粤北诸广山岩体南部长排矿区流体包裹体研究

长排矿区位于诸广山岩体南部,是近年来铀矿找矿重点突破的新成果。流体包裹体岩相学特征显示,该矿区成矿期主要发育2种类型包裹体:含CO_2三相包裹体(Ⅰ型)和气液两相包裹体(Ⅱ型)。其中,Ⅱ型包裹体又可分为富液相包裹体(Ⅱ-1型)和富气相包裹体(Ⅱ-2型)。根据流体包裹体岩相学特征和显微测温结果,可将成矿期流体包裹体划分为2组:第1组均一温度主要集中在291～388℃之间,盐度范围为3.23%～7.87%NaCleqv,为Ⅰ型含CO_2三相和Ⅱ-2型富气相包裹体;第2组均一温度范围主要集中于140～260℃之间,盐度为1.74%～10.24%NaCleqv,属Ⅱ-1型富液相包裹体,分别代表成矿期早阶段和晚阶段流体性质。晚阶段流体包裹体相对于早阶段具有较低的均一温度和较大的盐度变化范围,说明成矿期晚阶段很可能发生了不同来源流体的混合作用。激光拉曼分析显示,成矿期流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO_2、CH_4、H_2等。硫同位素分析结果显示,成矿期黄铁矿δ~(34)S值在-10.2‰～-3.2‰之间,与华南地区其他铀矿床成矿期硫化物的δ~(34)S值相近。结合区域地质特征可知,长排矿区成矿物质主要来源于古老含铀地层部分熔融形成的富铀花岗岩;温度降低和流体混合作用可能是导致铀络合物水解沉淀的重要因素。     

粤北下庄矿田坪田花岗岩外接触带型铀矿找矿潜力预测

粤北下庄铀矿田坪田花岗岩外接触带型铀矿床,矿体主要赋存于粤北贵东岩体的外接触带变质砂岩中,受北北东向构造、热液活动、岩性及接触带共同控制。运用流体包裹体测温测试分析方法,对该地区铀矿体成矿期均一温度和流体盐度进行测试,测试结果:含铀包裹体均一温度范围为1500℃2520℃,流体盐度为04114857 wt% NaCl eqv,属于中低温、低盐度活动范围。坪田地区热液活动具有多期次性、含矿构造发育、围岩蚀变强烈及低温、低盐度的含矿流体特征,是铀成矿有利的地质条件,也是下庄铀矿田开展花岗岩外带型铀矿找矿潜力较大的重要地区之一。     

东昆仑造山带海德乌拉铀矿床成矿流体特征研究

东昆仑造山带海德乌拉铀矿床是近些年西北地区最新探明的与火山岩有关的独立铀矿床,该矿床的发现为东昆仑造山带探寻热液型铀矿床提供了指示意义。本文选择与海德乌拉铀矿成矿期相关的透明矿物（粉红色方解石、紫黑色萤石及石英）作为研究对象,系统地开展C- H- O同位素和流体包裹体研究,查明该矿床成矿流体的来源与性质,并探讨矿床成因。研究结果表明,海德乌拉铀矿床成矿期石英中主要为H2O气液两相包裹体,少见CO2- H2O两相包裹体;在粉红色方解石脉、紫黑色萤石脉中流体包裹体均含H2O气液两相包裹体,在粉红色方解石脉中偶见纯液相包裹体,均未见到纯气相及含固相包裹体。成矿期粉红色方解石、紫黑色萤石及石英中包裹体均一温度范围分别为133~187℃（均值163℃）、127~204℃（均值169℃）、183~287℃（均值219℃）,盐度范围分别为1. 40%~7. 02%NaCleq（均值3. 65%NaCleq）、0. 53%~3. 06%NaCleq（均值1. 26%NaCleq）、7. 17%~17. 26%NaCleq（均值为11. 46%NaCleq）。流体包裹体气相成分以H2O为主,另含少量CO2等。C- H- O同位素实验数据表明,流体中δ13CFluid- V- PDB、δDFluid- V- SMOW、δ18OFluid- V- SMOW值的变化范围分别为1. 59‰~1. 00‰、71‰~63‰、0. 03‰~3. 72‰,表明成矿流体并非单一来源,可能为大气降水与岩浆水混合来源。此外,沥青铀矿的沉淀主要是由于流体与围岩的相互反应所引起的物理化学条件变化加上流体沸腾/CO2去气,最终导致了沥青铀矿等成矿物质发生大规模的卸载与沉淀。     

