浮绿藻为主，向东则以马尾藻为主。分别于5月下旬和6月下旬在黄海35°N断面发现了1次米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）赤潮和1次赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）赤潮。基于现场获取的水文数据，本文对南黄海海域的环境条件及其对有害藻华分布的影响进行了讨论。沿35°N断面共发的绿潮、金潮和赤潮现象表明黄海海域正面临严峻的海洋生态问题，通过对该海域赤潮、金潮和绿潮的长期观测，可望揭示这些藻华灾害形成机制和演变规律，为针对性地开展有害藻华预报、预警和防控提供科学依据。     

秦皇岛海域秋季石花菜(Gelidium amansii)附生大型海藻的实验分类学研究

秦皇岛海域属于我国渤海区域典型的大型海藻分布区,该海区资源丰富,在我国大型海藻区系中占有较为重要的位置。于2021年秋季在该海域采集石花菜(Gelidium amansii)样品进行活体培养,对其藻体附生的其他季节大型海藻的状况加以观察研究。通过实验生物学方法对石花菜附生藻生殖特征和生态习性进行了观察,结合附生藻形态特征进行物种分类鉴定。经过培养与鉴定,确定该水域石花菜的附生大型海藻共有7种,其中红藻4种,即丛出旋体藻(Audouinelladaviesii)、旋体藻(Auduinella sp.)、茎丝藻小枝变型(Stylonema alsidii f. ramosum)和日本新管藻(Neosiphonia japonica);绿藻2种,即苍白刚毛藻(Cladophora albida)和浒苔[Enteromorpha (Ulva) prolifera];蓝藻1种,即丝状鞘丝藻(Lyngbya confervoides);丛出旋体藻、茎丝藻小枝变型和苍白刚毛藻为河北海域的新记录物种。研究结果表明,室内人工培养可作为个体微小的附生大型海藻分类鉴定的有效补充方法,也能为分子鉴定提供纯净的...     

Nutrient Limitation in Macroalgae (Ulva and Enteromorpha) from the Rías Baixas (NW Spain)

Abstract.  Photosynthesis and growth rates in samples of two green seaweeds ( Ulva and Enteromorpha ) were monitored in the laboratory. The macroalgae were collected every 15 days from four coastal embayments in Galicia (NW Spain). Ulva samples were found to be nutritionally limited, particularly in summer. The physiological activity of Enteromorpha did not appear to be as affected by nutrient scarcity, although it may have suffered from phosphorus limitation. The subsistence quotas, critical concentrations and storage capacity for N and P in Ulva were comparable to those obtained by other investigators in similar studies. The trace metals analysed apparently did not negatively affect the macroalgae at the measured concentrations; one explanation is that many of these metals function as essential micronutrients. The complex physiological interactions between metals and nutrients, however, may complicate interpretation of the results.     

中沙大环礁四种大型海藻的光生理特征比较及其对升温的响应*

生活于珊瑚礁区的大型海藻可以与珊瑚一起为礁栖生物提供食物和栖息地, 它们在维护珊瑚礁生态系统生物多样性中起着极为重要的作用。本论文比较研究了生活于我国南海中沙大环礁区4种优势海藻的生化组分、光合特征及其对海水升温的生理响应,其中厚膜藻(Grateloupia ellipitica)和粉枝藻(Liagora samaensis)为红藻, 钙扇藻(Udotea flabellum)和仙掌藻(Halimeda discoidea)为绿藻。结果显示, 与绿藻相比, 红藻藻体叶绿素(Chl a)和类胡萝卜素含量更低且含有藻胆素, 红藻的光补偿点(E_C)和呼吸速率(R_d)均显著低于绿藻。海水升温提高了4种海藻的光能利用效率(α)、E_C、R_d和日净光合固碳量; 同时, 升温还降低红藻的饱和光强(E_K)、提高绿藻的最大光合放氧速率(P_max)。结果还显示, 海水升温在光强较低时提高红藻的光合放氧速率, 光强较高时则降低其放氧速率; 升温也提高绿藻的光合放氧速率, 但光强变化对升温效应的影响不显著。基于4种海藻的光生理特征以及升温效应的种间差异性可见, 短时间升温(~4℃)有利于中沙大环礁区海藻的光合作用; 与绿藻相比, 该升温效应更有利于红藻。     

中国苏北浅滩海域定生海藻繁殖体的来源

自2007年以来，黄海海域已连续爆发大规模浒苔绿潮并造成了严重的经济损失。在苏北浅滩条斑紫菜养殖筏架上的定生浒苔被认为是漂浮绿潮藻的主要来源。然而，现阶段对筏架定生绿藻的种源基础并不清楚。因此，在本研究中，我们通过现场调查结合室内试验来揭示了筏架定生绿藻的繁殖体源。同时，为了对黄海大规模绿潮进行防控，我们对防止绿藻在紫菜养殖筏架的附着做了相关研究。结果表明，（1）包括浒苔、缘管浒苔、扁浒苔、曲浒苔以及盘苔这五种海藻的微观繁殖体共同存在于苏北浅滩海域的水体及沉积物中，而且在不同时期它们的比例变化明显。（2）经过去皮处理后的毛竹可明显抑制浒苔微观繁殖体的附着。通过本研究，我们明确分布于苏北浅滩海域的绿藻微观繁殖体是黄海大规模绿潮的种源基础。同时，我们为从源头防控黄海大规模绿潮的发生提供了一个可行的手段。     

