Varied pathways of river-borne clay minerals in a near-shore marine region: A case study of sediments from the Elbe- and Weser rivers,and the SE North Sea

The <2 μm fraction of 45 sediment samples from the Elbe and Weser rivers and from the southeastern North Sea (German Bight) was analyzed for its contents of clay minerals and selected chemical elements. This was done to provide new information to the controversial question about the origin and distribution of clays in this near-shore marine region. The proportions of smectite, chlorite, illite and kaolinite were determined from intensities of the (001) basal reflection of the XRD pattern using weighted integrated factors and IR-mineral spectra, which were fitted to the values of the chemical analyses. Illite – the major clay mineral – was characterized by its K/Rb ratios and K-Ar ages. Anthropogenic metal contamination was demonstrated by the Cu, Pb and Zn contents.     

南海粘土矿物组合特征及其环境意义

利用X射线衍射法(XRD)对南海12个海底表层沉积物和20个悬浮物样品中粘土矿物组成和分布特征进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)研究区的表层沉积物粘土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为绿泥石、高岭石、伊/蒙间层矿物以及蒙皂石;悬浮物粘土矿物是以绿泥石为主,其次为高岭石、蒙皂石、伊利石以及伊/蒙间层矿物。(2)粘土矿物的组成和分布特征主要受气候条件、物质来源、水动力条件及相互间稀释作用的制约。伊利石的含量随离岸距离和水深的增加呈增大趋势;高岭石则在近岸区特别是河口区富集;绿泥石在西部沿岸海区的含量较低,在东部岛弧和北部台湾岛附近海区的含量较高;蒙皂石与火山作用密切相关,在东部火山岛弧附近海区含量较高。(3)粘土沉积物的来源以河流输入为主,海洋自生和风尘搬运对该区的沉积影响不大。(4)深海悬浮物粘土矿物的组成变化能够很好地指示短尺度气候环境的变迁,伊利石的结晶程度对气候和环境变化反映灵敏,其随所处环境的压力增大而变差。     

帕里西维拉海盆西北部表层沉积物中粘土矿物的分布特征及物源分析

提要应用X射线衍射(XRD)方法对菲律宾海帕里西维拉海盆西北部的257个表层沉积物样品<2μm粘土组分进行了分析。结果表明,本研究区粘土矿物的组合特点是伊利石含量最高(平均含量47%),蒙皂石含量次之(平均含量35%),高岭石和绿泥石含量均很低(平均含量小于10%)。根据该区表层粘土矿物中伊利石、蒙皂石相对含量的分布,可以大体上分为两种含量组合类型,据此也可以划分出两个组合分区:Ⅰ.富伊利石分区,主要位于帕劳海脊和帕里西维拉海沟之间的大部分区域的地形平坦处;Ⅱ.富蒙皂石分区,主要位于研究区东部帕里西维拉海沟附近和南部零星区域。根据粘土矿物的平面分布特征,结合个别样品的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)分析,认为伊利石主要来源于研究区以西陆地及周边岛屿。伊利石的化学指数和结晶度指数表明,伊利石形成于物理风化较强的气候环境并可能与中国内陆黄土有关系,区内大部分蒙皂石具有富铁并含少量镁的特征,基性火山物质的蚀变是其主要成因,高岭石和绿泥石以陆源为主;风力的吹扬是研究区伊利石物质来源的主要输送方式,洋流作用对粘土矿物,尤其是蒙皂石矿物的分布具有一定影响。     

北冰洋西部表层沉积物粘土矿物分布及环境指示意义

楚科奇海及邻近的北冰洋深水区表层沉积物中粘土矿物的分布受源区母岩和海区环流结构所制约。来自加拿大马更些河的物质富含高岭石和伊利石,对研究区东北部和北部沉积物的影响较大;来自阿拉斯加西北部的河流和海岸带物质富含绿泥石,高岭石含量变化较大,对阿拉斯加西北部近海沉积物的影响明显;来自西伯利亚的物质富含绿泥石,对研究区西部沉积物的影响较为明显。自白令海峡进入的太平洋水携带富含蒙皂石的育空河物质横穿楚科奇海陆架向北扩散,导致楚科奇海中部沉积物中的蒙皂石含量高;同时,粘土矿物自身的粒度分异在某种程度上也促使蒙脱石在离岸距离较远的中部海区富集。     