流体包裹体特征及其地质意义——以甘肃省芨岭铀矿床为例

为确定芨岭铀矿成矿流体的性质,对成矿期碳酸盐脉开展了详细的流体包裹体研究。包裹体岩相学和显微测温结果表明,碳酸盐脉主要发育气相包裹体、液相包裹体和纯液相包裹体;包裹体均一温度为141~295℃(峰值分别为170~180℃、240~250℃),盐度为2.09%~7.69%Na Cleqv(峰值5%~6%NCleqv),属于低-中温、低盐度铀矿床。激光拉曼和群体包裹体成分分析结果显示:成矿流体气相成分以CH_4、H_2为主,H_2S、N_2、CO_2次之,液相成分富H_2O和CH_4,成矿流体属于NaCl-H_2O±CH_4±CO_2体系。结合C、O同位素组成,δ~(13)C_(VPDB)值在-1.50‰~-6.33‰之间,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值为-2.577‰~5.051‰,成矿热液的水源主要为岩浆热液与大气降水混合特征,且以大气降水形成为主。结合成矿流体特征,流体不混溶或沸腾作用导致相分离产生铀沉淀,以及流体脱气(CO_2)作用导致铀矿质沉淀、富集,是芨岭铀成矿的主要成因。     

赣南河草坑地区铀矿床流体包裹体特征研究

河草坑地区铀矿床的流体包裹体类型复杂,有气体包裹体、气液包裹体、液体包裹体和含CO2包裹体4种类型.成矿期前流体包裹体均一温度为231.8～357.8℃,成矿期为163.4～300.3℃,成矿期后为125.4～190.9 ℃.从成矿期前-成矿期-成矿期后均一温度逐渐降低,但盐度变化不大(均＜7%).成矿期流体根据均一温度可以划分为3个阶段,148.7～180℃、180～260℃和260～328.1℃,并于370.1℃至438.7℃期间发生过减压沸腾作用,流体中CO2气体的逸出,导致成矿流体中铀的沉淀、富集.河草坑地区铀矿床成矿期流体包裹体的均一温度与盐度均非常相近,可能为同一来源,与赋矿围岩没有必然联系.     

河南银洞坡金矿成矿流体与矿床成因研究

银洞坡金矿位于桐柏县围山城金银矿带的中部,为一超大型金矿床,伴生银、铅锌。对金矿石中主要成矿阶段流体包裹体进行了详细的岩相学、显微测温及激光拉曼光谱成分研究,结果表明：金矿石中发育气液两相包裹体、富气相包裹体和含CO2三相包裹体,流体成分为H2O NaCl CO2体系,含少量N2、CH4、H2S和H2。流体不混溶是导致矿质沉淀的主要因素。3类包裹体的均一温度为1692～3992 ℃,流体盐度为18%～122%,其中含CO2三相包裹体的盐度明显小于气液两相包裹体的盐度。利用不混溶体系估算得到包裹体的捕获压力为62～1263 MPa,成矿深度为52 km左右。矿石中黄铁矿的δ34S为16‰~33‰,围岩中纹层状黄铁矿的δ34S为33‰～62‰,矿石中的δ34S小于围岩中δ34S值,表明成矿物质中的硫可能来源于地幔硫和围岩硫的混合。     

黑龙江省马连金矿床流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

为确定马连金矿成矿流体性质,笔者对成矿期石英开展详细的流体包裹体和氢氧同位素研究,包裹体岩相学和显微测温结果表明:石英中主要发育气相包裹体、液相包裹体和纯液相包裹体;包裹体均一温度为148~255℃(峰值为180~210℃),盐度为1.7%~7.5%Na Cleqv(峰值2%~4%Na Cleqv),属于低温、低盐度金矿床。激光拉曼和群体包裹体成分分析显示:成矿流体气相成分以H2O为主,CO2、CH4次之,液体主要成分为Ca2+、Na+、SO42-和F-,其次为K+、Mg2+、NO3-和Cl-,成矿流体属于Na Cl-H2O±CO2±CH4体系。包裹体氢氧同位素研究表明:成矿流体δDV-SMOW值介于-92.3‰~-113.4‰,δ18OH2O值介于2.5‰~3.5‰,具有岩浆水和大气降水混合的特征,结合成矿流体特征,认为流体不混溶或沸腾作用导致相分离是马连金矿沉淀主要原因。     

