岩石的磁性组构及其在岩石变形分析中的应用

文本总结了对采自巴彦乌拉山韧性剪切带的部分标本进行岩石组构数据测定的分析结果,并将其与用常规应变分析方法所得结果予以比较,表明了岩石磁化率各向异性椭球体能够反映总的应变椭球体,证明岩石磁化率各向异性技术做为一种岩石组构因素的研究是有发展前景的。岩石磁性组构资料可应用于变形岩石的应变分析,特别是在通常的岩石组构分析技术太费时间和粗糙的情况下更显示了其优越性。     

中国北方上新世晚期-更新世早期风成沉积物磁化率各向异性初探

前人对中国黄土高原晚更新世黄土沉积物的磁化率各向异性的研究表明,磁化率椭球体最大轴(Kmax)偏角的方向能够指示黄土沉积时期的搬运动力方向,即古风向,并可以通过这种途径进行古季风的重建.本研究试图通过对中国黄土高原晚上新世-早更新世转折时期的风成沉积磁化率各向异性研究进一步检验其在古风向重建方面的应用潜力.选择分别地处黄土高原中部、南部和东部地区的灵台、渭南和保德3个剖面,对红粘土向黄土过渡时期4个不同地层单元古土壤层(S32)、黄土层(L33)、过渡层(TU)以及红粘土沉积(RC)的样品进行了磁化率各向异性测量,结果表明磁线理L值很小,而磁面理F较为发育,这与前人对晚更新世黄土沉积磁化率各向异性的研究结果一致;同时,4个不同地层单元的磁面理F、各向异性度P和形状因子T在3个剖面上均表现出随土壤发育程度增强而减小的变化趋势,说明后期的成壤作用能够不同程度地降低磁面理、磁化率各向异性度以及形状因子的大小.与前人对于晚更新世黄土沉积磁化率各向异性的研究结果不同的是3个剖面的S32,L33,TU以及RC的Kmax的偏角似乎并不能反映出当时的搬运动力方向,即古风向,而长期的压实作用以及不同程度的后期土壤化作用是造成这一时期黄土和红粘土沉积物磁化率各向异性最大轴偏角方向未能反映出当时搬运动力方向(古风向)的原因之一.     

青藏高原西北缘晚新生代沉积岩古流向的磁化率各向异性确定及其构造意义

古流向的确定是重建沉积物来源及沉积过程的有效方法,而磁化率各向异性作为古流向恢复的可靠信息载体在室内沉积实验和具体工作中已得到认可.本文对青藏高原西北缘柯克亚剖面晚新生代地层鸟恰群、阿图什组和西域组80块样品开展了磁组构研究,磁面理与磁线理图、磁化率各向异性度与磁化率椭球体形状因子图直观地说明研究对象均具有磁面理较磁线理发育的特点,代表了原生沉积组构特征.柯克亚剖面乌恰群、阿图什组和西域组的磁化率各向异性测量则恢复了三个时期的古流向.古流向在不同时期的变迁显示了重要的青藏高原西北缘的隆升信息.乌恰群与阿图什组、阿图什组与西域组之间的古流向的改变反映出西昆仑山北缘具有西早东晚的构造隆升过程.     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔100-2000m岩心的磁化率各向异性及其地质意义

在常温常压条件下获得了中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔331块岩心的磁化率各向异性(AMS)数据,并建立了主孔100—2000m的体积磁化率和AMS连续剖面。数据统计分析显示,主孔100—2000m岩心的磁化率(κ)介于1．05×10-4SI和0．12SI之间,几何平均值为1．855×10-3SI;磁化率各向异性度(Pj)介于1．04和2．10之间,几何平均值为1．155。该井段出露的主要岩石类型有榴辉岩、退变质榴辉岩、角闪岩、正片麻岩、副片麻岩和蛇纹石化橄榄岩,它们的垂向分布特征控制着磁化率剖面的变化。主孔的超高压变质岩石在折返过程中普遍经历了强烈的角闪岩相退变质作用的改造。其磁化率特征也发生相应的改变。蛇纹石化橄榄岩具有很高的磁化率(8．58×10-2SI)和各向异性度(1．335)。这主要源于橄榄岩蛇纹石化过程中产生的大量磁铁矿。榴辉岩、退变质榴辉岩和角闪岩代表榴辉岩从新鲜到完全退变质的三个阶段,它们的磁化率和磁化率各向异性度分别为榴辉岩(1．28×10-3SI、1．077)、退变质榴辉岩(3．19×10-3SI、1．206)、角闪岩(1．02×10-3SI、1．104)。正片麻岩的磁化率和各向异性度分别为5．34×10-3SI和1．167。副片麻岩的磁化率和各向异性度分别为3．46×10-4SI和1．150。对58个变形岩石的AMS测试结果显示,其磁化率椭球体的主轴方向与岩石组构基本一致,即最大磁化率主轴κ1平行矿物线理,最小磁化率主轴κ3垂直岩石面理。同时,这些变形岩石的AMS椭球体多呈现明显的压扁状特征,反映超高压变质岩石在折返过程中处于强烈挤压变形的构造应力环境,为苏鲁超高压变质板片的挤出折返模式提供了佐证。该研究成果也为超高压变质岩石地区磁学研究、地球物理调查和测井成果的解释提供了重要的实验约束。     