苏北浅滩沉积物中的大型绿藻微观繁殖体的垂直分布和物种多样性

本研究通过在2017年秋冬季组织实施的2个绿潮种源调查航次,研究苏北浅滩紫菜养殖区沉积物中的大型绿藻微观繁殖体的垂直分布和物种多样性。对沉积物中的微观繁殖体的定量实验结果表明:表层泥样中绿藻微观繁殖体的丰度最高,随着深度的增加迅速降低。在9月份表层沉积物中丰度为9±2ind./g,而在11月份表层丰度达到98±25ind./g;与9月份相比, 11月份浅滩沉积物中绿藻繁殖体数量呈现出显著升高的趋势。通过对51个绿藻样品的分子鉴定发现:沉积物中存在石莼属(Ulva)、尾孢藻属(Urospora)、盘苔属(Blidingia)等大型绿藻的微观繁殖体;数量占优是石莼属繁殖体,主要包括曲浒苔(Ulva flexuosa)、浒苔(Ulva prolifera)、扁浒苔(Ulva compressa)、缘管浒苔(Ulva linza);其中曲浒苔占据的比例最高,在9和11月份分别达到80.94%和73.33%。在2个调查航次中,都从沉积物中发现了绿潮浒苔的微观繁殖体,这些微观繁殖体是绿潮浒苔在苏北浅滩种源维持的重要方式和关键阶段,也构成了黄海浒苔绿潮连年暴发的"种子库"。     

山东荣成马山里海域大型藻类群落结构时空变化研究

山东半岛东端以岩基海岸为主,而浅海多为岩礁底质,适宜大型藻类生长。为探究该海域的大型藻类群落结构特征,于2018年11月(秋)、2019年2月(冬)、5月(春)和8月(夏)对山东荣成马山里海域的三个典型生境(草床区、天然礁区和泥沙区)中的大型藻类进行了调查。结果显示：三种生境共鉴定出大型藻类23种,其中红藻门15属15种,褐藻门3属4种,绿藻门3属4种。物种数最高值出现在天然礁区(22种),最低值出现在泥沙区(12种)。生物量最高值为春季草床区(1567.44±21.29)g.m_^-2、最低值为秋季的泥沙区(594.45±107.06)g.m_^-2。大型藻类优势种在不同生境、不同季节不同：草床生境为小珊瑚藻,在四个季节中均占绝对优势;礁区为绿藻向红藻、褐藻变化;泥沙区为从红藻到褐藻变化。Pielow均匀度指数的最高值在三个生境中相近且均出现在冬季;多样性指数最高值、最低值分别出现在礁区与泥沙区;Margalef丰富度指数的最高值出现在秋季的礁区,而最低值出现在夏季的泥沙区;聚类与排序结果表明,大型藻类群落结构在不同生境不同季节差异都显著。结果表明,生境特征和季节性变化是影响底栖大型海藻群落结构的主要因素。     

Seasonal variation in the concentrations of nutrients in two green macroalgae and nutrient levels in sediments in the Rías Baixas (NW Spain)

Seasonal monitoring of the levels of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in two green macroalgae (Ulva and Enteromorpha) was carried out at 22 sampling sites in four embayments (rías) on the northwest coast of Spain. Sediments were also analysed to determine the concentrations of these elements as well as organic matter, organic carbon, iron and texture. In addition, accumulations of Ulva were monitored. Nitrogen levels in algae were similar to those found in comparable studies, whereas carbon concentrations were generally higher and those of phosphorus were lower. As a result the macroalgae were relatively enriched by carbon and nitrogen compared with phosphorus. Seasonal variations in algal tissue nitrogen and phosphorus followed the usual pattern for temperate zones, with minimum levels in summer and maximum levels in winter. Variations in carbon concentrations were much less accentuated. The low levels of P in the algae appear to indicate limitation by this element, however, comparison of the monthly changes in nitrogen and phosphorus in Ulva with the critical concentrations of these elements suggests dual nutrient limitation in this alga in summer. By contrast, the sediments were more enriched by phosphorus; high retention of this element by the sediment may explain the low levels in algae. The highest accumulations of Ulva occurred in spring and summer; hydrodynamic factors appeared to be important in determining the extent of these accumulations.     