新疆东准噶尔南明水金矿床成矿流体特征：流体包裹体及氢氧同位素证据

新疆东准噶尔南明水金矿床位于卡拉麦里成矿带东段,矿体受NW—NWW向韧-脆性断裂控制,赋矿围岩为下石炭统姜巴斯套组的浅变质海相火山碎屑-沉积岩。以流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素为研究手段,查明了矿床成矿流体性质、来源及其演化特征与金成矿的关系。其热液成矿过程可划分早、中、晚3个阶段,石英中原生包裹体主要有CO2-H2O包裹体、水溶液包裹体和纯CO2包裹体3种类型。早阶段石英中以CO2-H2O包裹体和纯CO2包裹体为主,均一温度变化于257~339 ℃,盐度为04%~22%;中阶段石英中3种类型包裹体均发育,CO2-H2O包裹体和水溶液包裹体均一温度为196~361 ℃,盐度为04%~60%;晚阶段石英中仅见水溶液包裹体,均一温度相对较低,为174~252 ℃,盐度为14%~32%。由CO2-H2O包裹体计算的早、中阶段捕获压力分别为214~371 MPa、236~397 MPa,对应的成矿深度分别为81~140 km、89~150 km。成矿流体由早、中阶段的CO2-H2O-NaCl±CH4体系演化至晚阶段贫CO2的H2O-NaCl体系,成矿温度和流体密度呈逐渐降低趋势,盐度变化不大。流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素研究表明,主成矿阶段成矿流体主要来源于变质水,CO2-H2O-NaCl流体的不混溶是导致Au富集成矿的重要机制,南明水金矿属于中深成造山型金矿床。     

胶东金矿床成矿流体、稳定同位素及成矿时代研究进展

胶东金矿成矿具有"多期叠加,时空集中,规模巨大"的显著特征,胶东金矿床在成矿流体性质、成矿时代上具有一致性。各类矿床不同蚀变带、各成矿阶段的流体包裹体类型主要有H2OCO2包裹体、富CO2包裹体和H2O溶液包裹体,各成矿阶段具有不同的流体包裹体类型组合,成矿流体为中低温、低盐度的CO2-H2O-NaCl流体。稳定同位素研究表明,成矿流体可能源于统一的流体库——壳幔相互作用过程的流体系统,成矿晚期有大气降水混入。胶东地区岩浆活动主要集中于152~160Ma(玲珑花岗岩)、126~130Ma(郭家岭花岗岩)和108~118.8Ma(伟德山花岗岩)等3个时期,主成矿期年龄集中于112~127Ma,成矿主要与郭家岭和伟德山花岗岩有关。     

纳米比亚欢乐谷地区白岗岩型铀矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿作用

文章对纳米比亚欢乐谷地区白岗岩型铀矿床流体包裹体的温度、盐度、密度和成分等进行了系统的分析研究,厘定了成矿流体的类型及基本性质,并对该地区铀成矿的物理化学条件和成矿流体来源进行了初步探讨。研究表明,该地区白岗岩型铀矿床的成矿流体可分为2个期次:主成矿期和叠加改造期。主成矿期的流体为岩浆晚期的残余高温、低盐度热液,其气相成分主要是CO2,含少量H2O、N2和CH4;叠加改造期的流体为中-低温、低盐度热液,其气相成分以CO2和H2O为主,含少量CH4和N2,来源于岩浆期后热液与大气水的混合。     