鄂尔多斯盆地沉积岩磁化率特征与油气的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地古生界、中生界暗色沉积岩系的磁化率较大,这与有机质作用下,次生磁性矿物的形成有关;通过岩石磁化率各向异性分析,恢复了盆地主力生油层上三叠统沉积时的古水流向;利用磁化率各向异性椭球体形态的变化特征讨论了盆地区域及时代上构造应力的相对强度,并运用构造动力对油气影响的有关理论,分析了油气生、储的相关条件。     

大别山超高压变质岩带的岩石磁学和磁组构研究及其地质意义

本文对采自大别山碧溪岭、新店、石马、花凉亭和朱家冲等地点的102块定向超高压和高压变质榴辉岩、片麻岩和大理岩等样品,进行了岩石磁学和磁化率各向异性(AMS)研究。磁化率和磁化强度随温度变化以及磁滞回线参数的分析结果表明,岩石剩磁载体以假单畴-多畴磁铁矿为主。新鲜榴辉岩和大理岩的磁化率很低,经过退变质作用的榴辉岩具有最大磁化率值,片麻岩的磁化率变化范围较大。这表明这些岩石中的磁性矿物含量主要受退变质作用和原岩成分差异的控制。磁化率各向异性度(P)主要受磁面理(F)的控制,显示出在其发育期以挤压构造环境为主;新鲜榴辉岩、退变质榴辉岩和片麻岩的 F 和 P 值依次增大。榴辉岩和片麻岩的 AMS 椭球的展布近似。在地理坐标下,这些 AMS 椭球的最小主轴(K_3)以向北倾为主,最大主轴(K_1)多为南倾。     

Magnetic Fabric Characteristics of Zhuganhe Loess-Palaeosols Profile on Northern Slope of Dabie Mountains and Their Environmental Significances

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤样品的磁组构特征显示,研究剖面0 ～ 1480 cm层段的平均Pj、F值小于1.02,而底部Pj、F大于1.02.F-L、Pj-q组合关系图反映磁化率椭球体为压扁状,磁面理较磁线理发育.磁化率椭球体主轴方位显示0～ 1480cm层段样品的椭球体轴向分布分散,长轴的倾角大于60°,短轴的倾角小于15°,而底部的分布聚集,长轴的倾角一般小于10°,短轴的倾角大于80°,上述特征综合揭示了0 ～ 1480cm层段属于典型风成沉积而底部属于典型水成沉积.磁化率椭球体最大主轴的偏角暗示风成沉积的主导风向为NW-SE方向,而水成沉积的古流向为SW-NE方向,与现代竹竿河水系的方向基本一致.磁化率各向异性最大轴方向的优选方向可能与大别山抬升等构造运动有关.     

岩矿石磁各向异性的理论计算与实验研究

作者从铁磁学理论和磁化率张量概念出发,重点讨论形状与磁晶引起岩矿石磁各向异性的最主要原因,并以椭球体为例,导出了岩矿石磁各向异性的理论计算公式,结果表明岩矿石磁各向异性既受磁性颗粒各向异性的影响,也受矿物晶轴分布方式的影响。并由实验结果证明了强磁性矿物磁各向异常受形状影响大,而弱磁性矿物可不考虑形状影响。     

黄土高原风成沉积物磁化率各向异性研究

中国黄土高原粉尘堆积以往注重从物源区携带粉尘的古风向,对粉尘沉积→固结期的古风向缺乏研究.本文评述了近年来应用黄土高原黄土、红粘土磁化率各向异性研究古季风风向变迁所取得的一些重要进展并指出磁化率各向异性最大轴和最小轴的方位和倾伏均与沉积→固结期风向变化密切相关.黄土磁组构结果与利用各种统计方法计算出的古风向在多个剖面与现代夏季风方向相似,由此推论黄土是冬季风带来的沙尘在经历夏季风携带的降雨洗礼后才固结而成.而在黄土之下的红粘土地层中的初步研究发现磁组构显示明显的西风带沉积特征,指出这一现象将在今后研究中继续深入探讨.     

