新型可更换连梁研究进展

联肢剪力墙是高层建筑结构中广泛采用的抗侧力结构体系,而连梁是联肢剪力墙结构中重要的耗能构件。然而,不论是传统的钢筋混凝土连梁还是钢连梁或型钢混凝土组合连梁破坏后修复或更换都比较困难,代价昂贵。近年来,国内外的部分学者开始研究可更换连梁,使连梁在受损后易于修复或更换,减小连梁修复费用。本文首先提出了可更换连梁的定义和分类,然后对目前国内外可更换连梁的研究现状进行了比较全面的总结,特别是介绍了2012年9月第15届世界地震工程会议上展示的相关研究成果,最后对可更换连梁的研究未来做了展望。     

粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的超高层结构减震性能研究

连梁作为剪力墙结构中的抗震第一道防线,其承载力和耗能能力对整体结构的抗震性能有重要影响。本文提出在连梁中附设粘滞阻尼器,利用阻尼器发生竖向剪切变形而耗能。结合实际工程研究粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的性能,采用ETABS和PERFORM-3D软件对粘滞阻尼耗能连梁结构与传统连梁结构进行有限元模拟对比分析,并对粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的各项最优参数进行研究。结果表明:粘滞阻尼耗能连梁充分发挥耗能作用,整体结构具有良好的抗震性能,与传统连梁结构相比,主体结构的弹性耗能得到明显降低。平面布置方式、竖向布置方式、阻尼器参数的选取对附设粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的框架-核心筒结构减震效果影响较大,合理选择这些参数可以使耗能结构减震效果最优。     

基于耗能连梁钢板阻尼器的高层结构耗能减振分析及应用

为改善传统连梁钢板阻尼器的适用性,提出了一种新型耗能连梁钢板阻尼器的设计方法,通过对阻尼器工作区域的划分与设计,使新型阻尼器充分发挥耗能作用,有效地提高了结构整体耗能能力。基于有限元软件ABAQUS模拟低周反复荷载作用下墙肢与阻尼器的应力应变状态,以验证所提出的新型阻尼器的设计方法及端部嵌固区的可靠性,并通过对原结构和实施耗能连梁钢板阻尼器结构进行弹塑性时程分析,探讨其改进后的抗震性能。研究结果表明,新型嵌固区构造不仅能够保证阻尼器与墙肢协同工作良好,还能大大降低施工难度;通过实施该阻尼器,可形成耗能连梁及抗震多道防线,在连梁钢筋混凝土部分损伤较为严重的情况下,仍能保证连梁具有一定的延性和耗能能力。     

连梁刚度折减系数对剪力墙结构的影响研究

剪力墙结构在进行地震计算时,按照相关规范要求连梁的刚度可折减,折减方式的不同对剪力墙结构整体刚度和构件内力等结果影响较大。设计人员通常给定全楼统一的连梁刚度折减系数,这种简化做法会导致结构刚度和构件受力与实际不符。本文对9栋典型剪力墙结构进行了非线性分析,研究了连梁刚度折减系数对剪力墙结构整体指标和构件内力的影响,并给出了剪力墙结构设计时连梁刚度折减系数的确定方法建议。     

