辽宁省复州西南部张夏组上段高频率旋回地层及复合海平面变化

该区张夏组沉积地层记录旋回性明显，反映高频旋回的特点，共划分１个三级旋回层序、４个四级旋回层序、１４个五级旋回层序和５８个六级（米级）旋回层序。各级别旋回层序均由相应的次一级旋回层序向上变浅、变粗、变厚的序列组成，其底部均以相应级别的加深—间断面为界。四级旋回层序具有区域地层对比意义。该时期的海平面具有高频率振荡特点，为一个复合海平面变化旋回。     

辽东半岛南部张夏组中上部高频率旋回层序及复合海平面变化

辽南地区张夏组中上部高频率旋回地层特征明显,反映高频旋回特点。根据岩性、岩相及界面特征,对其进行划分。其中复州地区划分出４个四级旋回层序,２１个五级旋回层序,７０￣８０个六级旋回层序;大连地区共划分出４个四级旋回层序,１９个五级旋回层序及７４个六级旋回层序。各级别旋回层均由相应的次一级旋回层序向上变浅、变厚、变粗的序列组成,其底部均以相应级别的间断－加深面为界。三、四级旋回层序具有区域对比意义。该     

山东沂水地区寒武系张夏组中上部高频旋回层序研究

山东沂水地区寒武系张夏组中上部地层的分布，受控于沂沭断裂（Ｆ４和Ｆ３断裂），分为西区、中区和东区。各区岩性、岩相雷同，只是厚度存在明显差异。地层记录旋回性明显，反映高频旋回特点。根据岩性、沉积相序变化及界面特点，将该套地层划分成１个三级、４个四级、１４～１８个五级和６０～８０余个六级旋回层序。各级别旋回层序均由次一级旋回层序向上变浅、变粗、变厚的进积系列组成。其底部均以相应级别的间断－加深面为界。通过高分辨率层序对比，三级、四级旋回层序具有区域对比意义。因受沂沭断裂的影响，区内地层分布并非原始沉积位置所在，由于地方性因素，造成了五级或六级旋回层序数量上的差异。对于三级旋回层序而言，由早期→晚期，随着沉积环境由陆棚盆地→深潮下带→浅潮下带变化，海水由深→浅；沉积速率由小→大；沉积物质由页岩→瘤状灰岩、泥灰岩→鲕粒灰岩→藻灰岩变化。张夏期各地海平面变化趋势相同，均具有高频率振荡特点，为一个复合海平面变化旋回。     

米级旋回层序的成因类型及其相序组构特征

与米兰柯维奇旋回存在成因联系的幕式地层堆积作用的结果 ,是在地层记录中形成各种类型的米级旋回层序。在不同的古地理背景中 ,受物质来源及沉积动力学背景的控制 ,故发育具有不同相序组构的不同类型的米级旋回层序。因此 ,相序组构特征就成为米级旋回层序类型划分的基本准则。地层记录中米级旋回层序的广泛发育 ,以及它们在长周期层序中的有序垂直叠加形式和地史演化特征 ,由不同相序组构所反映的成因类型以及由不同类型所指示的沉积动力背景等等 ,不但表明了米级旋回层序是描述地层结构的基本工作单元 ,而且是对“准层序”的延展和补充。在海相地层中 ,不管是碳酸盐岩还是陆源碎屑岩地层 ,这种厚几厘米至几米的米级旋回层序 ,大致都可以划分为正粒序和反粒序两种相序组构 ,正粒序组构主要是潮汐作用的结果 ,而反粒序主要是以波浪作用为主的浅海环境的产物 ;不管是正粒序还是反粒序序列 ,均构成总体向上变浅序列。由此 ,碳酸盐岩米级旋回层序可划分为L—M型、深水非对称型、潮下型及环潮坪型 ;碎屑岩米级旋回层序可划分为潮汐动力型及波浪动力型。米级旋回层序的界面是由高频率海平面变化所产生的非沉积作用面 ,包括瞬时暴露间断面和瞬时加深淹没间断面乃至它们的相关面 ,这些在区域上延伸较远 ,甚至     

