河南萑香洼金矿原生晕地球化学特征和深部找矿预测

河南熊耳山地区是豫西重要的金矿化集中区,萑香洼金矿是该成矿带近几年新发现的金矿床.通过运用地球化学成矿指数、聚类分析和因子分析的理论与方法,解析了萑香洼金矿的地球化学场,得出如下主要研究成果:①金矿床F985矿脉呈现以Au、Ag为主,伴有Pb、Zn、Cu、Bi、As、Sb等多元素的综合原生晕;②厘定金矿床的地球化学原生晕的轴向分带、横向分带和纵向分带;③原生晕轴向分带序列:头晕元素组合为As、Sb、Ba,主成矿晕元素组合为Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo,尾晕元素组合为Co、Ni、Bi;④依据综合原生晕异常套合的特征,优选了4个找矿靶区,对深部隐伏矿体进行定位预测.     

豫西熊耳山地区槐树坪金矿岩石-土壤找矿指示元素的确定及其应用

槐树坪金矿床位于河南省洛阳市嵩县境内,是豫西熊耳山地区近年来新发现的大型金矿床。本次研究对槐树坪金矿区地表及井下不同类型的较新鲜围岩、蚀变岩和矿石以及地表1∶20000面积性土壤采样,分析29项微量元素,从岩石和土壤两种采样介质来确定槐树坪金矿床的地球化学找矿指示元素。一方面基于较新鲜围岩的元素含量特征确定每个微量元素在该区岩石中的异常下限,进而分别计算了蚀变岩和矿石中微量元素平均含量与异常下限的比值,即异常衬度。按照异常衬度大于1.4的标尺确定了蚀变岩与矿石中明显富集的微量元素组合。另一方面,基于Au与28项微量元素在较新鲜围岩、蚀变岩、矿石三种介质中含量关系散点图直观确定了指示金成矿的微量元素组合。综合二者确定出槐树坪金矿区岩石地球化学找矿的指示元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Sn、Mo、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Nb计13项。针对地表1∶20000面积性土壤调查,采用上述岩石中异常衬度为1.4作为土壤异常下限绘制了槐树坪金矿区微量元素的地球化学异常剖析图,以槐树坪金矿区已探明鸡公山一带的主成矿段为模型确定了土壤地球化学找矿的指示元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、B计11项。综合上述结果认为在找矿指示元素组合方面土壤对岩石具有明显的继承性。基于岩石与土壤介质中共同的10项找矿指示元素,构建了归一化的综合异常指标,以鸡公山矿段为标准对整个槐树坪矿区进行了综合评价,发现槐树坪矿区内马蹄沟、秦佛爷沟、姜疙瘩和天坪西4处具有类似鸡公山矿段的找矿潜力。     

藏东达翁金矿区土壤地球化学特征与找矿潜力研究

藏东达翁金矿区位于班公湖-怒江成矿带东段,其成矿地质背景和成矿地质条件优越。为研究该矿区找矿潜力,利用SPSS软件对1∶10000土壤地球化学测量获得的Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sb、Mo、W、Bi等10种元素数据进行多元统计分析,运用元素异常NAP值累加方法和组合元素NAP值异常评序方法分别对各元素的成矿潜力及综合异常的找矿潜力进行评价。结果表明：区内矿化与中酸性岩浆热液有关,Pb、As、Sb、Ag、Bi是矿化体前缘晕指示元素,Au是主成矿元素,W是近矿指示元素,Cu、Mo是矿化体尾晕指示元素;Au的成矿潜力最大,Bi、Mo成矿潜力较大,Sb、Ag有一定的成矿潜力;区内共圈定土壤地球化学综合异常5个,其中HS-1综合异常找矿潜力最大,其次是HS-4综合异常。结合成矿地质特征和异常查证结果认为,区内具有寻找隐爆角砾岩型金矿、斑岩型钼金矿的巨大潜力及热液型银锑铋多金属矿的较大潜力。     

西藏浪卡子也金嘎波金矿地球化学异常特征及勘查标志

也金嘎波金矿位于冈底斯成矿带上。该矿是在区域化探发现Au、As、Ag等多元素组合异常的基础上,通过矿点检查、异常查证和地质普查等工作新发现的、具较大规模的热液型金矿床。Au元素为区域、矿区成矿指示元素,伴生元素有W、As、Sb、Ag、Bi、Pb、Hg、Mo等。金矿体受构造—岩浆岩带控制,围岩蚀变主要为硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化、高岭土化。该金矿床的发现对在高寒山区应用地球化学方法寻找新的金矿具有指导意义。     

甘肃省合作市早子沟金矿原生晕三维特征及深部找矿预测

为了评价早子沟金矿深部找矿潜力和找矿方向,以早子沟金矿61个钻孔为研究对象,对矿体出露较厚大的70勘查线原生晕数据进行多元统计分析和三维空间分布特征研究。研究表明:(1)相关分析和聚类分析结果反映,与主成矿元素Au相关性最密切的元素为As、Ag;(2)原生晕的形态特征和空间分布特征显示,矿体原生晕发育,且分带明显,矿床的前缘晕元素为As、Sb、Hg,近矿晕元素为Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn,尾晕元素为W、Mo、Bi;(3)对原生晕数据进行三维插值分析,构建了早子沟金矿各元素原生晕三维模型。Au、As、Sb、Ag等指示元素和As+Sb/Au+Ag元素异常累加比值的异常模型显示,在2500 m以浅,异常规模较小;在2500 m以深,异常规模呈现出向深部越来越大,且延伸稳定。结合异常元素的空间分布特征,提出早子沟金矿78～85勘查线2000 m以深仍有较大的找矿潜力。     