辽宁榛子沟铅锌矿床热液叠加成矿作用特征及成矿流体来源

榛子沟铅锌矿矿床是青城子矿田代表性矿床之一,矿体赋存于高家峪组和大石桥组之中,呈层状、似层状和脉状产出,受地层、岩浆和构造联合控制。矿床的形成经历了海底喷流、变质变形和热液叠加三期成矿作用,其中热液叠加成矿作用对脉状矿体的形成与层状矿体的局部热液改造起到了重要作用,可划分为Ⅰ黄铁矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿-石英和Ⅱ黄铁矿-方铅矿-石英-方解石两个阶段。流体包裹体和碳、氢、氧同位素研究表明:I阶段石英中发育气液两相和少量的富气相、CO₂三相流体包裹体,成矿流体属中高温、低盐度、低密度的CO₂-H₂O-NaCl体系热液,含H₂O、CO₂、CH₄和N₂,流体包裹体的δD_H2O-SMOW为-96.5‰和-95.4‰、δ¹⁸O_H2O-SMOW为-0.62‰和0.04‰、δ¹³C为-4.8‰和-4.4‰,具有大气降水与岩浆水混合流体的特点;Ⅱ阶段石英中主要发育气液两相包裹体,成矿流体属低温、低盐度和低密度的H₂O-NaCl体系热液,流体包裹体δD_H2O-SMOW为-88.4‰~-80.0‰、δ¹⁸O_H2O-SMOW为-7.93‰~-5.57‰,具有大气降水的特点,δ¹³C为-12.6‰~-7.9‰,具有岩浆水特点。综合分析表明,热液叠加成矿期成矿流体来源于岩浆水与大气降水的混合热液,且成矿后期大气降水的混入比例增加。     

山东莱西山后金矿床流体包裹体特征

根据山后金矿床的矿物组合和矿物生成顺序,将成矿阶段划分为4个阶段:黄铁矿-石英(钾化)阶段、石英—黄铁矿(绢英岩化)阶段、金-石英-多金属硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段。对区内主成矿阶段的石英中流体包裹体进行岩相学、显微测温及氢氧同位素进行分析。结果表明:矿石中的包裹体主要有含CO2三相包裹体、气液两相包裹体和CO2包裹体三种类型,矿石中的包裹体普遍富含CO2。成矿过程中,流体经历了CO2-H2O—Na Cl体系的不混溶作用。成矿流体具有低盐度(4.0~9.0 wt%Na Cl.eqv)和低密度(0.70~0.89 g/cm3)的特点。主成矿温度为260℃~300℃,成矿压力为83~100 MPa,对应成矿深度为7.45~8.25 km。流体包裹体氢氧同位素分析结果介于地幔初生水和岩浆水之间,部分向大气降水线方向漂移,表明山后金矿成矿流体以幔源流体为主,并有大气降水和其他流体的加入,初步确定山后金矿床是受断裂构造控制的中温热液脉型金矿床。     

东天山小尖山金矿床成矿流体特征及成矿模式探讨

小尖山金矿床产于东天山康古尔韧性剪切带南缘,对该矿床流体特征和矿床成因类型了解较少。矿区普遍发育低绿片岩相变质,矿床由多条走向为100°~120°的陡倾斜蚀变岩型矿体组成,金平均品位3.11×10^-6~24.99×10^-6;成矿过程可划分为3个阶段:(1)黄铁矿-磁铁矿-绿泥石-绢云母-石英阶段;(2)黄铁矿-黄铜矿-自然金-石英-绿泥石阶段;(3)石英-方解石-贫硫化物阶段。本文通过对矿床不同成矿阶段石英脉内发育的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温与氢氧同位素研究分析,发现矿床主要发育H₂O-CO₂及气液两相流体包裹体,从早至晚成矿过程中流体内CO₂包裹体逐渐减少,气液两相包裹体内气液比逐渐减小。各成矿阶段包裹体显微测温结果表明,从早至晚成矿流体均一温度分别为216.9~396.4℃、183.1~319.2℃与145.1~220.8℃;成矿流体盐度分别为1.40%~10.11%NaCleq、1.91%~11.22%NaCleq与1.63%~6.74%NaCleq,成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度的NaCl-H₂O-CO₂体系,并经历了从中温、中盐度流体向低温、低盐度流体的演化过程;成矿早阶段流体的δD_V-SMOW值为-22.550‰,δ¹⁸O_水值为9.44‰,指示变质水成因;成矿晚阶段δD_V-SMOW值介于-41.913‰~-34.796‰之间,平均值为-37.413‰,δ¹⁸O_水值介于1.99‰~3.98‰之间,平均值为2.99‰,指示混合水成因,但接近变质水;成矿流体主要为变质水,成矿早阶段至晚阶段具有从变质水向混合水演化的特征。综合分析,小尖山金矿床成因类型为造山型金矿,其成矿模式为早期韧性剪切变形过程中产生的变质流体在运移过程中萃取岩石中成矿物质,形成含金成矿流体,并在糜棱岩面理等裂隙处发生结晶作用,导致金的初步富集;晚期地壳快速抬升,地质体由韧性变形向脆-韧性、脆性变形转变,伴随有花岗岩脉的侵入,变质流体在运移过程中从流经岩石中淋滤萃取金等成矿物质,形成含矿流体,岩浆水、大气降水的混入以及深度、压力的降低使得流体内的成矿物质在裂隙或断层发育的有利地段卸载沉淀,形成金矿体。     

