热脉冲技术在确定胡杨幼树干液流中的应用

探讨了热脉冲技术在确定胡杨(Populus euphratica)幼树干液流中的应用.结果表明:在树木正常生长状态下,胡杨在4月下旬至5月中旬开花期树干单位面积液流通量为0.13～0.15L·cm^-2·d^-1;树干液流速度的动态变化呈多峰状曲线,6月份枝叶速生期树干单位面积液流通量为0.294L·cm^-2·d^-1;树干径向断面形成层以下不同深度的树液流速具有相同的日变化趋势;夜间,胡杨存在明显的树干液流上升现象,补充白天植物蒸腾丢失的大量水分,恢复植物体内的水分平衡;树干液流速度在不同的方位有所差异.并对胡杨单位面积液流通量与杨树、辽东栎、大叶白蜡、棘皮桦、五角槐、小美旱杨、油松进行了对比研究.     

青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)边材心材边界的确定及树干传输水分的空间格局

利用染色法和SF-300树干液流仪分别区分了青海云杉树木的边材与心材的边界, 并用树干液流法研究了青海云杉树干传输水分的空间格局.结果表明: 染色法与树干液流法均能有效区分青海云杉树木的边材与心材, 但染色法更方便、 快捷; 利用染色法测定的青海云杉树木边材宽度与其胸径大小呈指数函数关系.青海云杉树干液流速率从边材外缘向里逐渐增大, 达到最大值后又逐渐减小, 其水分传输格局基本呈对称分布的.     

岩溶区青冈栎树干液流特征及其与环境因子关系

为阐明岩溶区植物液流变化特征,应用Granier 热消散探针法,连续测定了桂林岩溶区植物青冈栎1年整的树干液流密度变化,并用ICT-2000TE环境气象站同步监测林地环境因子。结果表明: 不同季节青冈栎树干液流密度差异较大,液流密度峰值分别为: 1月份36. 17g H2O /m2· s, 4月份62. 01g H2O /m2· s, 7月份63. 41g H2O /m2· s, 10月份39. 03gH2O /m2· s。土壤含水量在1月份、4月份、7月份与树干液流呈极显著相关;空气湿度和水汽压亏缺在1月份、10月份与树干液流呈极显著相关;空气温度在4月份、10月份与树干液流呈极显著相关,而光合有效辐射在所有的观测月份均与树干液流呈极显著相关。对各时期树干液流密度与环境因子的多元线性回归方程进行F 值检验,均达到极显著水平。      

环境因素对毛乌素沙地旱柳树干液流的影响分析

在干旱-半干旱地区,研究植物的耗水特征及与气象因子、地下水水位的关系对水资源合理开发利用和生态环境保护具有重要的意义。采用原位监测方法,对气象、树干液流、土壤含水率和地下水水位进行了观测,研究了毛乌素沙地广泛分布及与地下水关系密切的旱柳与气象因子、土壤含水率以及地下水水位的关系。研究表明:水汽压亏缺和潜在蒸散发是控制旱柳耗水最重要的气象因素;研究期内,土壤含水率对旱柳耗水的影响较小;旱柳的耗水与地下水具有密切的关系,随着水位埋深的增大,旱柳的耗水先增大后减小,在水位埋深1.25 m处达到最大。利用地下水的昼夜波动计算了地下水的蒸散发消耗量,发现旱柳的用水与地下水的蒸散发消耗量具有一定的相关性,表明地下水是旱柳重要的用水水源。     

胡杨树干液流日变化及其与气象因素的相关关系

选取塔里木河中游胡杨林自然保护区内不同长势和直径的六棵胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）样木,利用热比率树干液流仪（SFM1）进行树干液流测定,并分析其日变化规律;同步监测各样地的气象因子,建立气象因子与树干液流速率日变化之间的逐步回归方程（Stepwise Regression Equation）,分析气象因子对胡杨树干液流的影响。研究结果如下：（1）不同长势和直径的胡杨树干液流速率差异很大,但其整个日变化过程类似,均有明显的昼夜变化规律。旺盛胡杨树干液流日变化特征呈单峰曲线,而衰弱胡杨呈双峰曲线。（2）大直径胡杨树干液流速率和日累计液流量大于小直径胡杨;长势旺盛的胡杨树干液流速率和日累计液流量均大于衰弱胡杨。各胡杨样木日累计液流量的大小排序为：旺盛大直径胡杨 > 旺盛中直径胡杨 > 衰弱大直径胡杨 > 旺盛小直径胡杨 > 衰弱中直径胡杨 > 衰弱小直径胡杨。（3）虽然胡杨各样树在长势和直径结构上有差异,但其树干液流速率日变化与气象因子的关系大致相同,均与太阳辐射、气温、风速和土壤温度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,而与空气湿度呈显著负相关。（4）在诸多气象因子中,气温、太阳辐射和空气湿度是影响树干液流速率的主要因子。     

祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)夜间树干液流特征及影响因素

利用SF-300树干液流仪对祁连山中段青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)2011年生长季树干液流进行监测, 研究了在典型天气条件下青海云杉的夜间树干液流特征, 以及气象因子和树形特征对其夜间液流变化的影响. 结果表明:典型晴天、阴天, 夜间树干液流速率分别在(2.78±0.64)~(5.02±1.06) g·cm^-2·h^-1、(2.31±0.62)~(3.94±1.22) g·cm^-2·h^-1之间波动, 其平均值分别为(3.55±0.28) g·cm^-2·h^-1、(3.06±0.24) g·cm^-2·h^-1; 夜间树干液流量分别占当日总液流量的(34.51±6.20)%、(46.06±11.20)%. 夜间树干液流速率与饱和水汽压差、气温呈显著相关关系, 与风速相关性不显著; 夜间树干液流与胸径、树高、边材面积、胸径平方与树高之积呈显著线性相关, 与冠幅相关性不显著. 青海云杉夜间树干液流的变化是其生理特征与环境因素综合作用的结果, 夜间树干液流可能用于夜间蒸腾和植物体内部的水分补充.     

黑河下游天然胡杨树干液流特征的试验研究

应用热扩散原理,采用ICT2000TE 研究了黑河下游25 a生天然胡杨(Populus euphratica)的树干液流特点及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明:1) 在整个生长季的晴天,胡杨树干液流的日变化呈现明显的单峰宽峰曲线.液流速率在6、7、8、9和10月分别为13.39、12.07、12.69和5.1 L·d-1;2) 胡杨在夜间有微弱上升液流,可能存在根压;3) 在生长季树干液流速率与环境因子逐步回归分析结果表明,树干液流受环境因子的综合影响,影响大小依次是空气温度、土壤含水量、相对湿度、总辐射、土壤温度和风速.     

应用热脉冲技术对胡杨和柽柳树干液流的研究

应用热脉冲技术对干旱区胡杨(Populus euphrtaicr)和柽柳(Tamaris spp.)树干液流速度进行了研究.结果表明:在正常生长状态下,胡杨树干单位面积液流通量为0 34L·cm^-2·d^-1,柽柳为0 15L·cm^-2·d^-1.树液流速的日变化表现出多峰形特征,在午后有短暂液流急速减小的现象,而晚上植物为了补充体内水分亏缺,保持一定的树液流量.随着胸径的增大,茎流速率和茎流量也随之增大.在生长季节胸径21cm和15cm的胡杨日平均耗水量23.3L和19.25L;基径5cm和4cm的柽柳日平均耗水量0.62L和0.37L.在生长季节(5～10月)胡杨总蒸腾量为3419.4L,柽柳仅为63.9L.     

黑河中游二白杨叶面积指数动态变化及其与耗水量的关系

在黑河中游,利用直接法和热脉冲树干液流仪分别监测了二白杨生长季节的叶面积指数和耗水量动态变化,研究了二白杨叶面积指数动态变化规律及其与耗水量的关系.结果表明:在生长季节,二白杨叶面积指数的增长符合Logistic模型;在树冠结构垂直分布上,1 000~1 400 cm之间二白杨叶面积指数占全树叶面积指数的75.5%;二白杨个体间的叶面积指数与胸径平方和树高乘积呈指数函数关系.当单株叶面积指数从0.44增大到4.94时,二白杨耗水量从42.95 L·d^-1增加到140.30 L·d^-1.单株二白杨耗水量与叶面积指数之间呈现线性关系.     

基于DPHP技术测量沉积物热导率的数据处理

双针热脉冲(DPHP)技术被用于原位测定海洋沉积物的热导率.数据处理过程直接决定从实测数据中提取热导率的精度与效率.根据实测数据,结合海上测量可能出现的问题,探讨了DPHP技术实测数据的处理方法,提出了一套数据预处理流程,并对2种热导率计算模型和计算方法进行了对比分析.研究表明,原始数据经过数据滤波、数据截取和背景场拟合剔除等预处理过程,得到的热脉冲温度响应曲线可用于热导率计算.计算热导率可采用K-B模型或者简化模型,后者具有降低运算量,减小误差积累的优点.热导率计算方法有极值法和拟合法,如果采样率足够高,极值法是首选方法.     

The DH ratios of sap in trees: Implications for water sources and tree ring DH ratios

Measurements of $\text{D}\text{H}$ ratios of tree sap can be used to determine the source water for a tree. Based on these measurements, trees can be separated into three categories: those which rely solely on summertime rainfalls, those which rely solely on groundwaters and those which utilize both water sources. For trees in the last category, $\text{D}\text{H}$ ratios of sap can be used to quantify the relative contributions to the tree's source water of summertime rainfalls and groundwaters. These measurements can be used to select trees for tree ring isotope studies. Single source trees, those which rely solely on summertime rain or groundwaters, appear to be the best choices for measuring long records of tree ring $\text{D}\text{H}$ ratios.     