玲珑金矿大开头矿区47号脉微量元素特征

选择胶东玲珑金矿典型矿体47号脉为研究对象,应用基岩地球化学方法,测试微量元素含量,研究微量元素与金的相关关系、计算微量元素的浓集系数并确定其轴向分带,探讨微量元素对深部金成矿的指示意义,期待能对玲珑金矿深部找矿提供一些参考.初步认识如下:矿区金矿体的最佳指示元素依次为Au、Ag、Bi、As、Cu、Co、Mo、Sb;金矿体的轴向分带序列从上到下依次为As、Pb、Ag、Cu、Hg、Sb、Mo、Ni、Th、V、U、Mn、Zn、Bi、Co、Au;矿体中Au、Bi、Ag、As富集系数大,Cu、Co富集系数中等,而Zn在矿体中相对亏损.研究结果表明,在深部47号矿体仍有较好的成矿前景.     

内蒙古野狼沟锌多金属矿床地球化学异常特征及找矿意义

运用1∶5万水系沉积物测量方法,在野狼沟圈出Ag、Mo、Zn、W、As、Sb、Bi、Au、Cu等组合异常,其中Ag、Mo、Zn、W、As、Sb异常峰值较高,吻合程度较好,有一定连续性。该组合异常受断裂、褶皱构造复合控制明显,尤以断裂构造蚀变带的发育为特征,在构造蚀变带部位,成矿元素异常峰值较高。指示元素岩石地球化学异常面积不大,但成矿元素强度高。在野狼沟地区,主成矿元素Zn的Zn11原生晕面积约0.11 km2,Zn含量几何平均值为1 368.51×10-6,有3个连续样品中w(Zn)>3 000×10-6,为矿致异常。Zn、Ag、As指示元素在矿带上形成较大规模和连续性较好的原生地球化学异常,对成矿成晕研究和主成矿金属元素远景预测很有意义。     

西藏浪卡子县也金嘎波金矿岩石地球化学特征

也金嘎波金矿位于冈底斯成矿带上,是对区域化探发现的Au、As多元素组合异常进行追踪发现的,属于热液型金矿床。矿区各类岩石Au、As、Sb、W、Hg、Ag、Bi、Pb元素平均值高于中国丰度值数倍以上,表明矿区具有丰富的物质来源基础。岩石地球化学研究证明,矿床地表发育Au、As、Sb等10多个元素组合异常。其中Au是成矿指示元素,As、Sb、W是密切伴生元素,Bi、Ag、Pb、Hg是一般的伴生元素。多元素组合异常浓度带发育,浓集中心互相套合叠置部位指示金矿(化)体位置。矿体指示元素(Au、As、Sb、W、Hg、Bi、Ag、Pb)异常分布在岩体、地层接触带和构造交汇处,显示金矿与岩浆活动、热液作用和断裂构造相关,属多次构造作用、岩浆热液叠加富集而成。该金矿床处在冈底斯成矿带内,此研究对该成矿带金异常的识别和查证,寻找新的金矿具有借鉴意义。     

招远大尹格庄金矿床微量元素特征及其意义

该文以山东招远大尹格庄金矿床中微量元素为研究对象,通过对矿床围岩、矿石等微量元素的研究,表明大尹格庄金矿围岩中微量元素以富含 Bi,Au,Pb,W,Ag,Sn 为特点,矿体和矿化体中元素组合为 Au,Ag,As,Sb,Hg,B, Cu,Zn,Bi,Mo,Mn,Co,Ni,W。在5个成矿阶段中,第二阶段与第三阶段微量元素的富集程度较明显,表现为 Au, Ag,As,Co,Bi,Cu,Pb,Zn 等的富集,成矿元素可分为2个分带序列,主成矿元素为 Au Ag Cu Pb Zn Bi 组合、头晕元素 As Sb Hg 组合和尾晕元素 Co Ni 组合。     

河南省嵩县萑香洼金矿矿床地球化学特征

莅香洼金矿发育有与金矿关系密切的地球化学异常,Au及相关元素的平均含量从安山岩→蚀变安山岩→蚀变岩→矿化蚀变岩呈几何级数递增。沿F985构造蚀变带走向,Pb、Ag与Au的组合异常通常与金的矿体晕分布一致,而As、Sb组合则更多反映了矿体前缘晕的组合特点,沿倾向,Au及相关元素自浅而深具有分段富集特征,并在1023m标高和976m标高构成二个浓集中心。其理想的元素轴向分带序列为：前缘晕As、Sb—Ba,矿体晕Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo,矿尾晕（Cu、Mo）-（Co、Ni、Bi）。文章在前人研究的基础上,系统总结了莅香洼金矿床的地球化学特征,总结了构造蚀变岩型金矿床的地球化学找矿标志,建立了萑香洼金矿床的地球化学找矿模型。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。