Fluid Inclusions,C–H–O–S Isotope and Geochronology of the Bujinhei Pb–Zn Deposit in the Southern Great Xing'an Range of Northeast China: Implication for Ore Genesis

The Bujinhei Pb–Zn deposit is located in the southern Great Xing'an Range metallogenic belt. It is a representative medium‐ to high‐temperature hydrothermal vein type deposit controlled by fractures, and orebodies hosted in the Permian Shoushangou Formation. The hydrothermal mineralization is classified into three stages: pyrite ± arsenopyrite–quartz (Stage 1), polymetallic sulfide–quartz (Stage 2), and polymetallic sulfide–calcite (Stage 3). Fluid inclusion petrography, laser Raman analyses and microthermometry indicate that the liquid‐rich aqueous inclusions (L) and vapor‐rich CO₂ ± CH₄–H₂O inclusions (C) occur in the Stage 1 and as medium‐ to high‐ temperature and low‐ to medium‐salinity NaCl–H₂O–CO₂–CH₄ hydrothermal fluids. The liquid‐rich (L) and rare vapor‐rich CO₂ ± CH₄–H₂O inclusions (C) occur in the Stage 2 with medium‐temperature and low‐salinity NaCl–H₂O ± CO₂ ± CH₄ hydrothermal fluids. The exclusively liquid‐rich (L) fluid inclusions are observed in the Stage 3, and the hydrothermal fluid belongs to medium‐temperature and low‐salinity NaCl–H₂O hydrothermal fluids. The results of hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses indicate that ore‐forming fluids were initially derived from the magmatic water and mixed with local meteoric water in the late stage (δ¹⁸O_H2O‐SMOW = 6.0 to 2.2‰, δD_SMOW = ?103 to ?134‰). The carbon isotope compositions (?18.4‰ to ?26.5‰) indicate that the carbon in the fluid was derived from the surrounding strata. The sulfur isotope compositions (5.7 to 15.2‰) indicate that the ore sulfur was also primarily derived from the strata. The ore vein No. 1 occurs in fractures and approximately parallel to the rhyolite porphyry; orebodies have a close spatial and temporal relationship with the rhyolite porphyry. The rhyolite porphyry yielded a crystallization age of 122.9  ± 2.4 Ma, indicating that the Bujinhei deposit may be related to the Early Cretaceous magmatic event. Geochemical analyses reveal that the Bujinhei rhyolite porphyry is high in K₂O and peraluminous, and derived from an acidic liquid as a result of strong interaction with hydrothermal fluid during the late magmatic stage; it is similar to A2‐type granites, and formed in a backarc extensional environment. These results indicate that the Bujinhei Pb–Zn deposit was a vein type system that formed in Early Cretaceous and influenced by the Paleo‐Pacific tectonic system. Bujinhei deposit is a representative hydrothermal vein type deposit on the genetic types, and occurs on the western slope of the southern Great Xing'an Range. The ore‐forming fluids were medium‐ to high‐temperature and low‐to medium‐salinity NaCl–H₂O–CO₂–CH₄ hydrothermal fluids, which became medium‐temperature and low‐salinity NaCl–H₂O hydrothermal fluids in later stages, and came from magmatic water and mixed with meteoric water, whereas the ore‐forming materials were mainly derived from the surrounding strata. The LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the Bujinhei deposit formed at the period of late Early Cretaceous, potentially in a backarc extensional environment influenced by the Paleo‐Pacific tectonic system.     