碳酸盐岩米级旋回层序的成因类型及形成机制

在前人研究及自己野外观察的基础上,本文把碳酸盐岩米级旋回层序归为四大类:深水非对称米级旋回层序、L-M米级旋回层序、潮下碳酸盐米级旋回层序、潮坪碳酸盐米级旋回层序。米级旋回层序的形成机制是与米兰柯维奇旋回有关的高频率海平面振荡变化旋回所形成的间断-加积旋回沉积作用,它们的识别标志主要是岩石类型、界面特征、产出环境等。碳酸盐岩米级旋回层序的规则的垂直叠加形式是识别三级旋回层序的基础。     

米级旋回层序的成因类型及其相序组构特征

与米兰柯维奇旋回存在成因联系的幕式地层堆积作用的结果,是在地层记录中形成各种类型的米级旋回层序。在不同的古地理背景中,受物质来源及沉积动力学背景的控制,故发育具有不同相序组构的不同类型的米级旋回层序。因此,相序组构特征就成为米级旋回层序类型划分的基本准则。地层记录中米级旋回层序的广泛发育,以及它们在长周期层序中的有序垂直叠加形式和地史演化特征,由不同相序组构所反映的成因类型以及由不同类型所指示的沉积动力背景等等,不但表明了米级旋回层序是描述地层结构的基本工作单元,而且是对“准层序”的延展和补充。在海相地层中,不管是碳酸盐岩还是陆源碎屑岩地层,这种厚几厘米至几米的米级旋回层序,大致都可以划分为正粒序和反粒序两种相序组构,正粒序组构主要是潮汐作用的结果,而反粒序主要是以波浪作用为主的浅海环境的产物 不管是正粒序还是反粒序序列,均构成总体向上变浅序列。由此,碳酸盐岩米级旋回层序可划分为L-M型、深水非对称型、潮下型及环潮坪型 碎屑岩米级旋回层序可划分为潮汐动力型及波浪动力型。米级旋回层序的界面是由高频率海平面变化所产生的非沉积作用面,包括瞬时暴露间断面和瞬时加深淹没间断面乃至它们的相关面,这些在区域上延伸较远,甚至。     

天津蓟县雾迷山旋回层基本模式及其马尔柯夫链分析

津蓟县的中元古界雾迷山组,是一套碳酸盐岩地层,具近似对称相序组构的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序特别以育。其近似对称的相序组构及普遍的1：4叠加形态,表明它们与短偏心率旋回具有成因关联,被命名为雾迷山旋回层来代表真正的碳酸盐沉积旋回。雾迷山旋回层是与高频率产面变化相关的环境加深及环境变浅过程的产物。马尔柯夫链分析的结果表明了雾迷山旋回层的基本相序模式是客观存在的,由于它们以瞬时暴露间断面为界,因而与Vail等（1977）的层序地层概念体系中所定义的“准层序”存在明显的差异。尽管难以断定前寒武纪地球轨道效应旋回的周期安全与显生宙一致,但是,七级韵律层、六级旋回层及五级准层序组之间的垂直叠置形态,以及由它们所指示的周期时限,与显生宙温室效应时期的轨道效应旋回周期是大体一致的。     

塔中地区奥陶系米级旋回层序分析

塔中地区奥陶系米级旋回层序非常发育且典型多样,孕含着丰富的构造、海平面变化及沉积物堆积作用等方面的信息。在认真总结前人研究成果的基础上,结合区域地质资料及详细的岩芯观察和描述,将本区奥陶系米级旋回层序分为四大类:远洋-半远洋L-M型米级旋回层序、下斜坡-深水盆地非对称型米级旋回层序、潮下型米级旋回层序及环潮坪型米级旋回层序。在相序组构特征上,都表现为发育在瞬时淹没间断面之上以反粒序序列为特征的米级旋回层序和发育在瞬时暴露间断面之上以反粒序或正粒序序列为特征的米级旋回层序,并且在长周期三级层序中表现为有序的垂直叠加形式。这些米级旋回层序的沉积速率及形成周期与米兰柯维奇(Milankovitch)天文旋回轨道及周期变化具有明显的相关性。因此,塔中地区奥陶系米级旋回层序的发育主要受高频率海平面变化的控制,而这种高频率海平面升降则是由米兰柯维奇天文旋回轨道及周期变化所造成全球气候变化及大陆冰川的消长所控制。     