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤的磁组构特征及其古环境意义

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤样品的磁组构特征显示,研究剖面0～1480cm层段的平均Pj、F值小于1.02,而底部Pj、F大于1.02。F—L、Pj—q组合关系图反映磁化率椭球体为压扁状,磁面理较磁线理发育。磁化率椭球体主轴方位显示0～1480cm层段样品的椭球体轴向分布分散,长轴的倾角大于60°,短轴的倾角小于15°,而底部的分布聚集,长轴的倾角一般小于10°,短轴的倾角大于80°,上述特征综合揭示了0～1480cm层段属于典型风成沉积而底部属于典型水成沉积。磁化率椭球体最大主轴的偏角暗示风成沉积的主导风向为NW—SE方向,而水成沉积的古流向为SW—NE方向,与现代竹竿河水系的方向基本一致。磁化率各向异性最大轴方向的优选方向可能与大别山抬升等构造运动有关。     

Does AMS data from micaceous quartzite provide information about shape of the strain ellipsoid?

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in micaceous quartzites with mean susceptibility (K _m) >50 × 10⁻⁶ SI units is known to be on account of the orientation distribution of the para/ferromagnetic minerals (e.g. micas, magnetite), which comprise the minor phase in the rocks. However, the strain in such deformed micaceous quartzites is dominantly accommodated by the quartz grains, which are the major phase in them. The objective of this paper is to explore the extent to which AMS data from micaceous quartzites provide information about the shape of the strain ellipsoid. AMS analysis of 3 quartzite blocks is performed, and the shape of the AMS ellipsoid is recorded to be oblate. From AMS data, the three principal planes of the AMS ellipsoid are identified in each block and thin sections are prepared along them. Quartz grain shape (aspect ratio, R _q), intensity of quartz and mica shape preferred orientation (κ_q and κ_mi, respectively) and 2D strain (E) recorded by quartz are measured in each section. R _q, κ_q, κ_mi and E are all noted to be minimum in the section parallel to the magnetic foliation plane as compared to the other two sections. This indicates that the quartz grains have oblate shapes in 3D and accommodated flattening strain, which is similar to the shape of the AMS ellipsoid. The role of mica in causing Zener drag and pinning of quartz grain boundaries is discussed. It is concluded that during progressive deformation, migration of pinned grain boundaries is inhibited. This causes enhanced recrystallization at the grain boundaries adjacent to the pinned ones, thus guiding the shape modification of quartz grains. A strong correlation is demonstrated between κ_q and κ_mi as well as κ_mi and E. It is inferred that fabric evolution of quartz was controlled by mica. Hence, the shape of the AMS ellipsoid, which is on account of mica, provides information about shape of the strain ellipsoid.     

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in biotite, muscovite and chlorite single crystals

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of single crystals of biotite, muscovite and chlorite has been measured in order to provide accurate values of the magnetic anisotropy properties for these common rock-forming minerals. The low-field AMS and the high-field paramagnetic susceptibility are defined. For the high-field values, it is necessary to combine the paramagnetic deviatoric tensor obtained from the high-field torque magnetometer with the paramagnetic bulk susceptibility measured from magnetization curves of the crystals. This leads to the full paramagnetic susceptibility ellipsoid due to the anisotropic distribution of iron cations in the silicate lattice. The ellipsoid of paramagnetic susceptibility, which was obtained for the three phyllosilicates, is highly oblate in shape and the minimum susceptibility direction is subparallel to the crystallographic c-axes. The anisotropy of the susceptibility within the basal plane of the biotite has been evaluated and found to be isotropic within the accuracy of the instrumental measurements. The degree of anisotropy of biotite and chlorite is compatible with previously reported values while for muscovite the smaller than previously published values. The shape of the chlorite AMS ellipsoid for all the samples is near-perfect oblate in contrast with a wide distribution of oblate and prolate values reported in earlier studies. Reliable values are important for deriving models of the magnetic anisotropy where it reflects mineral fabrics and deformation of rocks.     