渤海—北黄海沉积物黏土矿物特征及其环境意义

基于409个表层沉积物样品黏土组成的分析测试结果,结合周边河流沉积物黏土矿物组成数据,研究了渤海—北黄海底质沉积物中黏土矿物的分布特征、来源和输运趋势。渤海—北黄海底质沉积物中黏土矿物组分质量分数从高到低依次为伊利石(70%)、高岭石(12%)、绿泥石(11%)和蒙皂石(7%)。根据沉积物黏土矿物的组成和分布特征,可以把研究区分为2个区和6个亚区。I区物质来源主要为黄河,分布在黄河口外,向东北延伸至渤海海盆、东南向经莱州湾再向东北延伸至北黄海南部海域;II区物质来源主要为潍河、六股河、滦河和辽河等,还包括海岸侵蚀物质,主要分布在辽东湾、渤海湾北部和北黄海北部等海域。黏土矿物的输运和分布除了受到物源的影响外,主要受渤海环流的控制。     

渤海湾北部底质沉积物中黏土矿物组成与物源研究

采用X射线衍射物相分析,对渤海湾北部166个表层沉积物样品和A435柱状样中的23个沉积物样品的主要黏土矿物含量组成进行分析。研究结果表明:渤海湾表层沉积物黏土矿物中伊利石(53.0%)含量最高,其次为蒙脱石(27.9%)、绿泥石(9.9%)和高岭石(9.2%),黏土矿物组合为伊利石-蒙脱石-绿泥石-高岭石型。渤海湾北部表层沉积物可分成3个沉积区,分别代表不同的沉积物来源:北部沿岸为滦河-海河物源区;中部和东部为黄河-海河物源区;西部沿岸为海河物源区。渤海湾北部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布和组合特征显示了渤海湾环流对海河、黄河和滦河来源物质的搬运和扩散作用。A435柱状样各黏土矿物含量在100cm以上层段具有很大的波动性,推测主要为黄河在1048—1128年和1128—1855年的改道事件的影响。     

南海中南部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布及控制因素

利用南海中南部表层沉积物151个样品中黏土矿物的测试数据,计算了主要黏土矿物含量的平均值并编制分布图,据此分析黏土矿物的分布特征及其控制因素。南海中南部表层沉积物中的黏土矿物组合类型为伊利石-蒙脱石-高岭石-绿泥石,含量平均值依次为47%、19%、17%和16%。高岭石含量分布具有北部低、南部高的特点,与之对应的是蒙脱石矿物含量呈现北部高、南部低的趋势。伊利石和绿泥石含量分布规律不甚明显。前者呈现北部略高、南部稍低的分布趋势,含量变化起伏较大;后者的含量变化呈西北陆坡区稍偏低,其他部位含量分布均匀的趋势。伊利石/高岭石含量的比值变化与高岭石含量变化呈明显的负相关关系。从黏土矿物含量的分布规律来看,控制本区黏土矿物分布的主要因素有物源的搬运和输送、水动力条件变化、海底火山活动、地球化学环境影响等。     

CIAY MINERALS IN THE SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF THE BOHAI SEA

Analyses of clay mineralogy about 30 surface sediments indicate widespread occurrence of illite, kaolinite, chlorite and montmorillonite throughout the Bohai Sea. Illite is the most abundant mineral, averaging 60%, kaolinite, next to illite, is the most abundant one,averaging 18%. Chlorite and montmorillonite come second, averaging 12% and 10% respectively. The distributive patterns of clay minerals in the surface sediments are closely related to the suspended materials carried into the Bohai Sea, especially to those did by the Huanghe River, and to water dynamics in the area. Based on the distribution, the assemblages and the others of clay minerals, the Bohai Sea can be divided into two clay mineral regions, the Liaodong Gulf region and the Bohai-Laizhou Bay region.     