华北地台中寒武世米级旋四层序与复合海平面变化

笔者在对华北地区中寒武统颐滩碳酸盐建造露头层序地层学研究工作中首次识别出层序中最基本的地层单元──米级旋回层序，它是露头层序分析最基本的工作单元。本文总结概括出不同体系域内米级旋回层序类型和特征。这些米级旋四层序在塞向上叠加构成高级（五级、四级、三级）旋回层序时表现出周期性和规律性。这种不同级次的旋回层序的形成受不同动力成因引起的具不同周期和频率复合海平面变化的控制。米级旋回层序的识别与复合海平面变化的研究得出中寒武世鲕滩层序的形成经历了若干次周期性的淹没－间断－均衡堆积－加积进积事件，这为盆地充填史的恢复提供了新途径。     

从准层序到米级旋回——层序地层学与旋回地层学相互交融的纽带

层序地层学的基本单位是层序。准层序和准层序组构成了层序的基本结构单元,它们在层序内有规律的空间叠置样式是识别体系域的客观标准。准层序被定义为以海泛面为界的向上变浅序列,但是准层序是一个比较松散的概念,存在问题是对其成因机制研究不足。米级旋回作为旋回地层学的基本单位,定义为数厘米至数米厚的向上变浅的岩相序列,是高频率海平面升降变化的产物,其形成时限为相应的米兰柯维奇天文旋回周期。作为旋回地层学的基本单位,米级旋回以其明确的沉积学涵义和有规律的天文成因机制,是对层序地层学概念体系中的"准层序"的良好补充,对其进行深入研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。从准层序到米级旋回这一概念体系的演变,代表了层序地层学与旋回地层学相互交融的纽带。最后介绍旋回地层学的最新进展亚米兰柯维奇旋回,它对精确数字定年具有重大意义。     

Facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis in an intracratonic, thermal-relaxation basin: the Early Proterozoic, Lower Quilalar Formation and Ballara Quartzite, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia

The Quilalar Formation and correlative Mary Kathleen Group in the Mount Isa Inlier, Australia, conformably overlie rift-related volcanics and sediments and non-conformably overlie basement rocks. They represent a thermal-relaxation phase of sedimentation between 1780 and 1740 Ma. Facies analysis of the lower siliciclastic member of the Quilalar Formation and the coeval Ballara Quartzite permits discrimination of depositional systems that were restricted areally to either N-S-trending marginal platform or central trough palaeogeographic settings. Four depositional systems, each consisting of several facies, are represented in the lower Quilalar Formation-Ballara Quartzite; these are categorized broadly as storm-dominated shelf (SDS), continental (C), tide-dominated shelf (TDS) and wave-dominated shoreline (WDS). SDS facies consist either of black pyritic mudstone intervals up to 10 m thick, or mudstone and sandstone associated in 6–12-m-thick, coarsening-upward parasequences. Black mudstones are interpreted as condensed sections that developed as a result of slow sedimentation in an outer-shelf setting starved of siliciclastic influx. Vertical transition of facies in parasequences reflects flooding followed by shoaling of different shelf subenvironments; the shoreface contains evidence of subaerial exposure. Continental facies consist of fining-upward parasequences of fluvial origin and tabular, 0·4–4-m-thick, aeolian parasequences. TDS facies are represented by stacked, tabular parasequences between 0·5 and 5 m thick. Vertical arrangement of facies in parasequences reflects flooding and establishment of a tidal shelf followed by shoaling to intertidal conditions. WDS facies are preserved in 0·5–3-m-thick, stacked, tabular parasequences. Vertical transition of facies reflects initial flooding with wave reworking of underlying arenites along a ravinement surface, followed by shoaling from lower shoreface to foreshore conditions. Parasequences are stacked in retrogradational and progradational parasequence sets. Retrogradational sets consist of thin SDS parasequences in the trough, and C, TDS and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms. Thick SDS parasequences in the trough, and TDS, subordinate C and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms make up progradational parasequence sets. Depositional systems are associated in systems tracts that make up 40–140-m-thick sequences bounded by type-2 sequence boundaries that are disconformities. Transgressive systems tracts consist of C, TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and the SDS depositional system and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough. The transgressive systems tract is characterized by retrogradational parasequence sets and developed in response to accelerating rates of sea-level rise following lowstand. Condensed-section deposits in the trough, and the thickest TDS parasequences on the platforms reflect maximum rates of sea-level rise and define maximum flooding surfaces. Highstand systems tract deposits are progradational. Early highstand systems tracts are represented by TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough and reflect decreasing rates of sea-level rise. Later highstand systems tracts consist of the progradational SDS depositional system in the trough and, possibly, thin continental facies on the platforms. This stage of sequence development is related to slow rates of sea-level rise, stillstand and slow rates of fall. Lowstand deposits of shelf-margin systems tracts are not recognized but may be represented by shoreface deposits at the top of progradational SDS parasequence sets.     

