东海和南黄海表层海水中几种挥发性卤代烃的分布和通量研究

以中国近海有代表性的陆架区——东海及南黄海为目标,对东海和南黄海中常见的5种挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)的分布及其海-气通量进行了研究.研究表明,在黄海03断面表层海水中CHCl3、C2HCl3、C2Cl4、CHBrCl2和CHBr2Cl的浓度分别为41(31-54)、53 (23-80)、17 (6.3-23)、23 (7.4-34)和51 (3.1-92) pmol/L,东海表层海水中的浓度分别为25(11-83)、54 (12-95)、39 (9.2-94)、25(5.4-74)和6.4 (1.3-41) pmol/L.由于受人为活动、河流输入和黑潮水入侵的影响,VHCs在水平分布上呈现近岸高、远海低的规律;5种VHCs在表层海水中的浓度与叶绿素a(Chla)存在相关性;这5种化合物在表层海水中没有完全一致的周日变化规律, CHBrCl2和CHBr2Cl的最大值分别在上午10时和下午16时出现,CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4均在下午13时出现最大值.根据表层海水中CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的浓度和文献报道的大气浓度,运用Liss和Salter双层模型,估算得到这3种物质在南黄海的海-气通量分别为76 (1.97-149)、160 (1.07-330)和53 (0.70-119) nmol/(m2·d),在东海的海-气通量为46 (1.65-223)、171 (6.27-495)和135 (3.41-484) nmol/(m2·d),东海和南黄海在冬季是大气CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的源.     

夏季北黄海和渤海海水中几种挥发性卤代烃的分布和通量研究

本文以渤海和北黄海为研究海域,于2011年6月对其海水中4种常见的挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)的浓度分布和海-气通量进行了研究。结果表明:渤海表层海水中CHBrCl2、CH3CCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的浓度分别为5.33(0.66～12.65)、17.51(0.28～69.52)、12.33(3.44～34.91)和5.20(2.12～8.88)pmol.L-1,北黄海表层海水中4种VHCs的浓度分别为5.19(0.50～56.74)、11.12(2.73～22.32)、17.22(0.57～34.10)和7.90(2.59～26.82)pmol.L-1。由于生物生产、人为输入、陆地径流等因素的共同作用,VHCs的浓度在水平方向上呈现出近岸高、远海低的分布特征。在垂直方向上,VHCs在表层和底层浓度较高,中层浓度较低。周日变化研究表明,由于受到阴雨天天气变化的影响,VHCs在傍晚和深夜浓度较大,中午浓度较低。采用Liss和Salter双层模型,估算了CHBrCl2、C2HCl3和C2Cl43种VHCs的海-气通量,在渤海其通量分别为35.06(0.90～108.72)、68.10(1.87～223.43)、26.15(0.25～110.76)nmol.m-2.d-1,在北黄海分别为34.50(-0.10～317.95)、36.70(0.06～162.3)、19.92(0.22～117.92)nmol.m-2.d-1,结果表明该海域在调查期间是大气CHBrCl2、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的源。     

黄海海水微表层和次表层中挥发性卤代烃的浓度和分布

挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)是大气中的痕量气体,对臭氧层损耗和温室效应有重要作用。海洋是大气中VHCs的重要自然排放源,开展海洋VHCs的研究有助于了解海洋对大气VHCs和全球变暖的贡献。于2006年4月对中国黄海微表层、次表层中6种挥发性卤代烃的浓度和分布进行了研究。结果表明:微表层中CHCl3,CCl4,C2HCl3,C2Cl4,CHBrCl2和CHBr2Cl的浓度分别为2.91～45.88(10.31±8.07),0.20～2.74(0.80±0.64),1.13～32.07(11.43±6.53),0.16～73.68(17.10±15.57),0.08～1.64(0.43±0.34)和0.22～14.20(4.35±3.53)pmol.dm-3;次表层中各浓度分别为2.02～38.55(10.38±7.80),0.12～2.14(0.80±0.54),1.50～26.80(11.90±6.74),0.96～73.45(16.58±14.97),0.06～1.88(0.42±0.34)和0.27～25.24(4.95±4.92)pmol.dm-3;总的来说,在微表层、次表层中CCl4,CHCl3,C2HC...     