组合连梁RC框剪结构地震损伤控制研究

框架-剪力墙结构作为多层及高层结构普遍采用的建筑结构形式之一,是抗震设计与加固的重点与热点。组合连梁技术为降低墙肢损伤,震后快速恢复结构功能,降低社会灾后重建的成本提供了新的思路。但目前对组合连梁框架-剪力墙结构体系的研究仍不充分,组合连梁对于整体结构的控制效果仍有待确认。本文通过子结构试验与数值分析的方法,系统地研究了组合连梁的力学性能,给出了合理的组合连梁设计参数,并提出了基于连续化方法的带组合连梁的剪力墙结构的抗震分析方法。本文的主要工作及成果如下:(1)带缝钢板阻尼器力学性能试验研究。通过带缝钢板阻尼器低周拟静力循环加载试验研究,研究了开缝宽度和工艺、连接构造措施、弯曲单元跨高比等关键因素对带缝钢板阻尼器力学性能的影响,同时研究了带缝钢板阻尼器的延性、超强系数及低周疲劳性能。并通过精细化有限元分析对缝宽为2mm的阻尼器试验进行了模拟,讨论了损伤模型及损伤参数的取值,并为试验结果补充了分析参数。通过Bouc-Wen宏观模型,对缝宽为6mm的阻尼器试验进行了模拟,通过回归分析,建立了Bouc-Wen形状控制参数与阻尼器力学性能控制参数之间的关系。(2)传统连梁与带缝钢板阻尼器组合连梁对比试验研究。通过一组传统连梁与组合连梁的对比试验研究,验证了组合连梁在连梁和墙肢的损伤控制、相同位移角下的耗能能力,变形能力等方面的优势,同时研究了超强系数对组合连梁的影响。(3)大比例传统剪力墙和组合连梁剪力墙子结构试验研究。根据某18层原型结构,制作了1/3缩比的6层传统连梁剪力墙和组合连梁剪力墙试验体,进行了子结构拟动力试验及低周拟静力循环加载试验研究,研究了组合连梁剪力墙结构的力学性能及损伤破坏模式,证明了组合连梁墙片在结构层间位移角、地震力输入方面的控制效果,同时测量了组合连梁的变形需求。(4)组合连梁框剪结构参数分析。在验证模型正确的基础上,应用有限元软件Marc对消能墙片进行了参数分析,研究了在10层、20层、30层3种不同高度下,组合连梁的跨高比、刚度参数及强度参数对于整体框架-剪力墙结构的地震响应的控制作用,分析了结构的层间位移角、楼层剪力分布、结构沿楼层的耗能分布等结构响应随参数的变化关系,并给出了组合连梁设计参数的合理范围。(5)基于等效弹性连续化方法的组合连梁剪力墙结构的抗震分析方法。基于传统双肢剪力墙的连续化方法,考虑了组合连梁以及墙肢的塑性能力,通过计算组合连梁剪力墙的周期与振型、组合连梁的附加阻尼比,并结合MPA方法,提出了基于等效弹性连续化方法的组合连梁剪力墙抗震分析方法,为阻尼器参数及优化分析奠定了基础。     

刚度串联式耗能连梁结构设计关键技术研究

钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构是高层建筑结构中最常用的结构类型之一,消能减振技术作为控制结构振动反应的有效手段而越来越多地应用于钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构。连梁作为钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的重要构件,在结构体系中起到增加结构侧移刚度、传递墙肢间荷载和位移、担当结构抗震设防第一道防线、强烈地震作用下消耗振动能量等重要作用。鉴于连梁的重要性,自上世纪60年代以来国内外学者先后提出了普通配筋连梁、斜向交叉暗撑配筋连梁、菱形配筋连梁、斜向交叉钢筋连梁、双连梁、劲性连梁、刚性连梁、外贴钢板式耗能连梁、刚度串联式耗能连梁等多种连梁设计方案。其中钢筋混凝土—软钢阻尼器刚度串联式耗能连梁(以下简称刚度串联式耗能连梁)作为钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构消能减振领域内的一项新技术,自提出以来逐渐被多个工程项目采纳和使用。刚度串联式耗能连梁设计方案自上世纪90年代被提出以来,国内外学者进行了一定的研究。但目前国内外研究成果主要集中于阻尼器类型的设计,而少有人研究阻尼器在结构空间位置优化布置的问题。本文基于国内外研究现状,针对刚度串联式耗能连梁的设计概念、设计技术以及阻尼器沿结构空间位置优化等问题进行了研究。本文主要研究工作汇总如下:(1)总结并分析了钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构连梁受力特征及刚度串联式耗能连梁工作机理。首先对连梁的震害特征以及对连梁横截面剪切应力沿结构高度方向的分布规律进行了分析。然后基于延性设计原理,阐述了双肢剪力墙中耦合比的概念。最后根据建筑结构阻尼器工作原理,结合连梁内力分布特征分析和连梁震害特征总结,分析了组合耗能连梁的工作机理。(2)基于反应谱理论拟合出考虑多因素的速度反应谱阻尼效应修正系数计算公式并剖析了减震系统工作原理。首先,介绍了地震反应谱相关理论,并初步分析了两大减震系统的工作机理以及其适用范围。然后基于反应谱理论详细分析了两大减震系统的减震原理。最后基于强震记录拟合得到速度反应谱阻尼效应修正系数计算公式。(3)提出并分析了刚度串联式减震结构减震性能曲线基本理论、曲线构建方法和曲线形式,并建立了基于减震结构性能曲线的刚度串联式减震结构初步设计方法。根据单自由度力学模型以及对应的滞回曲线,并基于弹塑性反应谱等效线性化方法的基本原理,推导出单自由度减震系统的等效周期、等效阻尼比的计算公式。确定了减震结构性能曲线绘制方法及关键技术,建立了刚度串联式减震结构减震性能曲线,探讨了减震结构性能曲线的工程应用价值。提出了基于减震结构性能曲线的刚度串联式减震结构设计方法和设计流程。(4)提出了软钢阻尼器沿钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构竖向布置的设计方法、设计原则以及设计计算公式。研究了基于减震结构性能曲线相关理论的多自由度减震系统阻尼器刚度沿结构高度方向的分配原则和方法。详细分析了每一竖向布置原则的物理意义,并对五大竖向布置原则之间的关系进行了探讨。根据阻尼器沿结构竖向布置五大原则所对应的力学原理及计算公式,推导出结构各层阻尼器刚度和延性系数分配计算公式。(5)提出了软钢阻尼器在钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构各层布置原则以及软钢阻尼器的设计方法、设计原则以及设计计算公式。提出了阻尼器沿结构水平向布置的基本原则。基于连梁的实际工作性能和软钢阻尼器的力学特性,提出了刚度串联式耗能连梁中金属阻尼器设计的三大原则。根据力学理论和结构材料特性,分别推导出各阻尼器设计原则所对应的方法和公式。(6)采用本文建立的结构消能减震设计方法,对一栋典型的钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构进行了消能减震优化设计,并使用Seismostruct有限元分析软件对设计结果进行了弹塑性时程分析验证,验证结果表明本文所确定的刚度串联式消能减震设计方法科学合理、结果可靠、具有工程实用价值。     