柴北缘地区层序格架下的沉积特征

中国中西部含油气沉积盆地大多具有前陆盆地层序组合特征,可以识别出前陆层序和非前陆层序。柴达木盆地柴北缘层序地层格架主要包括非前陆层序的侏罗系和古近系以及前陆层序的新近系。通过井剖面层序分析结合有限的地震剖面,可以对柴达木北缘侏罗系划分7套III级层序。古近系—第四系划分11套III级层序。侏罗系属于非前陆期沉积,新近系属于前陆期沉积。通过柴北缘地区层序框架下沉积特征的解剖,表明柴北缘地区非前陆期遗迹化石以缺氧环境化石群为主,沉积相以河流-湖沼体系为特征。前陆期遗迹化石以陆相氧化河湖相环境化石群为主,湖退体系域(RST)冲积扇-河流三角洲-滨浅湖相沉积体系非常发育。柴达木盆地的沉积层序表现为受构造强烈活动和气候变化的影响,强烈活动期潮湿气候下层序表现为山前带发育进积式准层序组,凹陷区形成退积式准层序组。干旱气候配合下的层序表现为多物源更加明显,山前带沉积物供应更加迅速,且沉积中心迁移强烈。     

再论陆相三级层序内四分方案及其在油气勘探中的应用

结合在陆相盆地中的实例研究,将一个发育完整的陆相三级层序细分为4个体系域：低水位体系域（LST）、水进体系域（TST）、高水位体系域（HST）和水退体系域（RST）,称为I型层序。或者一个层序可以不发育低水位体系域,而由水进体系域、高水位体系域和水退体系域组成,称为II型层序。低水位体系域发生在湖平面（基准面）快速下降时期;水进体系域出现在首次湖泛面到最大湖泛面之间;高水位体系域形成在高水位时期的湖平面相对静止期;水退体系域形成在湖平面缓慢下降期,在沉积物供给速率大于可容空间增加速率时形成。一般低水位体系域发育小型进积式准层序组,纵向沉积环境变浅,在盆地边缘形成河流下切作用;水进体系域发育退积式准层序组,沉积环境自下而上明显变深;高水位体系域发育加积型准层序组,纵向沉积环境变化不大,且多为静水沉积;水退体系域发育大型进积式准层序组,沉积环境自下而上明显变浅,沉积体系向盆地中心推进。结合对松辽盆地的实例研究,分别阐述了断陷盆地和坳陷盆地中各不同体系域的油气藏分布规律：低水位体系域主要在断陷盆地的陡坡侧和坳陷盆地的深水区发育透镜状岩性油气藏;水进体系域主要在断陷盆地的陡坡带发育上倾尖灭型岩性油气藏,在缓坡带和坳陷盆地的斜坡带发育地层超覆油气藏;高水位体系域主要以深水区的透镜状岩性油气藏为主;水退体系域在断陷盆地中主要发育地层不整合遮挡油气藏,在坳陷盆地中主要发育断块油气藏以及断层遮挡油气藏。从而,以理论与实践相结合的方式,阐明了陆相层序四分体系域的实用性。     