北黄海二甲基硫(DMS)的海-气释放及其对气溶胶中非海盐硫酸盐的贡献

根据2006年7～8月和2007年1月对北黄海进行的大面调查,分析研究了夏冬季表层海水中二甲基硫(DMS)的浓度分布和海-气交换通量.研究表明:表层海水以及大气中DMS浓度季节变化明显,夏季平均值分别是冬季的3.2和3.7倍.相关性分析显示,海水中DMS和Chl a浓度存在明显的相关性,说明浮游植物生物量是影响DMS浓度分布的1个重要因素.利用Liss和Merlivat公式(LM86)估算了北黄海夏冬季DMS的海-气交换通量,其平均值分别为7.31和4.98 μmol·m-2·d-1.另外,根据测定的大气中甲基磺酸盐(MSA)和非海盐硫酸盐(Nss-SO2-4)的浓度及比例,估算出夏冬季北黄海生源硫释放对气溶胶中Nss-SO2-4的贡献比例分别为10.1%和2.8%.此结果表明北黄海大气中Nss-SO2-4主要来源于人为排放.     

北黄海夏季pCO2分布及海-气CO2通量

基于在2006年夏季北黄海收集的的高分辨率的表层CO2分压(pCO2)数据,结合水文和生物地球化学同步观测参数,探讨了夏季北黄海pCO2空间分布的控制因素。结果表明,夏季北黄海与大多数中低纬度陆架海类似,由于水温较高,表层pCO2较高(平均值为(463±41)μatm),整个海域相对大气CO2过饱和。表层pCO2分布具有明显的区域差异,辽南和鲁北近岸海域pCO2明显高于中部区域,辽南近岸的高pCO2主要与河流输入和水产养殖引起的生物好氧呼吸有关,而鲁北沿岸的高pCO2主要与烟台近岸的底层冷水涌升及由混合引起的高碳酸盐含量的黄河泥沙的再悬浮有关;在海区中部大部分水域,pCO2与温度之间有较好的相关性,说明温度是这一区域pCO2分布较为重要的控制因子。另外,采用Wannikhof的海-气气体交换系数估计了北黄海夏季海-气CO2通量,结果表明整个北黄海是大气CO2的源,平均释放速率为(4.00±0.57)mmol.m-2.d-1,高于南黄海夏季海-气CO2通量。     

桑沟湾春、秋季溶存CH4的分布及海-气交换通量

分析2013-10,2014-05和2015-05对桑沟湾3个航次的调查中采集的表、底层海水样品,研究该海域海水中溶解CH_4的分布特征及海-气交换通量。结果表明:春、秋季桑沟湾水体中CH_4浓度范围为3.0356.4nmol·L~(-1),底层浓度高于表层。由于水温的季节变化和陆源输入的影响,秋季表、底层平均CH_4浓度是春季的37倍。受养殖活动的影响,贝藻混养区表、底层CH_4均高于其他养殖区和湾外。2013-10,2014-05和2015-05桑沟湾表层海水CH_4的平均饱和度分别为(2 704±2 532)%,(330±276)%和(858±417)%,表现为秋季高于春季。根据W2014公式估算出桑沟湾春、秋季表层海水CH_4海-气交换通量范围为3.919.9μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),根据N2000公式估算出春、秋季表层海水CH_4海-气交换通量范围为5.520.6μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),表明春、秋季桑沟湾是大气CH_4的源区。     

东海及黄海南部海域走航海-气CO2 通量季节性变化

根据2003—2008年东海及黄海南部海域多个航次现场观测获得的海表温度、盐度及海水表层pCO_2观测数据,分析该海域海水表层pCO_2及海-气CO_2通量的季节变化特征,探讨了海-气界面CO_2转移与海表温度、盐度分布之间的联系。结果表明:该海域海水表层pCO_2及海-气CO_2通量具有显著的季节性差异。近海区域,春季受海表温度上升、生物作用加强的影响黄海南部、东海近岸区及陆架中部、东海南部表现为大气CO_2汇,其海-气界面季平均通量分别为(-7.77±6.59),(-11.08±8.99),(-2.94±6.78)mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。夏季黄海南部区域表现为大气CO_2源(2.99±6.09)mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),与该海域的下层海水涌升有关,东海中部陆架区及东海南部近岸区由于淡水输入,形成跃层阻碍水体混合,再加上光合作用增强等的综合作用为大气CO_2汇,通量为(-4.81±8.92),(-0.75±12.14)mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。秋季北风逐渐增强水体混合加剧,向冬季格局转变,底层富含CO_2的海水上涌,致使海表pCO_2升高,整个海区表现为大气CO_2源。在年际变化上,春季碳汇呈减弱趋势,而秋季碳源则逐渐增强。     