福建九龙江口秋茄红树林鹧鸪菜几种营养元素含量的季节变化

研究了福建九龙江口秋茄(Kandelia candel)红树林潮间带的红藻鹧鸪菜(Caloglossa leprieurii)的氮、磷、钾、钠、钙与镁6种营养元素含量的季节变化。氮、磷、钾与钠均以春季含量最高；钙与镁分别以秋季和冬季最高。氮与磷含量冬季最低，钾含量秋季最低；钠、钙、镁均以夏季含量最低，6种元素含量的季节变化模式不一致。营养元素含量的季节变化表明鹧鸪菜春季富集的营养物质较多，与春季有较高的生物量一致。营养元素含量的季节变化反映了鹧鸪菜的生长与环境因子的季节变化。鸥鸪菜的氮、磷含量高于土壤含量。并明显高于水体氮、磷含量，说明鹧鸪菜能强烈富集环境中的氮、磷，因此鸥鸪菜类的大型藻类的存在可能是红树林区赤潮极少发生的原因之一。     

Tropical seagrass-associated macroalgae distributions and trends relative to water quality

Tropical coastal marine ecosystems including mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reef communities are undergoing intense degradation in response to natural and human disturbances, therefore, understanding the causes and mechanisms present challenges for scientist and managers. In order to protect our marine resources, determining the effects of nutrient loads on these coastal systems has become a key management goal. Data from monitoring programs were used to detect trends of macroalgae abundances and develop correlations with nutrient availability, as well as forecast potential responses of the communities monitored. Using eight years of data (1996–2003) from complementary but independent monitoring programs in seagrass beds and water quality of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), we: (1) described the distribution and abundance of macroalgae groups; (2) analyzed the status and spatiotemporal trends of macroalgae groups; and (3) explored the connection between water quality and the macroalgae distribution in the FKNMS. In the seagrass beds of the FKNMS calcareous green algae were the dominant macroalgae group followed by the red group; brown and calcareous red algae were present but in lower abundance. Spatiotemporal patterns of the macroalgae groups were analyzed with a non-linear regression model of the abundance data. For the period of record, all macroalgae groups increased in abundance (Ab_i) at most sites, with calcareous green algae increasing the most. Calcareous green algae and red algae exhibited seasonal pattern with peak abundances (Φ_i) mainly in summer for calcareous green and mainly in winter for red. Macroalgae Ab_i and long-term trend (m_i) were correlated in a distinctive way with water quality parameters. Both the Ab_i and m_i of calcareous green algae had positive correlations with NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC). Red algae Ab_i had a positive correlation with NO₂⁻, TN, total phosphorus and TOC, and the m_i in red algae was positively correlated with N:P. In contrast brown and calcareous red algae Ab_i had negative correlations with N:P. These results suggest that calcareous green algae and red algae are responding mainly to increases in N availability, a process that is happening in inshore sites. A combination of spatially variable factors such as local current patterns, nutrient sources, and habitat characteristics result in a complex array of the macroalgae community in the seagrass beds of the FKNMS.     

Natural diet of the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis

This investigation examined the diet of adult wild seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis Leeson 1827, from Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Diet of seahorses (n = 59) collected from shallow subtidal macroalgal stands consisted largely of crustaceans, in particular amphipods (e.g., caprellid and ischyrocerid amphipods), caridean shrimp (i.e., Hippolyte bifidirostris), and peracarids (i.e., the mysid Tenagomysis similis). There were no differences in diet between male and female seahorses. Smaller seahorses consumed a greater amount of crustaceans than larger seahorses, as a result of the greater proportion of amphipods in their gut contents. There were some seasonal differences in diet, with amphipod consumption peaking in spring and summer, and decapod consumption lowest in autumn.     

Persistence of biological invasion effects: Recovery of macroalgal assemblages after removal of Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea

The present study evaluated the capability of recovery of Mediterranean macroalgal assemblages on rocky bottom invaded by Caulerpa racemosa. A manipulative experiment was performed to compare the structure of native assemblages that: (a) were invaded by the alga, (b) were invaded, but where the invasive alga was removed, and (c) had never been invaded. Macroalgal assemblages differed significantly between areas invaded by C. racemosa and control areas. Moreover, one year after removal of the invader, the recovery of community was minimal. Overall, recovery consisted of a significant increase in species richness and cover of macroalgae, but cover of each vegetation layer (encrusting, turf and erect) did not vary significantly between cleared and Invaded plots through time. Results showed that the effects of the colonization persist after the removal of the alga and the process of recovery of the assemblages appears to be quite slow. This finding might be an important contribution to evaluate invasion costs and thus potentially useful for an effective addressing of control strategies.     

苏北浅滩筏架附生绿藻群落结构变化及与环境因子的相关性探究

苏北浅滩是研究浒苔绿潮早期形成机制的重要区域,该区域紫菜养殖筏架上附生绿藻的群落结构变化对浒苔绿潮的发生具有重要影响,环境因素在其中发挥了重要作用.为了探明导致苏北浅滩绿藻群落结构变化的主要环境因素,本文通过分子生物学和种群生态学方法对筏架附生绿藻群落结构进行了研究,结果表明:(1)苏北浅滩筏架附生绿藻群落主要由浒苔(...