Emplacement Mechanism of the Akebasitao Pluton: Implications for Regional Tectonic Evolution of West Junggar, NW China

Late Carboniferous to Early Permian A-type granites are extensively distributed throughout the West Junggar region, NW China, and the Akebasitao pluton is extremely distinguished among these plutons. In this paper, we reported new anisotropy of magnetic susceptible (AMS) data combine with detailed field study and audio magnetotelluric (AMT) sounding to assess the three-dimensional shape and magmatic emplacement mechanism of the Akebasitao pluton. The geological features and the AMT sounding indicate that the pluton had a slightly oblique movement of magma from northwest to southeast, which was most likely to correspond to an asymmetrical torch with a laccolith-shaped upper part, and a lower part formed by sub-vertical “root” that was located within its northwestern part, probably controlled by the NE-trending Anqi fault. The AMS fabrics of all the specimens reveal a low Pj value (mean of 1.02) and a low T value (mean of ?0.024), suggesting that the deformation of the AMS ellipsoid is relatively weak. The specimens exhibit both oblate and prolate shapes of the AMS ellipsoid. Magnetic lineations and foliations are randomly distributed throughout the pluton without any preferred orientation. These AMS patterns indicate that the pluton formed in a relatively stable structural environment with no regional extrusion. Therefore, we propose a complex emplacement process in which the magmas reached the shallower crust levels via deep-faults and subsequently occupied the room created by doming, accompanied by stoping near the pluton roof. Additionally, the regional tectonic setting was relatively stable during the emplacement of the Akebasitao pluton, indicating the termination of compressional orogeny during the late Late Carboniferous in the West Junggar region. This conclusion perfectly coincides with the regional tectonic paleogeography, magmatic system, and paleostress field.     

风成红黏土序列磁化率各向异性特征对区域应力变化的响应

对六盘山以西132 m水洛红黏土剖面磁化率各向异性特征的研究表明,水洛红黏土剖面记录的14.8~8.7 Ma沉积序列受到了同沉积时期不同程度的应力作用,磁化率各向异性变化特征对应于应力作用强度较弱的初期和应力作用强度有所加强的中期。进一步分析发现,14.8~11.0 Ma之间显示出3次应力增强和后续应力减弱交替变化的特点,这一应力作用事件可能与青藏高原东北缘在此阶段强烈构造活动的区域应力传递相关,而11.0~8.7 Ma期间存在一个相对较强的应力作用事件,可能是对局部地区应力增强事件的响应。     

Fabric analysis of quartzites with negative magnetic susceptibility – Does AMS provide information of SPO or CPO of quartz?

We ask the question whether petrofabric data from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis of deformed quartzites gives information about shape preferred orientation (SPO) or crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of quartz. Since quartz is diamagnetic and has a negative magnetic susceptibility, 11 samples of nearly pure quartzites with a negative magnetic susceptibility were chosen for this study. After performing AMS analysis, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis was done in thin sections prepared parallel to the K₁K₃ plane of the AMS ellipsoid. Results show that in all the samples quartz SPO is sub-parallel to the orientation of the magnetic foliation. However, in most samples no clear correspondance is observed between quartz CPO and K₁ (magnetic lineation) direction. This is contrary to the parallelism observed between K₁ direction and orientation of quartz c-axis in the case of undeformed single quartz crystal. Pole figures of quartz indicate that quartz c-axis tends to be parallel to K₁ direction only in the case where intracrystalline deformation of quartz is accommodated by prism <c> slip. It is therefore established that AMS investigation of quartz from deformed rocks gives information of SPO. Thus, it is concluded that petrofabric information of quartzite obtained from AMS is a manifestation of its shape anisotropy and not crystallographic preferred orientation.     

磁化率各向异性与剪切带

岩石组构记录了地壳形成与演化的关键信息,提取这些信息对分析和恢复地球动力学过程具有重要意义.磁化率各向异性(AMS)是一种重要的岩石组构方法,可以有效地揭示岩石的应变特征,分析其地球动力学过程,是研究构造变形性质以及应力作用方式的有效手段.本文在梳理AMS的研究历史、主要成果和最新进展的基础上,系统阐述了AMS的基本原...     

用磁化率各向异性研究构造变形的几个问题

本文讨论了用磁化率各向异性研究构造变形时应注意的几个问题。介绍用磁化率各向异性研究岩石变形的限制条件,待解决的问题及应用前景。同时提出了地质历史时期岩石脆性破裂前的塑性变形可能会引起磁化率各向异性的变化及岩石中不同期,不同种类的磁性矿物的共存可能是影响磁化率椭球与应变椭球对应关系的是一个重要因素的观点。     

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies of Campanian–Maastrichtian sediments of Ariyalur Group,Cauvery Basin,Tamil Nadu,India: An appraisal to Paleocurrent directions