南海西部秋季海表p_(CO_2)分布与海-气CO_2通量

文章综合分析了南海西部2012年秋季海表二氧化碳分压(p_(CO_2))分布及控制因素,估算并讨论了海-气CO_2通量及其区域性差异。结果表明,秋季南海西部海表p_(CO_2)变化范围为37.8~57.1Pa,均高于大气p_(CO_2),表现为大气CO_2的源。研究海域海表p_(CO_2)分布主要受海水碳酸盐热力学的影响,海表温度(SST)是影响海表p_(CO_2)分布的主要因素。但在局部海域,海表p_(CO_2)分布还受到其他因素的控制。其中,越南东部局部海域表层海水受湄公河冲淡水的影响呈低盐特征,高p_(CO_2)的冲淡水团和离岸水团的混合作用直接影响该海域海表p_(CO_2)分布。此外,珊瑚礁的钙化活动造成南沙群岛弹丸礁西部海域出现表层p_(CO_2)极高值。秋季南海西部表层海水CO_2释放速率的分布格局主要受风速的控制。北部海域海-气CO_2分压差(Δp_(CO_2))低于中南部海盆,但其海表风速远高于中南部海盆,造成北部海域表层海水CO_2释放速率(2.9mmol C·m~(-2)·d~(-1))明显高于中南部海盆(0.9mmol C·m~(-2)·d~(-1))。海-气CO_2通量估算中不能忽视局部海域珊瑚礁代谢作用的影响。     

秋季东海和南黄海表层海水CO_2体系各参数分布及海-气界面通量

根据2007年11月在东海和南黄海海域表层海水测得的TCO2和TA数据,计算了表层海水pCO2,结合现场环境对表层海水CO2体系各参数的分布进行了讨论,探讨了pCO2与海水温度及叶绿素的相关性,利用Wanninkhof(1992)提出的通量模式并采用加权平均法估算了整个调查海域的海-气CO2的净通量。结果表明:观测海域表层海水CO2系统各参量的分布呈明显的不均匀性,在水团的混合处往往是各参量的高值或低值中心。由相关性分析可知,pCO2的分布主要受海水温度的影响,生物活动的影响较弱。受秋季较大风速的影响,调查海域表现为强的CO2源,秋季可向大气释放CO2约为556×104tC。     

夏季东海一氧化碳的浓度分布、海-气通量和微生物消耗研究

研究了夏季东海海水中和大气中一氧化碳(CO)的浓度分布、海-气通量和表层海水中CO的微生物消耗。夏季东海大气中CO的体积分数范围为63×10-9~120×10-9,平均值为87×10-9(SD=18×10-9,n=37),呈现出近岸高,远海低和北高南低的特点。夏季东海表层海水中CO的浓度范围为0.24~5.51nmol/L,平均值为1.48nmol/L(SD=1.46,n=37),CO的浓度受太阳辐射影响明显;CO在垂直分布上表现出浓度随深度增加迅速减小的特征,浓度最大值出现在表层。调查期间表层海水中CO相比大气处于过饱和状态,过饱和系数变化范围为3.65~113.55,平均值为23.63(SD=24.56,n=37),这表明调查海域是大气中CO的源。CO的海-气通量变化范围为0.25~78.50μmol/(m2·d),平均值为9.97μmol/(m2·d)(SD=14.92,n=37)。在CO的微生物消耗培养实验中,CO的浓度随时间增长呈指数降低,消耗过程表现出一级反应的特点,速率常数KCO范围为0.043~0.32/h,平均值为0.18/h(SD=0.088,n=9),KCO与盐度之间存在负相关关系。     

