河北省输电线路冰害的气象要素时空分布特征

冰害是电网的主要气象灾害之一,电线积冰与雾凇和雨凇密切相关。利用1980—2009年河北省142个气象观测站的雾凇、雨凇日数和20个气象站的电线积冰、相对湿度、气温、风速及站点海拔高度,以及近年来输电线路冰害事故和附近区域站同期气温、相对湿度、风速等资料,采用逐步回归等统计分析方法,对雾凇、雨凇和电线积冰的时空分布特征、冰害与气象要素的关系进行分析,并构建电线积冰的逐步回归预报模型。结果表明:1980—2009年,河北省雾凇和电线积冰日数均呈现先升后降的阶段性变化特征,1980年代末至1990年代中期为一高峰期,而雨凇日数年变化特征不明显;在空间上,雾凇、雨凇多出现在平原地区,雨凇中心比雾凇中心更偏东。电线积冰与雾凇、雨凇以及站点海拔高度密切相关,相关系数分别为0.988 5、0.760 6、-0.601 8,但仅雾凇日数和站点海拔高度被引入电线积冰日数预报方程。对河北省电线线路冰害事故分析发现,当气温低于3℃时,导线可能出现舞动;导线舞动或冰闪时的相对湿度都在60%以上,舞动时风速大于5 m·s~(-1)。     

山西省不同重现期下电线覆冰厚度空间分布及区划

利用山西省18个积冰站电线积冰观测资料和91个气象站常规观测资料,采用逐步回归分析方法,针对不同气候区分别构建电线覆冰设计冰厚的气象估算模型,推算各站30 a、50 a、100 a重现期下的设计冰厚。在此基础上,结合DEM数据和电网运行覆冰观测资料,对设计冰厚进行地形订正和易冰区微地形运行经验修正,最终得到山西省电网电线覆冰厚度空间分布及区划结果。结果表明:(1)山西省电线覆冰的设计冰厚整体与气温、相对湿度、风速、水汽压等密切相关,其中高山区的设计冰厚还与降水量、日照时数关系密切,且受连续3 d的气象条件影响,而丘陵和平原区则与当日和前一日或前二日的气象条件密切相关;(2)构建的分区设计冰厚气象估算模型对各气候区的覆冰厚度模拟效果较好,估算偏差五台山前约2 mm,其余地区小于1.2 mm;(3)地形订正后的结果更为合理地反映山西省各重现期下电线覆冰厚度的空间特征,即覆冰厚度随纬度降低而减小,中、重冰区主要分布在恒山、五台山、管涔山、吕梁山、太岳山和太行山等高海拔地区,而沿黄河一带和盆地为轻冰区,且盆地覆冰最轻;(4)易覆冰区经运行经验修正后,其覆冰厚度能够更加精确表达局部微地形区覆冰真实情况,这对电力部门具有实际参考价值。     

中国冰冻天气的气候特征

研究冰冻天气的空间分布和变化规律对于冰冻灾害的预测、预估以及防灾减灾具有重要意义。利用1961—2008年603个站点雾凇和雨凇天气现象资料,283个站点的电线覆冰资料,采用计算多年平均值、标准冰厚转换、EOF以及求趋势变化等方法,研究了我国冰冻天气的空间分布和气候变化特征。结果表明:全国大部分地区都有冰冻天气出现;雾凇主要出现在北方地区,雨凇主要出现在南方。年冰冻日数随海拔高度增加而增加,但海拔3100 m高度以上冰冻日数较少。冰冻厚度较大的地区位于东北东南部、华北东部、西北地区东南部、西南地区东部、江南东北部。在全球气候变暖背景下,我国大部分地区冰冻天气发生频次减少,但强度增强。     