大连湾近海表层沉积物矿物组合分布特征及其物源环境

对大连湾、大窑湾外近海表层沉积物进行了黏土矿物X射线衍射分析以及轻矿物的分离和鉴定,根据其组合分布特征,探讨了该区沉积物中黏土矿物和轻矿物的来源,并对沉积环境及其主控因素进行了初步分析。结果表明:研究区黏土矿物主要由伊利石(59%)、蒙皂石(20%)、绿泥石(16%)和高岭石(5%)组成,研究区西部伊利石较高,而东部绿泥石较高,蒙皂石有向湾内富集的趋势。轻矿物由斜长石(45%)、石英(34%)、钾长石(10%)、绿泥石(8%)、白云母(2%)和方解石(0.4%)组成,呈东西向条带状分布,与沉积物粒度分布特征较为一致。矿物分布受潮流、地形影响明显,研究区北部近岸水下岸坡区,水动力条件较强,沉积物粒度较粗,矿物组合以长石、石英富集为特征;向南水深增加,东部为一水下台地,矿物组合以白云母、绿泥石含量高为特征;研究区南部水深增加,又出现一水下岸坡,其下地形趋于平坦,因受出入渤海的潮流和进入渤海的黄海暖流的影响,水动力条件最强,沉积物粒度较粗,长石含量最高,轻矿物含量高。研究区潮流、地形对矿物组成、组合和含量具有控制作用。北部水下岸坡及以内近岸浅水区沉积物粒度较粗,轻矿物含量低,石英、长石含量高,物质主要来自沿岸侵蚀及...     

淮河中游沉积物中黏土矿物组合特征

采用X射线衍射物相分析,对淮河中游河床表层沉积物中的主要黏土矿物含量组成进行分析.研究结果表明淮河中游沉积物的黏土矿物组合为伊利石(52.3%)-高岭石(17.0%)-蒙脱石(16.8%)-绿泥石(13.9%)型.淮河中游沉积物黏土矿物与长江、黄河沉积物黏土矿物相比,兼具黄河沉积物富蒙脱石的特征和长江沉积物富高岭石的特...     

Clay mineralogy of bottom sediment in the Jinhae Bay,Korea

The bottom sediments of Jinhae Bay area contain, on average, 45 % illite, 23 % kaolinite, 17 % intergrade clay, 10 % chlorite, and 5 % smectite. The geographical distribution of the clay minerals shows, in general, an it crease in illite, a decrease in kaolinite, and a slight decrease in chlorite seawards. The distributional trends of smectite and intergrade clay are irregular. The clay fractions of the sediments of Jinhae Bay are supplied from stream-borne sediments and are mixed with sediments transported landwards from the East China Sea. Local erosion and redeposition of the clay fractions of the bottom sediments is caused by rapid tidal currents.     

西北冰洋表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及物质来源

西北冰洋表层沉积物黏土矿物分析结果显示其黏土矿物组成的区域分布和变化具有明显的规律性:从楚科奇海到北冰洋深水区,随着水深的增加,蒙皂石和高岭石含量增高,绿泥石和伊利石含量降低。自西往东,伊利石结晶度值降低,化学指数升高。根据Q型聚类分析获得的黏土矿物组合特征,结合周缘陆地的地质背景、河流及洋流情况,对研究区进行了黏土矿物组合分区,讨论了其黏土矿物来源。楚科奇海表层沉积物黏土矿物组合在靠近阿拉斯加一侧海域以Ⅰ类为主,靠东西伯利亚海一侧主要有Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类,中部主要为Ⅵ类,主要是西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的火山岩、变质岩以及一些含高岭石的沉积物以及古土壤等,经风化、河流搬运入海,在北太平洋的3股洋流及西伯利亚沿岸流的作用下沉积形成的。西北冰洋深水区表层沉积物的黏土矿物组合以Ⅰ类和Ⅴ类为主,表明其沉积物来源为欧亚陆架和加拿大北极群岛周缘海域的海冰沉积和大西洋水体的搬运以及加拿大马更些河的河流物质输入。     

南海西北部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及其来源

黏土矿物研究在示踪物源、源区风化历史乃至洋流变迁能力等方面具有重要的作用,尽管目前对南海表层沉积物黏土矿物宏观分布特征已获得了较系统的认识,但在受珠江和海南岛物源共同影响的南海西北部其高分辨率的黏土矿物学工作还未开展。本文对南海西北部表层沉积物中的黏土矿物组成、结晶学特征进行了分析,讨论了研究区黏土矿物的物质来源。结果表明,南海西北部表层沉积物的黏土矿物组成以伊利石为主（平均45%）,蒙脱石（平均27%）与高岭石（平均21%）次之,绿泥石含量最少（平均6%）。在区域空间分布上,蒙脱石含量呈现西南高东北低的特征,伊利石含量则与之相反;高岭石含量表现为近岸高离岸低,而绿泥石含量呈现离岸高近岸低的特征。总体上,研究区表层沉积物黏土矿物组成与现代珠江沉积物组成差异较大,而与珠江口2.5 ka前的沉积物黏土矿物组成比较接近,并且结合研究区岩心揭露的全新世以来极低的沉积速率（4 cm/ka）以及上部很薄（小于0.6 m）的泥质沉积,推测该区表层沉积物可能并非是现代沉积的结果,更可能主要来自全新世末期古珠江输送的沉积物。除古珠江作为研究区表层沉积物中蒙脱石的一个主要来源外,海南岛北部河流也贡献了少量蒙脱石到其邻近的东南海域。运用高岭石/伊利石比值和伊利石化学指数等进一步对比分析表明,珠江是研究区沉积物中伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石的主要物源,其次台湾和海南岛也可能分别提供了少量富含伊利石/绿泥石和高岭石的沉积物。本工作对于南海西北部沉积物源-汇过程和相应的古环境研究有重要的参考意义。     