南黄海和中国东海中挥发性卤代烃的分布与海气通量

Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of five kinds of volatile halocarbons(VHCs) were studied in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) and the East China Sea(ECS) in November 2007. The results showed that the concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane(C2H3Cl3), 1,1-dichloroethene(C2H2Cl2), 1,1,2-trichloroethene(C2HCl3), trichloromethane(CHCl3) and tetrachloromethane(CCl4) in the surface water were 0.31–4.81, 2.75–21.3, 1.21–17.1, 5.02–233 and 0.045–4.47 pmol/L, respectively, with the average values of 1.89, 12.20, 6.93, 60.90 and 0.33 pmol/L. On the whole, the horizontal distributions of C2H3Cl3, C2H2Cl2 and CCl4 were affected mainly by anthropogenic activities, while C2HCl3 and CHCl3 were influenced by biological factors as well as anthropogenic activities. In the study area, the concentrations of VHCs(except C2HCl3) exhibited a decreasing trend from inshore to offshore sites, with the higher values occurring in the coastal waters. The sea-to-air fluxes of C2H3Cl3, C2HCl3, CHCl3 and CCl4 were calculated to be-56.00–(-5.68),-7.31–123.42, 148.00–1 309.31 and-83.32–(-1.53) nmol/(m2·d), respectively, with the average values of-6.77, 17.14, 183.38 and-21.27 nmol/(m2·d). Our data showed that the SYS and ECS in autumn was a sink for C2H3Cl3 and CCl4, while it was a source for C2HCl3 and CHCl3 in the atmosphere.     

The relationship between volatile halocarbons and phytoplankton pigments during a Trichodesmium bloom in the coastal eastern Arabian Sea

Eukaryotic phytoplankton such as diatoms and prymnesiophytes produce biogenic halocarbons in the ocean that serve as important sources of chlorine and bromine to the atmosphere, but the role of cyanobacteria in halocarbon production is not well established. We studied distributions of chloroform (CHCl₃), carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), methylene bromide (CH₂Br₂) and bromoform (CHBr₃) in relation to phytoplankton composition, determined from pigment analysis complemented by microscopic examination, for one month in coastal waters of the eastern Arabian that experienced a Trichodesmium bloom that typically occurs during the Spring Intermonsoon season. High concentrations of zeaxanthin (23 μg l⁻¹), alpha beta betacarotene (6 μg l⁻¹) and chlorophyll a (67 μg l⁻¹) were found within the bloom whereas the marker pigment concentrations were low outside the bloom. CHCl₃ and CCl₄ occurred in relatively high concentrations in surface waters whereas CH₂Br₂ and CHBr₃ were restricted to the subsurface layer. Chlorinated halocarbons were positively inter-correlated and with CHBr₃. The observed spatial and temporal trends in brominated compounds appear to be related to the abundance of Trichodesmium although correlations between concentrations of brominated compounds with various marker pigments were poor and statistically non-significant. The results support the existence of multiple sources and sinks of halogenated compounds, which might obscure the relationship between halocarbons and phytoplankton composition.     

Calibration and evaluation of a carbonate microsensor for studies of the marine inorganic carbon system

Accurate and rapid determination of inorganic carbon constituents in ocean environments is important for understanding the carbon cycle, especially in the context of ocean-acidification research. A microsensor capable of directly measuring carbonate ion (CO₃ ^2–) concentrations would be desirable. In this study, a carbonate microsensor with a polymeric liquid membrane was fabricated, and two calibration methods were used to evaluate its performance. The first method was based on continuous titration. Small increments of HCl were added to seawater or Na₂CO₃ solution to adjust the total alkalinity and pH values and thus obtain a series of carbonate concentrations. The second method used a series of discrete standards. Varying amounts of HCl or NaOH were added to separate seawater aliquots, and the CO₃ ^2– concentration of each standard was calculated from the resulting total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon. Both methods were found to be adequate for achieving accurate calibration of the CO₃ ^2– sensor, and both are suitable for field work. The discrete standards method, however, is more convenient and may provide a better linear range at low CO₃ ^2– concentrations (detection range: 2–300 μmol/kg) than the continuous titration method in seawater (detection range: 10–250 μmol/kg). This CO₃ ^2– microsensor can be used for 5–7 d and detects changes in carbonate concentration as low as 2 μmol/kg in the inorganic carbon constituents of the environments where marine calcareous organisms grow. The CO₃ ^2– microelectrode was further assessed by applying it to the measurement of pore-water CO₃ ^2– concentration profiles in a marine sediment core.     

Silicate correction in the colorimetric determination of phosphate in seawater

An improved Strickland and Parsons' method, in which silicate correction is made, is described for the colorimetric determination of phosphate in seawater. Silicate correction is made by subtracting the value of 0.025 (C/100)², whereC is silicate concentration (µg atoms 1^?1), from the observed phosphate concentration. The relative standard deviations are 2 % at the 1 µg atom PO ₄ ^3? ?Pl^?1 level and less than 1 % at the 3 µg atoms PO ₄ ^3? ?Pl^?1 level in seawater.     