采用消能连梁的高层结构整体分析与试验研究

消能连梁采用阻尼器耗能,保护混凝土主体结构,是近年来发展出来的一种有效的高层结构消能减震体系。本文针对带消能连梁的框架剪力墙结构体系进行整体有限元分析,研究了具有不同层数的框架剪力墙结构地震响应,分析消能连梁的能量耗散情况和对整体结构动力响应的控制效果,研究表明消能连梁能够分别降低首层墙肢和框架的能量耗散的65.5%和39.0%,同时可降低结构35.4%~42.0%的层间位移角和41.0%~44.4%的基底剪力。随后对某一18层高层建筑进行了子结构混合试验研究,试验体底部为6层联肢墙,采用1/3缩尺,其余结构分为上部剪力墙数值子结构和框架数值子结构,分别采用ABAQUS软件进行分析,三者协同工作,共同完成大震响应模拟。子结构混合试验结果表明,消能连梁可有效降低结构的整体响应,层间位移角降低16%、基底剪力降低21%。同时可控制连梁损伤,提高结构耗能能力。     

带钢桁架连梁的框架剪力墙结构振动台试验研究

钢桁架连梁作为一种新型的连梁形式,具有优良的延性与耗能性能,而采用钢桁架连梁的建筑结构,其整体抗震性能尚需进一步研究。通过对一幢12层带钢桁架连梁的框架剪力墙结构1∶15比例模型的地震模拟振动台试验,研究了该结构的动力特性与地震响应。结果表明,钢桁架连梁具有足够的刚度,能够有效连接剪力墙,使得该结构具有良好的变形能力,能够满足延性设计要求。因此,带钢桁架连梁的框架剪力墙具有良好的抗震性能。     

基于ABAQUS的半通缝连梁恢复力模型

连梁是联肢剪力墙结构重要的耗能构件,工程中常见的小跨高比连梁易发生脆性破坏,不利于结构抗震。半通缝连梁可改变小跨高比连梁的破坏形式,改善连梁的抗震性能。通过有限元软件ABAQUS建模,模拟半通缝连梁在低周反复荷载作用下的滞回性能,利用模拟数据进行回归分析,建立骨架曲线恢复力模型;对滞回曲线进行分析,研究半通缝连梁的退化性能,建立了循环荷载作用下结构的恢复力模型。     

基于能力设计原理的双肢剪力墙极限承载力研究

通过对双肢剪力墙的静力推覆分析(Push-over分析)揭示其极限状态的多种形式并提出连梁强度折减系数K,对在理想极限状态下的连梁剪力超强进行折减,得出对应于不同极限状态下连梁对墙肢轴力的改变量,可用于双肢剪力墙结构超强的整体计算,为带转换层的高层建筑转换结构的能力设计提供了理论基础。     

安装形状记忆合金阻尼器的剪力墙结构抗震性能分析

为减轻钢筋混凝土剪力墙连梁的地震后永久性损伤,同时保持连梁的耗能机制,本文提出在剪力墙连梁中安装新型形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy,简称SMA)阻尼器,并研究该阻尼器对剪力墙结构地震响应的减震效果。通过一幢12层剪力墙结构地震反应的时程分析,研究了SMA阻尼器的附加刚度比和屈服位移比两项特征参数对结构地震反应控制效果的影响规律。计算分析结果表明,当附加刚度比为0.04～0.05,屈服位移比为0.4～0.5时,可以获得较好的减震效果。     