南海北部西侧海域粘土矿物的含量分布特征及来源分析

应用X射线衍射(XRD)方法对南海北部西侧海域315个表层沉积物<2μm的粘土组分进行分析.结果表明,本研究区粘土矿物有伊利石、绿泥石、蒙脱石和高岭石,其组合特征在不同区域表现出明显的差异.根据粘土矿物的空间分布特征以及研究区的海底地形特征,研究区大致可以分为3个不同区块:A区是珠江口外的大陆架区域;B区是海南岛以东陆架陆坡区域;C区为西沙海槽至西沙群岛附近区域.根据研究区表层粘土矿物分布特征、周围河流供给的主要粘土成分以及洋流搬运作用,发现A区高岭石(平均含量为19%)主要来自珠江,伊利石与绿泥石(平均含量分别为53%和18%)主要由台湾的河流提供,有珠江物质的混合,蒙脱石含量较低(平均含量为10%).B区的高岭石(平均含量为13%)主要由海南岛的河流提供,蒙脱石(平均含量为16%)主要由吕宋岛的河流提供,B区东部的伊利石和绿泥石来自台湾的河流,B区西部伊利石和绿泥石主要来自红河、越南中部河流,海南岛物源亦有贡献.C区高岭石含量较低(平均含量为12%),越南中部河流和红河为C区蒙脱石(平均含量为14%)的主要物源区,C区东部伊利石和绿泥石来自台湾的河流,C区西部伊利石和绿泥石主要来自红河、越南中部河流.     

Smectite formation in metalliferous sediments near the East Pacific Rise at 13°N

A 43 cm long E271 sediment core collected near the East Pacific Rise(EPR) at 13°N were studied to investigate the origin of smectite for understanding better the geochemical behavior of hydrothermal material after deposition.E271 sediments are typical metalliferous sediments. After removal of organic matter, carbonate, biogenic opal,and Fe-Mn oxide by a series of chemical procedures, clay minerals(2 μm) were investigated by X-ray diffraction,chemical analysis and Si isotope analysis. Due to the influence of seafloor hydrothermal activity and close to continent, the sources of clay minerals are complex. Illite, chlorite and kaolinite are suggested to be transported from either North or Central America by rivers or winds, but smectite is authigenic. It is enriched in iron, and its contents are highest in clay minerals. Data show that smectite is most likely formed by the reaction of hydrothermal Fe-oxyhydroxide with silica and seawater in metalliferous sediments. The Si that participates in this reaction may be derived from siliceous microfossils(diatoms or radiolarians), hydrothermal fluids, or detrital mineral phases. And their δ30 Si values are higher than those of authigenic smectites, which implies that a Si isotope fractionation occurs during the formation because of the selective absorption of light Si isotopes onto Feoxyhydroxides. Sm/Fe mass ratios(a proxy for overall REE/Fe ratio) in E271 clay minerals are lower than those in metalliferous sediments, as well as distal hydrothermal plume particles and terrigenous clay minerals. This result suggests that some REE are lost during the smectite formation, perhaps because their large ionic radii of REE scavenged by Fe-oxyhydroxides preclude substitution in either tetrahedral or octahedral lattice sites of this mineral structure, which decreases the value of metalliferous sediments as a potential resource for REE.     