Water budget management of a coastal pine forest in a Mediterranean catchment (Marina Romea, Ravenna, Italy)

In Mediterranean coastal catchments, water management for preservation of pine forests and other natural areas faces particular challenges. Limited rainfall, water consumption by vegetation as well as subsidence, drainage and salt water intrusion all play an important role. Traditionally forest and water management are carried out independent of one another and do not consider water budget calculations. We show with this study that is very important to have quantitative information of all the components of the water budget as well as the size of the fresh water lenses in the aquifer to be able to integrate the water- and forest management. We use an integrated hydrologic-ecologic methodology based on easily attainable data to assess the monthly water budget of a coastal catchment, Marina Romea (Ravenna, Italy). We present detailed monthly water table records, rainfall data, drainage data, tree density and tree perimeter and use published sap flow measurements of single pine trees (Pinus Pinea) to quantify the actual transpiration of single pine trees in different periods of the year. Transpiration amounts to 10–30 l per day per tree. These values are confirmed by independent estimates of tree transpiration based on our water budget calculations: 9–34 l/tree/day. Because typically there are so many trees in planted pine forests, the total transpiration rates over the whole watershed take up a large percentage (up to 200 %) of the precipitation. In Marina Romea, four monitoring periods out of twelve, the tree transpiration is larger than precipitation. In nine monitoring periods, drainage in the watershed is larger than precipitation or tree water transpiration. The measurements and calculations show that not much freshwater is left to recharge the fresh water lens underneath Marina Romea. Monthly monitoring of groundwater table elevation and salinity in the pine forest of Marina Romea from March 2007 to February 2008 shows that the groundwater table strongly fluctuates and groundwater salinity is constantly very high (up to 17.7 g/l). Analytical calculations based on the Ghyben Herzberg Dupuit principle suggest that even a small continuous annual recharge of 15 mm could form a 2-m deep freshwater lens in the unconfined aquifer. This freshwater lens is not present in the study area and this is due to the fact that tree water transpiration and drainage take out most of the fresh water coming into the watershed. In catchments like Marina Romea, water consumption by the (natural) vegetation and seasonal differences as well as the fact that fresh water lenses are limited in salty surroundings should be taken into account in water and forest management.     

高渗压小水力梯度岩石渗透性测试

对低渗透岩石的渗透性测试一般采用瞬时压力脉冲法,但该方法不能真实模拟野外高孔隙水压力、小水力梯度的现场实际条件,而且试验存在较大误差。为此开发研制了一套新型高压渗透仪,在渗透出水端安装了管路过滤器、调速阀两种器械元件,可手动任意调控流量大小,而流量大小采用精确测量渗出水体积变化量表示。试验只要保证进水端水压不变,当调控的水流量与试样的渗流量达到平衡时,则会在出水端形成一个稳定的水压值。该套试验设备不但可对圆柱体试样进行渗透性、力学特性测试,而且还可以对方柱体试样进行渗透性测试,实现了对岩石实际所处应力、高孔隙水压力环境的真实模拟。实测检验理论技术可行,达到了满意的试验效果。     

南海天然气水合物稳定带的影响因素

文章利用南海所积累的大量热流、海底温度和地温梯度数据，针对地温梯度的变化，对地温梯度数据进行了初步校正。分情况研究了纯甲烷，甲烷、乙烷、丙烷混合物分别在纯水、海水条件下形成的天然气水合物在南海的可能分布范围；进而对影响天然气水合物分布的影响因素进行了讨论。研究表明，随着天然气中重烃含量的增加，孔隙水盐度的降低，水合物稳定带在平面上的分布范围越来越大，水合物稳定带的厚度也越来越大。比较而言，气体组成的影响要比孔隙水盐度的大。同时，天然气水合物稳定带的厚度与热流有一定的负相关关系。在南海2000m水深范围之内，由于受海底温度的控制，水合物稳定带的厚度与水深呈明显的正相关关系。     

Consolidation around a heat source buried deep in a porous thermoelastic medium with anisotropic flow properties

A solution is derived for the heat flow and consolidation which occur when a heat source is buried deep in a porous thermoelastic soil having anisotropic flow properties. This solution is used to examine the pore pressure generation and dissipation near both point and cylindrical heat sources. An increase in temperature will tend to generate an increase in excess pore pressure. However, the pore water will tend to flow from regions of high excess pore pressure to regions of low excess pore pressure, and so consolidation will occur, and temperature-generated excess pore pressures will tend to dissipate. Many natural soils exhibit horizontal layering and so have a higher horizontal than vertical permeability. It is shown that in soils the excess pore pressure generated by a heat source is significantly less than that in an isotropic soil having an equal vertical permeability.