Cyclic tests on a hybrid coupled wall utilizing a rocking mechanism

A new type of hybrid coupled wall system, consisting of rolled steel coupling beams, reinforced concrete (RC) wall piers, and concrete‐filled tube (CFT) short columns, is introduced. In this new system, the bases of the wall piers are connected to the base beams only through CFT short columns, unlike conventional coupled walls. Yield occurs in the coupling beams and the short columns; hence, in the RC wall piers, only minimum cracking appears. A total of four subassembly specimens, designed to fail in various collapse mechanisms, were cyclically loaded under constant axial force. A benchmark specimen showed ductile behavior with large energy dissipation until fracture occurred in the coupling beam. In the specimen designed to fail in shear in its CFT, substantial axial shortening was observed, but the overall behavior was ductile. Behavior of specimens with small amounts of section steel in the wall panel fringe, or with thin wall panels, also showed ductile behavior, but the strength and energy dissipation were significantly smaller than other two specimens. An analytical model was proposed for a frame analysis program using fiber elements to simulate elastic–plastic behavior of the system. Design methods to prevent shear failure of CFT and RC panels are suggested using the analytical and test results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic performance assessment of a hybrid coupled wall system with replaceable steel coupling beams versus traditional RC coupling beams

This study assesses the seismic performance of a hybrid coupled wall (HCW) system with replaceable steel coupling beams (RSCBs) at four intensities of ground motion shaking. The performance of the HCW system is benchmarked against the traditional reinforced concrete coupled wall (RCW). Nonlinear numerical models are developed in OpenSees for a representative wall elevation in a prototype 11‐story building designed per modern Chinese codes. Performance is assessed via nonlinear dynamic analysis. The results indicate that both systems can adequately meet code defined objectives in terms of global and component behavior. Behavior of the two systems is consistent under service level earthquakes, whereas under more extreme events, the HCW system illustrates enhanced performance over the RCW system resulting in peak interstory drifts up to 31% lower in the HCW than the RCW. Larger drifts in the RCW are because of reduced coupling action induced by stiffness degradation of RC coupling beams, whereas the stable hysteretic responses and overstrength of RSCBs benefit post‐yield behavior of the HCW. Under extreme events, the maximum beam rotations of the RSCBs are up to 42% smaller than those of the RC coupling beams. Moderate to severe damage is expected in the RC coupling beams, whereas the RSCBs sustain damage to the slab above the beam and possible web buckling of shear links. The assessment illustrates the benefits of the HCW with RSCBs over the RCW system, because of easy replacement of the shear links as opposed to costly and time‐consuming repairs of RC coupling beams. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table tests and numerical analyses of an RC coupled wall structure with replaceable coupling beams

The replaceable coupling beam (RCB) is an innovative structural component developed to increase the seismic resilience of reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall structures. In this study, two 1/5‐scale 5‐story 3‐dimensional RC shear wall structures—one with conventional RC coupling beams and the other with RCBs—were designed, constructed, and tested on a shaking table. The failure pattern, dynamic properties, and structural responses, including the acceleration, displacement, story force, and strain responses, of the 2 structures are compared under earthquake excitations. The test results demonstrate that the seismic performance of the structure with RCBs was improved when RCBs were working compared with the structure with conventional RC coupling beams. In addition, the replaceable devices suffering the severe damage during an earthquake can be conveniently replaced after the earthquake. However, after the sudden failure of RCBs during the severe earthquakes, the inter‐story drift and floor acceleration of the structure with RCBs became larger. The design and manufacture quality of RCBs should be improved to avoid the sudden failure. Then, numerical models for the test structures were established using the commercial software PERFORM‐3D. Numerical simulations of the tests were conducted. The simulation results correspond well with the experimental results, thus verifying the accuracy of the numerical models. The RC shear wall structure installed with RCBs can be applied as a new type of earthquake‐resilient structure in engineering practice.     

带有可更换连梁的钢筋混凝土结构设计方法

钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构通过设置可更换连梁,在地震作用下集中损伤,保护主体结构不受或只受微小破坏,震后更换损伤构件即可恢复结构功能。参照现行规范和已有试验分析结果,在普通钢筋混凝土结构设计基础上,提出带有可更换连梁的钢筋混凝土结构实用设计方法,设定性能目标,总结设计流程。采用提出的设计方法对1个50层钢筋混凝土结构进行设计,并采用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立数值模型,验证结构性能目标和提出的设计方法。结果表明:按该方法设计的带有可更换连梁的钢筋混凝土结构能满足所设定的性能目标,设计方法合理实用,为该新型结构的工程应用提供了参考。     