川西北马脑壳金矿床成矿流体地球化学特征与性质

马脑壳金矿床是20世纪80年代末期在川西北地区发现的一大型微细浸染型矿床，它赋存于中三叠统扎尕山组地层之中，矿体产出受北西向次级断裂构造的控制。矿床的形成经历了成矿前金初步富集、热液成矿作用－原生矿石形成及麦生氧化－金次生再富集第三期主要成矿作用过程。热液金成矿作用可进一步划分为（1）黄铁矿－毒砂－石英；（Ⅱ）石英－（白钨矿）－辉锑矿；（Ⅲ）石英－雄（雌）黄及（Ⅳ）石英－方解石等4个矿化阶段，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段为金的主要沉淀富成矿阶段。系统的流体包裹体研究表明，成矿前（Ⅰ′）及热液成矿Ⅰ－Ⅳ阶段石英中共发育液相、纯液相、含CO2三相、富CO2相及含有机质等5种类型的原生流体包裹体。测温结果显示，Ⅰ′及Ⅰ-Ⅳ类石英中液相及含CO2三相包裹体均一温度为120－300℃，热液盐度为0．5％－11．0％；包裹体成分分析结果表明，热液阳离子以Na^ 、K^ 及Ca^2 为主，阴离子主要为HCO3^-及CI^-，气相组分除H2O外，尚含一定量的CO2及CH4等；热液pH值为6．7－72，Eh值为－0．85～0.69eV；成矿热液总体属中低温、低盐度、近中性和弱还原性的含有机质Na^ -K^ -Ca^2 -HCO3^--CI^-体系类型。H、O同位素研究结果表明，成矿前热液主要来源于变质水和地层建造水，成矿期以来大气降水不断 混入并逐步占据优势。主成矿阶段成矿热液发生过明显的注体混合相分离作用，对金的沉淀富集成矿起了重要作用。     

Cu–Mo Differential Mineralization Mechanism of the Dabate Polymetallic Deposit in Western Tianshan,NW China: Evidence from Geology,Fluid Inclusions,and Oxygen Isotope Systematics

Classic porphyry Cu–Mo deposits are mostly characterized by close temporal and spatial relationships between Cu and Mo mineralization. The northern Dabate Cu–Mo deposit is a newly discovered porphyry Cu–Mo polymetallic deposit in western Tianshan, northwest China. The Cu mineralization postdates the Mo mineralization and is located in shallower levels in the deposit, which is different from most classic porphyry Cu–Mo deposits. Detailed field investigations, together with microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and O‐isotope studies of fluid inclusions, were conducted to investigate the origin and evolution of ore‐forming fluids from the main Mo to main Cu stage of mineralization in the deposit. The results show that the ore‐forming fluids of the main Mo stage belonged to an NaCl + H₂O system of medium to high temperatures (280–310°C) and low salinities (2–4 wt% NaCl equivalent (eq.)), whereas that of the main Cu stage belonged to an F‐rich NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O system of medium to high temperatures (230–260°C) and medium to low salinities (4–10 wt% NaCl eq.). The δ¹⁸O values of the ore‐forming fluids decrease from 3.7–7.8‰ in the main Mo stage to ?7.5 to ?2.9‰ in the main Cu stage. These data indicate that the separation of Cu and Mo was closely related to a large‐scale vapor–brine separation of the early ore‐forming fluids, which produced the Mo‐bearing and Cu‐bearing fluids. Subsequently, the relatively reducing (CH₄‐rich) Mo‐bearing, ore‐forming fluids, dominantly of magmatic origin, caused mineralization in the rhyolite porphyry due to fluid boiling, whereas the relatively oxidizing (CO₂‐rich) Cu‐bearing, ore‐forming fluids mixed with meteoric water and precipitated chalcopyrite within the crushed zone at the contact between rhyolite porphyry and wall rock. We suggest that the separation of Cu and Mo in the deposit may be attributed to differences in the chemical properties of Cu and Mo, large‐scale vapor–brine separation of early ore‐forming fluids, and changes in oxygen fugacity.     