南岳电线积冰标准冰厚气候特征

利用1957~2012年南岳高山观测站逐日覆冰资料,对南岳覆冰标准厚度和覆冰日数的时间演变、突变和周期变化进行分析,并推算出南岳各重现期的标准冰厚,结果表明:1)南岳南北向和东西向标准冰厚年代际变化非常相似,呈现偏大—偏小—偏大—偏小—偏大的年代际变化;冰冻日数在20世纪60年代中后期之前,90年代中后期之后冰冻日数偏少,60年代中后期到90年代中后期冰冻日数偏多。2)冰冻在1~4月、10~12月均有发生,其中1月出现天数最多,占全年的31.8%。3)滑动t检验分析发现,南岳东西向和南北向标准冰厚在20世纪60年代末有减小的突变,冰冻日数在近56年没有出现明显突变。4)Morlet小波和小波功率谱分析发现,南北向和东西向标准冰厚存在显著的2~3年、4~6年振荡周期;冰冻日数存在显著的2~4年、5~7年振荡周期。5)基于Pearson III型概率分布统计发现,各重现期东西向标准冰厚均较南北向标准冰厚要大,其中20年一遇南北向和东西向标准冰厚分别为76.33、85.22 mm,10年一遇南北向和东西向标准冰厚分别为60.86、69.57 mm。6)分析气象要素对覆冰的影响发现,覆冰期气温较无覆冰期要低,相对湿地要大,能见度要小,覆冰期风向以偏北风为准,无覆冰期风向以偏南风为主,覆冰期平均风速较无覆冰期风速要小。     

导线覆冰极值的概率分布模拟及其应用试验

利用南方地区多个气象站和电力部门观冰站的导线覆冰逐日冰厚资料,将广义极值分布和广义帕雷托分布引入导线覆冰的概率模型研究中,通过超门限覆冰次数的泊松分布拟合检验,结合H ill图解,提出了基于超门限峰值法门限值的确定方法;对两种分布在导线覆冰极值模型拟合的适用性研究表明,广义帕雷托分布对各站覆冰冰厚极值的拟合精度最高;重现期冰厚极值估计随样本长度的变化分析表明,广义帕雷托分布模型极值估计的稳定性比广义极值分布强,一般样本容量达到25 a左右时,广义帕雷托分布重现期冰厚极值的估计趋于稳定,可以作为短序列下估计导线覆冰极值的较好方法。     

粤北地区导线覆冰气象特征与标准厚度推算

利用广东省乐昌高山气象站1972—1978年观冰资料和气候资料,分析了粤北地区导线覆冰的气象特征,建立了导线覆冰标准冰厚的气象推算模型。根据乐昌国家气象站的历史资料,对乐昌高山气象站的气候资料进行订正延长,构建了乐昌高山气象站覆冰年极值长年代序列,并推算出离地不同高度各重现期的标准冰厚值。结果表明,粤北地区导线覆冰主要发生在1月,其次为2月和12月,平均覆冰期在90天左右,最长覆冰期可达131天以上。主导风向、日最低气温、日降水量是影响导线覆冰厚度的主要气象因素。标准冰厚的年极值序列服从极值I型概率分布,历史上的最大导线覆冰值出现在2008年1月26日,2m高度标准冰厚达64.4mm,15m高度标准冰厚达92.7mm,与2008年冰灾实况调查的覆冰厚度(标准冰厚)115mm较为接近。     

黄山光明顶雪,雨凇和雾凇的气候特征研究

本文用黄山1956—1996年气象资料,比较详细地分析讨论黄山雪、雨凇和雾凇的气候特征,结果表明：（1）年降雪日数、雨凇日数和雾凇日数均为一多波振动的时间演变规律,年际变化具有阶段性,并存在准12年周期的低频振荡。（2）10月到次年5月都有降雪、积雪、雨凇和雾凇出现,冬季出现日数最多;3月比冬季略少,但雨凇日数多于12月．（3）降雪最早初日为9月17日,最迟终日5月26日;积雪、雨凇和雾凇最早初日在10月,最迟终日在5月上、中旬。（4）日最大纯降雪量为30．0mm,出现在3月中旬;电线积冰量大重量为12148g／m,出现在12月。（5）雨凇保持阶段的气温在-4．5—0．8℃之间,比雾凇和雨雾凇高,次数按风向分布也无明显差异;雾凇和雨雾凇在NW风向附近次数最多。     