Clay-mineral and grain-size distributions in surface sediments of the White Sea (Arctic Ocean): indicators of sediment sources and transport processes

In this study, the grain-size and clay-mineral compositions of 73 surface sediment samples collected in a variety of environmental settings in the White Sea are presented to characterize recent sedimentation processes, reconstruct transport pathways, and identify potential source areas of the terrigenous components. Areas >100 m deep are invariably characterized by silty clay, whereas areas <100 m deep exhibit more heterogeneous grain-size compositions plausibly explained by coastal erosion and (re-)distribution mechanisms, particularly tidal currents. The dominance of sand in the estuarine areas of the Onega and Dvina rivers as well as toward the Gorlo Strait connecting the White Sea with the Barents Sea is attributed to increased current speeds. Illite and smectite are the dominant clay minerals in recent sediments of the southwestern and eastern White Sea sectors, respectively. Their distribution patterns largely depend on the geology of the source areas, and mirror surface circulation patterns, especially in Dvina Bay. Smectite is a key clay mineral in White Sea surface sediments, as it reveals the dominating influence of the Northern Dvina’s runoff on sedimentation and water circulation throughout the basin. In comparison to other Eurasian shelf seas, the White Sea is characterized by a greater diversity of clay-mineral assemblages, which range from illite- to smectite-dominated sectors containing variable amounts of chlorite and kaolinite.     

Clay mineral distribution in sediments of the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea

The 25 sediment samples collected from the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea were analyzed for clay mineral investigation. Results showed the presence of 35% montmorillonite, 13% chlorite, 30% illite, and 22% kaolinite in sediments of the Gulf and also 16% montmorillonite, 21% chlorite, 41% illite, and 22% kaolinite in sediments of the South China Sea. The relatively high concentration of montmorillonite in sediments of the Gulf as compared with that in sediments of the South China Sea may suggest that montmorillonite in these area has been largely derived from soil formation of the bordering land areas of the Gulf, particularly from the northern part of Malay Peninsula. On the contrary, the content of illite in sediments of the South China Sea is higher than that in the Gulf. This mineral appears to have been supplied from Borneo as well as the Mekong Delta. However, chlorite which shows a similar distribution to that of illite in sediments of the Gulf and the South China Sea has not indicated Borneo Isl. as a principal source area for chlorite. Greater resemblance in amount of kaolinite in both sediments of the Gulf and the South China Sea is due to the prevailing distribution of kaolinite as low latitude clay mineral on the bordering land areas. The distribution of clay minerals in sediments of the study area appears to be closely related to the soil formation and geology of the adjacent land areas.This work was carried out at Geological and Mineralogical Institute, Tokyo University of Education.     

渤海湾西部表层沉积物粒度及黏土矿物特征分析

对渤海湾西部海域和西岸入海河流中76个表层沉积物样品进行粒度及黏土矿物分析,研究表明该区有3种沉积物类型,黏土质粉砂分布于整个研究区,约占表层样的90%,是研究区最主要的沉积物类型;研究区黏土矿物以伊利石为主,黏土矿物组合为伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙皂石;渤海湾西部表层沉积物主要来源于海河等渤海湾西岸入海河流中的陆源碎屑物,滦河对研究区基本没有影响,黄河对研究区的影响变得比较小。对于研究渤海湾西岸的沉积特征及沉积物物源、了解陆地河流对于研究区海洋沉积环境的影响有着一定的科学意义。     

南海北部陆坡50 ka 以来黏土矿物来源与输运机制分析

在 AMS14C 定年的基础上,对南海北部 KNG5站和 KNG7站柱状沉积物中的粒度和黏土矿物进行了研究.KNG5孔黏土矿物组合的基本特点是以伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石为主,蒙脱石含量次之.而 KNG7孔黏土矿物组合的基本特点是以伊利石、绿泥石和蒙脱石为主,高岭石含量次之.物源分析进一步表明, KNG5和 KNG7孔高岭石主要来自于珠江,蒙脱石主要由吕宋岛提供,伊利石和绿泥石分别由珠江和台湾提供.相对于 KNG5孔而言, KNG7孔沉积物受珠江影响较小,而受台西南影响较大.由物源分析推测,珠江对南海北部的物源供应存在一个明显的界线,而这一界线可能位于 KNG5孔和KNG7孔之间,越过这一界线随着离岸距离的增加,南海北部陆坡陆源沉积物受珠江影响明显减弱,而主要由台湾贡献.     

长江水下三角洲表层沉积物粘土矿物分布及其影响因素

采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术分析了长江水下三角洲地区65个表层沉积物样品的粘土矿物。结果表明,长江水下三角洲粘土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙皂石构成;长江水下三角洲亚环境粘土矿物组成则不同,三角洲前缘亚环境中高岭石和绿泥石的平均含量高于前三角洲的含量,而前三角洲亚环境中伊利石和蒙皂石的平均含量高于三角洲前缘的含量。研究区粘土矿物主要来自长江流域,属于长江源,其分布主要受沉积动力环境和粘土本身性质的制约。