Evaluation of plastic energy dissipation capacity of steel beams suffering ductile fracture under various loading histories

The energy dissipation capacity of a structure is a very important index that indicates the structural performance in energy‐based seismic design. This index depends greatly on the structural components that form the whole system. Owing to the wide use of the strong‐column weak‐beam strength hierarchy where steel beams dissipate the majority of earthquake input energy to the structures, it is necessary to evaluate the energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Under cyclic loadings such as seismic effects, the damage of the beams accumulates. Therefore, loading history is known to be the most pivotal factor influencing the deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Seismic loadings with significantly different characteristics are applied to structural beams during different types of earthquakes and there is no unique appropriate loading protocol that can represent all types of seismic loadings. This paper focuses on the effects of various loading histories on the deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Cyclic loading tests of steel beams were performed. In addition, some experimental results from published tests were also collected to form a database. This database was used to evaluate the energy dissipation capacity of steel beams suffering from ductile fracture under various loading histories. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic design and response evaluation of unbonded post‐tensioned hybrid coupled wall structures

This paper presents an analytical investigation on the seismic design and response of coupled wall structures that use unbonded post‐tensioned steel coupling beams. Both monolithic cast‐in‐place reinforced concrete wall piers and precast concrete wall piers are considered. Steel top and seat angles are used at the coupling beam ends for energy dissipation. The seismic design of prototype structures to achieve target displacement‐based performance objectives is evaluated based on nonlinear static and dynamic time history analyses. Additional recommendations are provided on shear design. Comparisons with ‘conventional’ structures that use embedded steel coupling beams as well as isolated walls with no coupling are provided. The results indicate that while the peak lateral displacements of unbonded post‐tensioned coupled wall structures are larger than the peak displacements of structures with embedded beams, the residual displacements are significantly reduced as a result of the restoring effect of the post‐tensioning steel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of beams to propagating boundary excitation

An exact solution is presented for the transient response of viscously damped Bernoulli-Euler beams with arbitrary boundary conditions that are subjected to directly applied dynamic loads in addition to arbitrary support motion. It is shown that, for certain system characteristics, the wave-like progression of the disturbance may have a significant influence on the structural response of such beams.     

小跨高比带楼板半通缝连梁抗震性能有限元分析

为了缓解联肢剪力墙中小跨高比连梁发生低延性的剪切破坏,增强连梁的变形和耗能能力,可在单连梁中轴线位置设置半通缝并配置交叉斜筋,形成半通缝连梁。本文完成了的对7种连梁的模拟,分析了在小跨高比、低周反复荷载作用条件下不同类型带楼板连梁的承载力、变形能力、刚度退化和耗能能力以及不同跨高比、不同开缝位置对带楼板半通缝连梁抗震性能的影响。结果表明:楼板会使半通缝连梁的剪压比增大,延性下降;但相比于普通连梁和双连梁,半通缝连梁具有较好的变形能力和承载力,可在实际中推广。     

Viscoelastic coupling dampers (VCDs) for enhanced wind and seismic performance of high‐rise buildings

As high‐rise buildings are built taller and more slender, their dynamic behavior becomes an increasingly critical design consideration. Wind‐induced vibrations cause an increase in the lateral wind design loads, but more importantly, they can be perceived by building occupants, creating levels of discomfort ranging from minor annoyance to severe motion sickness. The current techniques to address wind vibration perception include stiffening the lateral load‐resisting system, adding mass to the building, reducing the number of stories, or incorporating a vibration absorber at the top of the building; each solution has significant economic consequences for builders. Significant distributed damage is also expected in tall buildings under severe seismic loading, as a result of the ductile seismic design philosophy that is widely used for such structures. In this paper, the viscoelastic coupling damper (VCD) that was developed at the University of Toronto to increase the level of inherent damping of tall coupled shear wall buildings to control wind‐induced and earthquake‐induced dynamic vibrations is introduced. Damping is provided by incorporating VCDs in lieu of coupling beams in common structural configurations and therefore does not occupy any valuable architectural space, while mitigating building tenant vibration perception problems and reducing both the wind and earthquake responses of the structure. This paper provides an overview of this newly proposed system, its development, and its performance benefits as well as the overall seismic and wind design philosophy that it encompasses. Two tall building case studies incorporating VCDs are presented to demonstrate how the system results in more efficient designs. In the examples that are presented, the focus is on the wind and moderate earthquake responses that often govern the design of such tall slender structures while reference is made to other studies where the response of the system under severe seismic loading conditions is examined in more detail and where results from tests conducted on the viscoelastic material and the VCDs in full‐scale are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.