频谱分析法在识别米兰科维奇旋回及高频层序中的应用——以塔里木盆地塔中－巴楚地区下奥陶统鹰山组为例

在巴楚地区露头高频层序研究及塔中地区钻测井三级层序划分的基础上,对塔里木盆地塔中地区塔中162井和塔中43井下奥陶统鹰山组层序OSQ2的自然伽马能谱测井ln（Th/K）曲线进行了滤波处理、快速傅里叶变换处理、小波时频分析以及调谐处理,识别出具有米兰科维奇旋回特征的高频旋回。结果表明：斜度（黄赤交角）旋回最为明显,周期为37.0 ka,是以向上变浅为主的六级米级旋回的主要控制因素,其主旋回平均厚度在台地边缘相带的塔中162井及塔中43井中分别为4.55 m及3.97 m,在巴楚地区半局限-开阔台地相带中为2～4 m;95 ka的短偏心率周期是形成五级准层序的主要控制因素,而大致代表四级准层序组形成时限的413 ka长偏心率周期在地层记录中表现并不明显。据高频层序叠置关系分析及平均主旋回个数初步估算,塔中-巴楚地区下奥陶统鹰山组层序OSQ2的形成时限大约为4.92 Ma,塔中43井鹰山组层序OSQ2受后期构造隆升而被剥蚀约192  m。结合四级层序（准层序组）发育时限（413 ka）及其叠置关系,以及与其调谐的小波变换曲线特征,初步将塔中-巴楚地区鹰山组层序OSQ2划分出12个准层序组。自然伽马能谱测井ln（Th/K）曲线包含沉积古水深相对变化的信息,是反映气候变化生成的米兰科维奇旋回层序的良好指标。     

兰州-民和盆地河口群层序地层格架特征及盆地演化

兰州-民和盆地河口群形成于早白垩世，其间充填了巨厚的陆源碎屑物，碎屑物的组合内容和方式反映了冲积扇相，扇三角洲相，湖泊相沉积体系占主导，盆地地层层序具有退积型。加积型，进积型叠置的变化旋回，显示了全韵律的特点。代表了构造旋回幕的产物。根据盆地的发展演化特征和层序界面的确定，初步建立了盆地的层序地层格架，同时阐述了盆地的演化过程。     

Sequence stratigraphic concepts applied to the identification of basin‐filling rhythms in Precambrian successions

The new approaches to stratigraphy, that permit geodynamic interpretations of rock units during mapping, are beginning to be applied to Precambrian successions. Foremost among the new approaches is sequence stratigraphy. In its simplest form, the technique combines the mapping of facies and time‐significant bedding surfaces. The primary surface is the unconformable sequence boundary, or its correlative conformity. However, sequence stratigraphy is not only the documentation of the vertical and internal order of rock units bounded by unconformities, but also the documentation of the hierarchical rank of those units because there are three ranks of unconformity‐bounded sequences. First‐order sequences (megasequences and megasequence sets) record global tectonic cycles. Second‐order sequences (supersequences) record depositional basins or their tectonic stages. Third‐order sequences (depositional sequences) are basin‐filling rhythms. A depositional sequence, regardless of its provenance, geodynamic setting and contained depositional systems, is divided internally into sets of sedimentation units that additively have progradational, aggradational or retrogradational stacking patterns. These patterns record the relationships between the rate of sediment accumulation and the rate at which space was made available for sediment accumulation (or rate of creation of accommodation). Depositional sequences are therefore the non‐random, but not necessarily periodic, cyclic linkage between sediment flux and accommodation, and are a reflection of geodynamic evolution. The importance of eustasy in sequence stratigraphy should be de‐emphasised. Instead the role of the sequence approach in identifying basin‐filling rhythms, whatever their cause, should be stressed. The adaptability of the technique is best viewed by using examples in which tectonic controls were dominant and chaotic responses evident. Despite the uniqueness of each basin‐fill, sequence mapping reveals an order in stratigraphic style that is inherent to basin type, regardless of basin age. Greater acceptance of the sequence approach will add significantly to the revolution in Precambrian geology, because the technique can establish the conformity in stratigraphic style between, and within, the Phanerozoic and Precambrian rock records.     