Fluid Inclusions,Stable Isotopes,and Geochronology of the Haobugao Lead‐Zinc Deposit,Inner Mongolia,China

The Haobugao deposit, located in the southern segment of the Great Xing'an Range, is a famous skarn‐related Pb‐Zn‐(Cu)‐(Fe) deposit in northern China. The results of our fluid inclusion research indicate that garnets of the early stage (I skarn stage) contain three types of fluid inclusions (consistent with the Mesozoic granites): vapor‐rich inclusions (type LV, with V_H2O/(V_H2O + L_H2O) < 50 vol %, and the majority are 5–25 vol %), liquid‐rich two‐phase aqueous inclusions (type VL, with V_H2O/(V_H2O + L_H2O) > 50 vol %, the majority are 60–80 vol %), and halite‐bearing multiphase inclusions (type SL). These different types of fluid inclusions are totally homogenized at similar temperatures (around 320–420°C), indicating that the ore‐forming fluids of the early mineralization stage may belong to a boiling fluid system. The hydrothermal fluids of the middle mineralization stage (II, magnetite‐quartz) are characterized by liquid‐rich two‐phase aqueous inclusions (type VL, homogenization temperatures of 309–439°C and salinities of 9.5–14.9 wt % NaCl eqv.) that coexist with vapor‐rich inclusions (type LV, homogenization temperatures of 284–365°C and salinities of 5.2–10.4 wt % NaCl eqv.). Minerals of the late mineralization stage (III sulfide‐quartz stage and IV sulfide‐calcite stage) only contain liquid‐rich aqueous inclusions (type VL). These inclusions are totally homogenized at temperatures of 145–240°C, and the calculated salinities range from 2.0 to 12.6 wt % NaCl eqv. Therefore, the ore‐forming fluids of the late stage are NaCl‐H₂O‐type hydrothermal solutions of low to medium temperature and low salinity. The δD values and calculated δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of ore‐forming fluids of the deposit are in the range of ?4.8 to 2.65‰ and ?127.3‰ to ?144.1‰, respectively, indicating that ore‐forming fluids of the Haobugao deposit originated from the mixing of magmatic fluid and meteoric water. The S‐Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides indicate that the ore‐forming materials are mainly derived from underlying magma. Zircon grains from the mineralization‐related granite in the mining area yield a weighted ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U mean age of 144.8 ±0.8 Ma, which is consistent with a molybdenite Re‐Os model age (140.3 ±3.4 Ma). Therefore, the Haobugao deposit formed in the Early Cretaceous, and it is the product of a magmatic hydrothermal system.     

Structures and Implications for Fluid Migration in the Jiadi Carlin‐Type Gold Deposit,Guizhou Province,Southwest China

The Jiadi gold deposit is a newly discovered Carlin‐type gold deposit in the Guizhou Province, Southwest China. This deposit is structurally controlled by a shallow fold–fault superimposed system along the Lianhuashan trend. Field geological investigations, structural analysis, and mathematical research are conducted to study its structures and hydrothermal fluid flow process. Geological investigations (i.e. sections, stope, and drill hole) indicate that the structures are dominated by NE‐trending folds, NWW‐trending folds, and faults. A trend‐surface analysis of the low interformational fracture zone suggests that the overall distribution of the Lianhuashan trend is controlled by the NE‐trending Lianhuashan anticline. Nearly all primary Carlin‐type gold deposits are distributed along the southeastern flank where the fold axis changes from NE to EW. Gold orebodies are hosted by the interformational fracture zones and primarily situated at the transitions from the high‐value areas to the low‐value areas of the interformational fracture zones. A stress analysis on the hydrothermal veins indicates that they are of tenso‐shear properties. The ore‐forming elements (Au, As, Sb, Hg, and Tl) of the hydrothermal veins from the interformational fracture zones and intrusive breccia body present strong positive anomalies compared with those from the adjacent wall rocks. According to the development patterns of the ore‐forming elements and hydrothermal veins, a migration process of the ore‐forming fluids is proposed: the deeply sourced ore‐forming fluids migrated vertically to shallow crust along an intrusive breccia body, subsequently flowed horizontally along the interformational fracture zones accompanied by gold precipitation in the early stage, and finally migrated outward along steep micro‐fractures during following stages.