An isotopic perspective on the correlation of surface ocean carbon dynamics and sea ice melting in Prydz Bay (Antarctica) during austral summer

The stable carbon isotope composition of particulate organic carbon (δ¹³C_POC) and naturally occurring long-lived radionuclide ²²⁶Ra (T_1/2=1600 a) were applied to study the variations of upper ocean (<100 m) carbon dynamics in response to sea ice melting in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica during austral summer 2006. Surface δ¹³C_POC values ranged from −27.4‰ to −19.0‰ and generally decreased from inner bay (south of 67°S) toward the Antarctic Divergence. Surface water ²²⁶Ra activity concentration ranged from 0.92 to 2.09 Bq/m³ (average 1.65±0.32 Bq/m³, n=20) and increased toward the Antarctic Divergence, probably reflecting the influence of ²²⁶Ra-depleted meltwater and upwelled ²²⁶Ra-replete deep water. The fraction of meltwater, f_i, was estimated from ²²⁶Ra activity concentration and salinity using a three-component (along with Antarctic Summer Surface Water, and Prydz Bay Deep Water) mixing model. Although the fraction of meltwater is relatively minor (1.6–11.9%, average 4.1±2.7%, n=20) for the surface waters (sampled at ~6 m), a positive correlation between surface δ¹³C_POC and f_i (δ¹³C_POC=0.94×f_i−28.44, n=20, r²=0.66, p<0.0001) was found, implying that sea ice melting may have contributed to elevated δ¹³C_POC values in the inner Prydz Bay compared to the open oceanic waters. This is the first time for a relationship between δ¹³C_POC and meltwater fraction to be reported in polar oceans to our knowledge. We propose that sea ice melting may have affected surface ocean δ¹³C_POC by enhancing water column stability and providing a more favorable light environment for phytoplankton photosynthesis, resulting in drawdown of seawater CO₂ availability, likely reducing the magnitude of isotope fractionation during biological carbon fixation. Our results highlight the linkage of ice melting and δ¹³C_POC, providing insights into understanding the carbon cycling in the highly productive Antarctic waters.     

黄河口及渤海湾海水的密度

用磁力浮沉子法溶液密度测量装置,在15—25℃之间的三个温度下测定了黄河口渤海湾36个站位海水样品(于1989年7月和1990年7月采集)的密度,发现所有实验测定值与根据其盐度和温度由1980年国际海水状态方程的计算值比较,均有明显的正偏差,此正偏差随海水盐度降低而增大。在黄河口渤海湾海水样品全部盐度范围内,已发现其海水密度正偏差与海水[Ca~(2+)]/s,[Mg~(2+)]/s,[SO_4~(2-)]/s之间呈指数曲线相关,而与碱度之间呈S形曲线相关,但在盐度25.72—31.57范围内都可近似看作直线相关。黄河口渤海湾海水的高碱度、高[Ca~(2+)]/s为其特征,这也是其密度正偏差的主要影响因素。本文还给出了计算黄河口及渤海湾海水密度的公式。     

Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in suspended matter and sediments from the Godavari estuary

Spatial distribution of the carbon and nitrogen content and their isotopic enrichment in suspended matter and sediments were measured in the Godavari estuary to identify the sources and transformation mechanism of organic matter. Significant variability in isotopic distribution was found over the entire length of the Godavari estuary, suggesting multiple sources of organic matter. The mean isotopic ratios (δ¹³C_sed −25.1 ± 0.9, δ¹³C_sus −24.9 ± 1, δ¹⁵N_sed 8.0 ± 2 and δ¹⁵N_sus 6.5 ± 0.9‰) and elemental concentrations (C_sed 0.45 ± 0.2%, C_sus 0.9 ± 0.7%, N_sed 0.07 ± 0.05% and N_sus 0.16 ± 0.1%) support a predominantly terrigenous source. Significant enrichment in the isotopic ratios of δ¹³C from the upper to lower estuary in both suspended (−27.5 and −24.3‰, respectively) and sedimentary (−26.2 and −24.9‰, respectively) phases indicates a decrease in the influence of terrigeneous material toward the mouth of the estuary. A significant positive relationship exists between the δ¹³C of suspended and sediment, which indicates that these two organic carbon pools are likely coupled in the form of a significant exchange between the two phases. A positive relationship exists between chlorophyll a and suspended organic matter, which may mean that a significant source of organic carbon is the in situ produced phytoplankton. But, applying a simple mixing model to our isotopes, data yielded about 46% as the contribution of the terrestrial source to suspended matter, which may support the excessive heterotrophic activity in the Godavari estuary reported earlier.     

