对青海省矿产资源勘查的思考

随着经济全球化的发展,我国矿产资源勘查开发和地勘行业的发展问题凸现出来.面对严峻的挑战和难得的机遇,如何趋利避害,实施安全有效的紧缺矿产资源勘查战略成为重大研究课题.文章以青海省为例,通过分析相关因素并结合国家西部大开发战略的实施,探讨我国西部地区紧缺矿产资源开发利用的相关问题.     

青海省矿产资源与进一步开发设想

矿产资源是地球赐予人类的宝贵财产,我国95%的能源和80%的原材料来源于矿产资源。随着国家经济战略目标向中西部倾斜,特别是青海省把资源开发当做振兴青海经济的“突破口”后,实施了“加快资源开发,振兴青海经济”的发展战略,制订了一系列开发矿     

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9月8日,由国土资源部科技与国际合作司、辽宁省国土资源厅共同主办,国土资源部人力资源开发中心承办的境外勘查开发矿产资源培训研讨班在沈阳开班。省国土资源厅副厅长张志敏出席开班仪式并致辞。本次培训班旨在帮助辽宁省地勘行业深化对实施矿产资源“走出去”战略的认识,增进对境外矿产资源勘查开发相关信息、政策的了解,提振境外找矿的信心,有效推进矿产资源“走出去”战略的实施。     

甘肃省实施新一轮找矿突破战略行动的几点思考

本文从矿产资源现状、地质勘查进展及矿业勘查开发等方面研究了甘肃省矿产资源及勘查开发基本情况。认为本省成矿背景优越,矿产资源丰富,地质勘查稳步推进,矿业开发持续向好。同时也分析了当下本省地质找矿工作程度低、找矿空间不断压缩以及找矿主力军的作用发挥不够等制约新一轮找矿突破战略行动实施的主要问题。提出了加强理论指导与科技创新、强化基础地质调查、推动矿产资源勘查、推进勘查成果转化、加强矿政管理、坚持绿色勘查开发及注重专业人才培养等推进新一轮找矿突破战略行动的若干建议。     

战略性关键矿产勘查现状与对策：以青海省为例

关键矿产是指当前和未来相当长时间内现代社会可持续发展所必需、但在稳定供给方面存在高风险的战略性资源,主要包括稀土、稀有、稀散金属等“三稀矿产”,铬、锰、钛、钴、镍、钒等其他战略性金属矿产,以及晶质石墨、萤石、滑石、硼等战略性非金属矿产.青海省的关键矿产种类丰富,矿床成因类型多样,资源潜力大.未来要聚焦关键金属元素超常富集基础地质理论研究和找矿勘查实践,加强青海省关键矿产成矿条件、成矿规律、关键金属元素的地球化学行为和元素超常富集机制等方面的研究,查明关键金属元素赋存状态,提高关键矿产资源利用率,减少环境污染,提升矿产资源勘查开发利用水平.立足国际国内关键矿产资源形势,以青海省为例提出了全面提升对战略性矿产的管理、勘查、开发和综合利用水平及保障矿产资源安全的思考和建议.     

基于生态保护优先的青藏高原矿产资源勘查开发的对策

青藏高原矿产资源开发在地区经济社会发展中具有支柱性地位,是中国重要的矿产资源后备开发及战略基地,但同时又是中国重要的生态环境屏障,资源开发与生态环境保护成为重大的资源环境问题。通过矿山地质环境调查发现,由于以往环境保护意识不足等多种因素的综合影响,矿产资源勘查开发对高原植被生态影响严重,高山草甸植被保护与修复成为青藏高原矿山最主要、最突出的环境问题。基于寒冷、缺氧、少土、交通不便等制约性自然因素,提出了源头优先保护生态的矿产资源勘查开发的对策建议:提高青藏高原矿山准入条件、构建基于源头生态保护的机制、制定开发利用规划、基于矿山地质环境承载力评价的矿山布局、建立勘查及合理开发的矿产资源储备基地、建立矿山生态环境长期监测网、推广高原植被生态修复技术体系等,为政府科学决策矿产资源绿色勘查开发提供地质依据。     

沂水县稳步推进矿产资源勘查开发新模式

近年来,沂水县积极推进市场化配置资源,合理勘查开发矿产资源,提高资源开发规模化、集约化和综合利用水平,稳步推进矿产资源勘查开发新模式建设,目前,已完成新设矿权前期准备工作。沂水县立足保护战略性矿产资源工作实际,积极实施矿产资源规划,严格执行矿业权设置方案制定,合理勘查开发矿产资源,提高资源开发的规模化、集约化和综合利用水平,加强对采矿权人矿山开采活动的监督管理;组织开展矿产开发利用年度检查;组织开展部省市级矿产资源节约与综合利用专项项目实施的督促检查。     

初论金属矿床勘查开发前景评估体系

矿产资源是现代社会发展的重要资源保障和必要物质基础,对其进行勘查开发不可避免地会对生态环境产生一定的干扰。明确矿产资源勘查开发带来的实际价值,量化生态环境影响,构建金属矿床类型-社会经济效益-生态环境影响“三位一体”的勘查开发前景评估体系,不仅能够促进矿产资源与生态环境保护协同发展,而且也是推动解决矿产资源开发与生态环境保护之间矛盾的基础。本文总结了当前金属矿床勘查开发社会经济效益以及生态环境影响评估的研究现状,分析了从社会效益、经济效益和国家资源经济安全等方面进行矿产资源社会经济效益评估的重要性,重点阐述了金属矿床勘查开发生态环境影响特点、环境影响评价的单因素和多因素评价方法以及生态破坏成本评估。通过指标提取和筛选,初步建立了一个金属矿床勘查开发前景评估指标体系框架,为实现全面定量分析待开发矿床的生态损害和矿床价值奠定了基础。并从矿床所在的区域、矿床类型以及多学科融合的评价指标体系构建等三个方面对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

固体矿产绿色勘查钻探技术方法探索与实践

西安矿产资源调查中心针对现有固体矿产地质调查（勘查）项目,积极探索和实践绿色地质勘查工作技术方法,因地制宜应用全液压履带钻机、便携式模块化钻机实施“一基多孔”,采用背包钻实施“以钻代槽”,通过优选环保型冲洗液,净化处理废弃冲洗液,控制临时占地规模等具体措施。与传统机场规格相比占地面积减少了80%~85%,临时便道修筑减少了60%~65%,工后复垦复绿达到了80%以上。通过绿色勘查成本费用分析,人员、临时用地（青苗）补偿、绿色环保材料及复垦复绿等费用成本总和降低了40%左右。最后探索实践了绿色勘查工作保障措施,对下一步绿色勘查工作提出了建议,为加强绿色勘查工作理念、完善相关的制度法规、激发绿色勘查工作活力提供了积极的导向。     

四川省矿产资源勘查开发基地划分与评价

结合四川省第三轮矿产资源规划编制的需求,从地质工作程度、矿产资源要素、开发条件要素、社会经济要素和生态环境要素等5个因素划分了四川矿产资源勘查开发基地,并构建了勘查开发基地的评价指标体系,采用综合指数法对划分出的27个四川矿产资源勘查开发基地进行了评价,依据评价结果分为建设型、生产型和后备型三类。本文定性与定量分析相结合的方法,研究成果以期对四川省矿产资源勘查开发基地的划分提供支撑。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997