Oriented samples of sediments from Ariyalur Group, Cauvery Basin, south India, were studied for low field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements to unravel the magnetic fabrics and paleocurrent directions. The results of AMS parameters of the sediments indicate primary depositional fabrics for Sillakkudi, Ottakovil and Kallamedu sandstone formations and secondary fabric for Kallankurichchi limestone formation. The obtained low degree of anisotropy (P _j ), oblate shape AMS ellipsoid and distribution of maximum (K ₁) and minimum (K ₃) susceptibility axes on equal area projection confirm the primary sedimentary fabric for Sillakkudi, Ottakovil and Kallamedu Formations. In the case of ferruginous, lower arenaceous, Gryphaea limestone and upper arenaceous limestone beds of Kallankurichchi Formation have recorded more than one fabric. The observed AMS parameters like shape factor (T) (prolate to oblate), q value and random distribution of minimum (K ₃) and maximum (K ₁) susceptibility axes are supported for secondary fabrics in Kallankurichchi Formation as a result of post-depositional processes. Based on petrographic studies, it can be established that K ₁ AMS axis of biotite mineral could represent the flow direction. The established paleocurrent direction for Sillakkudi is NW–SE direction while Ottakovil and Kallamedu Formations recorded NE–SW direction. Overall the paleoflow directions observed for Ariyalur Group is NE–SW to NW–SE.     

AMS record of brittle dilation,viscous-stretching and gravity-driven magma ascent in area of magma-rich crustal extension (Vosges Mts., NE France)

Orogenic compression-related fabrics (~340–335 Ma) were reworked during regional extensional deformation (~328–325 Ma) in a large anatectic crustal domain of the Central Vosges (NE France). The extension was first accommodated by brittle dilation affecting vertically anisotropic high-grade rocks associated with emplacement of subvertical granitic sheets. The AMS fabric of granitoids is consistent with highly partitioned transtensional deformation marked by alternations of flat and steep foliations and development of orthogonal lineations. This deformation passes to top-to-the-southwest ductile shearing expressed in southerly migmatitic middle crust. The AMS fabric revealed moderately west-dipping foliations bearing subhorizontal NNW–SSE-trending lineations and predominantly plane strain to prolate shapes. This fabric pattern is interpreted as a viscous response of stretched partially molten crust during continuous ductile extension. Vertical ascent of voluminous granites and stoping of the upper crust occurs further south. This gravity ascent triggered by extension leads to development of south-dipping AMS foliations, south-plunging lineations and oblate fabrics in various crustal granites. Vertical shortening related to ascent of these (~325 Ma) granitoids and persistent N–S stretching is responsible for reworking and remelting of originally vertical compression-related fabric in roof supracrustal granites (~340 Ma) and development of highly prolate fabrics in these rocks. This work shows that the finite shape of AMS fabric ellipsoid is highly sensitive to both strain regime and superpositions of orthogonal deformation events.     

Pervasive horizontal fabric and rapid vertical extrusion: Lateral overturning and margin sub-parallel flow of deep crustal migmatites, northeastern Bohemian Massif

In the West Sudetes, northeastern Bohemia Massif, geochronometry provides evidence for repeated episodes of rapid cooling that contrasts sharply with an absence of structural evidence for significant tectonic exhumation by crustal extension. Instead, high-grade assemblages of the Orlica–Snieznik Complex have a regional sub-horizontal foliation and sub-horizontal lineations that trend parallel to narrow sub-vertical shear zones containing exhumed high-pressure assemblages. Mesoscopic petrofabrics combined with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data from amphibolite facies to migmatitic meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous rocks reveal remarkably consistent average lineations that plunge shallowly to the SSW on both steep and sub-horizontal NNE-trending planar fabrics. The dominant SSW–NNE fabric orientation is parallel to the Bohemia–Brunia suture, which marks a major boundary along the eastern margin of the massif. The shape of the AMS ellipsoid is predominantly oblate, revealing flattened fabrics, with only local prolate ellipsoids. We envisage that the continental Brunian indentor operated as a rigid backstop and allowed the migmatized lower crustal orogenic root to be exhumed along the Bohemian margin shortly following terminal arc collision. Sub-vertical extrusion of the orogenic root was arrested in the mid-crust, where the lower ductile crust was laterally overturned at the base of rigid upper crustal blocks. Upon reaching the crustal high-strength lid the exhumed ductile mass of continental material laterally spread sub-parallel to the margin, underwent subsequent supra-Barrovian metamorphism, and quickly cooled. The application of AMS techniques to high-grade metamorphic rocks in concert with macroscopic structural observations is a powerful approach for resolving the deformation history of a terrane where visible rock fabrics can be tenuous.