夏季长江口及其邻近海域挥发性卤代烃的分布和海-气通量研究

运用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法测定了2017年夏季长江口及其邻近海域海水中4种常见的挥发性卤代烃（VHCs，包括一氟三氯甲烷（CFC-11）、碘甲烷（CH₃I）、三氯甲烷（CH₃CCl₃）和四氯乙烯（C₂Cl₄））以及大气中CFC-11、CH₃I和C₂Cl₄的浓度。结果表明，表层海水中4种VHCs浓度的水平分布受长江径流输入影响强烈，整体上呈现近岸高、远海低的趋势。垂直方向上4种VHCs浓度最高值出现在10 m水层，长江口内断面的浓度整体高于口外断面的浓度。海水中VHCs的浓度分布受水文环境、生物释放和人为因素等的共同影响。相关性分析表明CH₃I与Chl a浓度不存在明显的相关性，而CFC-11与CH₃I、C₂Cl₄浓度存在显著相关性（P<0.01），表明调查海域人为源对CH₃I和C₂Cl₄的影响大于天然源。大气中CFC-11、CH₃I和C₂Cl₄的浓度分布整体上呈现近岸高、远海低的趋势。CFC-11的浓度低于全球平均值，表明我国CFC-11的排放得到了有效控制。后向轨迹分析表明来自近岸的陆源污染物的扩散和输送是调查海域大气中3种VHCs的重要来源。CFC-11、CH₃I和C₂Cl₄的海-气通量平均值分别为24.99 nmol/（m2·d）、7.80 nmol/（m2·d）、1.55 nmol/（m2·d），表明夏季长江口及其邻近海域是大气中这3种VHCs的源。     

Determination of copper complexation with natural organic ligands in seawater by equilibration with MnO2 II. Experimental procedures and application to surface seawater

The MnO₂ adsorption method combined with voltammetry is proposed for the direct determination of metal complexation in seawater of various salinities as a more satisfactory alternative to direct voltammetric measurements and bioassay methods. A small quantity of MnO₂ is equilibrated with copper ions in filtered seawater. Natural organic ligands in the seawater compete for copper with the MnO₂. Total dissolved copper is measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry after filtration and acidification of the sample. Preconcentration of natural water samples is unnecessary and measurement is performed at the natural equilibrium pH of the aerated sample. The analytical limit of detection of the method depends on contamination from the filtration step, and for copper complexation a ligand concentration of 5 × 10^?8 M was obtained. The sensitivity can be increased by use of radioisotopes as tracers. The method is very versatile in that complexation of various metals may be determined by any analytical method that measures total dissolved metal concentrations. Neither organic ligands nor their complexes with copper adsorb on the MnO₂ at pH8, but at pH 1.8 MnO₂ is an efficient scavenger for electroactive organic material.Samples of surface water from the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean were found to contain ligand concentrations of 1.7 × 10^?7 and 1.1 × 10^?7 M, with conditional stability constants (log values) of 9.84 ± 0.13 and 9.86 ± 0.23, respectively, at pH 8.0.     

The distribution of the carbonate parameters in the waters of Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea and in the western part of the Chukchi Sea

The distribution of the total alkalinity (TA), the total inorganic carbon (TCO₂), the calcium (Ca), and the CO₂ partial pressure in the waters of the northwestern Bering Sea (Anadyr Bay) and in the western part of the Chukchi Sea is considered according to the data obtained in August–September 2002. It is shown that the areas treated were sinks of atmospheric CO₂ in the summer of 2002: the total CO₂ exchange between the atmosphere and the seawater was equal to about −20 mmol C/(m² day). The net community production according to the TCO₂ decrease in the upper photic layer in the west of the Chukchi Sea and in the Anadyr Bay waters amounted to 48 ± 12 and 72 ± 18 g C/(m² year), respectively. The comparison with historical data allows one to tell about the pronounced increase of the TCO₂, TA, and Ca concentrations in the waters of Anadyr Bay and in the western part of the Chukchi Sea in the summer 2002. The processes that might have caused the changes observed are the enrichment of the estuarine waters in marine salts under the ice formation in winter and the decrease of the supply of the waters of the Bering Slope Current to the northwestern part of the Bering Sea.