Sequence Stratigraphy and Rudist Facies Development of the Upper Barremian‐Lower Cenomanian Platform,Northern Sinai,Egypt

The Lower Cretaceous sections in northern Sinai are composed of the Risan Aneiza (upper Barremian-middle Albian) and the Halal (middle Albian-lower Cenomanian) formations. The facies reflect subtle paleobathymetry from inner to outer ramp facies. The inner ramp facies are peritidal, protected to open marine lagoons, shoals and rudist biostrome facies. The inner ramp facies grade northward into outer ramp deposits. The upper Barremian-lower Cenomanian succession is subdivided into nine depositional sequences correlated with those recognized in the neighbouring Tethyan areas. These sequences are subdivided into 19 medium-scale sequences based on the facies evolution, the recorded hardgrounds and flooding surfaces, interpreted as the result of eustatic sea level changes and local tectonic activities of the early Syrian Arc rifting stage. Each sequence contains a lower retrogradational parasequence set that constituted the transgressive systems tracts and an upper progradational parasequence set that formed the highstand systems tracts. Nine rudist levels are recorded in the upper Barremian through lower Cenomanian succession at Gabal Raghawi. At Gabal Yelleg two rudist levels are found in the Albian. The rudist levels are associated with the highstand systems tract deposits because of the suitability of the trophic conditions in the rudist-dominated ramp.     

Stratigraphical architecture at the muddy margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, southern Utah

The Tropic Shale and correlative Tununk Shale Member of the Mancos Shale accumulated during Cenomanian-Turonian time, within prodeltaic environments near the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway of North America. Stratigraphical and sedimentological analysis has revealed a detailed history of relative sea level change in the thick, fine grained succession. The Tropic and Tununk shales were deposited during the Greenhorn second-order sea level cycle, over a time span of about 2–5 million years. In southern Utah, six depositional sequences are superposed upon the record of this long term sea level change. The sequences developed during third-order relative sea level cycles of hundreds of thousands of years duration and are composed of at least 37 parasequences, arranged in retrogradational, aggradational and progradational parasequence sets. The Tropic Shale and Tununk Shale Member accumulated just basinward of the axis of maximum subsidence of a foreland basin. Stratal geometries and facies distribution patterns in the succession indicate that in southern Utah the Greenhorn cycle was tectonically controlled. During the Greenhorn transgression and highstand, rapid rates of tectonic subsidence trapped terrigenous sediment to the west of the study area, in the more proximal foreland. At this time, hemipelagic facies accumulated at relatively slow rates in southern Utah and type 2 sequences developed during third-order sea level cycles. In contrast, during the Greenhorn regression rates of thrust-induced subsidence in the proximal foreland basin evidently slowed, and deltaic clinoforms prograded across the study area. At least one forced regression occurred in southern Utah at this time, and type 1 sequences developed. The formation of type 1 sequence boundaries in the upper part of the Tropic Shale and Tununk Shale Member points to episodes of base level fall and indicates that the six third-order sea level cycles recorded in the succession were not the result of changes in sediment supply alone. The third-order cycles may have been a consequence of episodic tectonism. The timing of these cycles, however, suggests that development of sequences and parasequences in the Tropic Shale and Tununk Shale Member may have been related to orbital forcing in the Milankovitch band. Glacioeustasy or climatically related fluctuations in the amount of groundwater stored on continents may explain these high frequency sea level changes.     

Basic Lithofacies-Succession Model for the Wumishan Cyclothems: Their Markov Chain Analysis and Regularly Vertical Stacking Patterns in the Third-Order Sequences

The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in the Jixian section of Tianjin is a succession of 3300-m-thick carbonate strata formed in a period of about 100 Ma (1310±20 Ma-1207±10 Ma). In this succession of strata, the carbonate metre-scale cyclic sequences belonging to peritidal type with an approximately symmetrical lithofacies-succession are best developed. The wide development of 1:4 stacking patterns shows that these metre-scale cyclic sequences are genetically related to the short-eccentricity cycles, which are called the Wumishan cyclothems that could truly represent sedimentary cycles. Generally, massive and thick-bedded calcareous dolomites and dolomitic limestones of stromatolite biostromes and thrombolite bioherms constitute the central part of the Wumishan cyclothems. The lower and upper parts consist of tidal flat dolostones, sandy-muddy dolostone and the top part is composed of lagoonal facies dolomitic shales with a paleosol cap. Therefore, an approximately symmetrical lithofacies-successio     

北部湾盆地层序地层格架及其内部构成

本文根据地震剖面、测井曲线及钻孔岩心等资料，运用层序地层学工作方法对北部湾盆地进行了层序地层划分，并在此基础上作了沉积体系分析和相分析。