陕西省电线积冰特征

选用陕西省宝鸡、华山、洛川、吴旗、榆林5站1980—2005年电线积冰观测资料, 分析了陕西省雨凇、雾凇及混合凇的分布特征与物理特性。结果表明:陕西省华山电线积冰最多、最大、最重。电线积冰以雨凇最多, 雾凇次之, 混合凇最少, 分别占55.2%, 27.9%和16.9%。各地积冰日多出现在11月至次年3月。雨凇、雾凇、混合凇的平均等效直径为10~25 mm, 极大值为78 mm; 平均质量为86~236 g/m; 华山积冰质量极值最大, 为1290 g/m; 积冰平均密度为0.22~0.34 g/cm 3, 混合凇最大, 雾凇最小。南北向等效直径的平均值、积冰质量、密度均大于东西向。近26年, 年最大积冰质量有增加的趋势。     

电线积冰若干小气候特征的探讨

本文根据电线积冰形成的理论,利用我国迄今唯一专设的电线积冰观测站的资料,探讨了雨凇、雾凇和混合积冰的冰厚随距地高度的变化,风与电线交角和冰厚的关系,冰厚和电线直径的关系。     

基于常规气象资料的小时标准冰厚模型及验证

在综合考虑雨凇和雾凇积冰增长以及热力融冰和升华脱冰的基础上,建立了一个基于常规气象资料的小时标准冰厚模型。模拟2008年和2013年浙江省两次严重电网覆冰灾害期间的标准冰厚,并用事故线路调查资料、电线积冰观测站和模拟导线拉力监测点的观测资料进行验证分析。结果显示:事故线路的最大标准冰厚观测值与模拟值相关关系达到0.01显著性水平,电线积冰观测站的日标准冰厚观测值与模拟值的平均绝对偏差小于0.6 mm,模拟导线拉力监测点的小时标准冰厚模拟值与观测值的决定系数为0.8093,均方根误差为0.8 mm。说明模型比较准确地描述了天气过程对电线积冰的影响,能够较好地反映标准冰厚的空间分布规律和时间变化特征。     

1987—2016年安徽省暑期体感温度时空变化特征

基于安徽省1987-2016年81个国家站暑期7、8月逐日平均气温、最高最低气温差、平均相对湿度和平均风速,计算各站点体感温度,并分析其逐年变化特征。联合站点体感温度和DEM地形数据,建模并给出体感温度的空间分布;依据舒适度划分等级,得到安徽省暑期舒适度空间分布。结果表明:(1)安徽省近30 a暑期体感温度呈波动上升趋势;与平均气温、平均相对湿度呈正相关,与最高最低气温差、平均风速呈负相关;平均气温、平均相对湿度的上升,高低温差、平均风速的下降,使得体感温度呈上升趋势,其气候倾向率(0.0224℃·a^-1)略高于平均气温的气候倾向率(0.016℃·a^-1)。(2)体感温度随地形变化特征显著。沿淮部分地区与沿江大部平原地区普遍超过29.0℃;受海拔、植被覆盖、地形遮蔽效应影响,大别山、皖南山区大部体感温度低于27.0℃。(3)沿淮淮北、江淮大部、沿江等平原地区多为"较不舒适"地区;大别山、皖南山区均包含"最舒适"、"舒适"和"较舒适"地区。山区地形遮蔽效应与高植被覆盖为安徽省避暑旅游提供了良好的区域气候条件。     

古建筑防雷设计的探讨

对于古建筑防雷,只有有效防止其受到直击雷的损害,才能最大程度保护古建筑,减少遭受雷击的可能性。结合实际工作经验,分析总结了古建筑防雷的基本原则,并结合某古建筑防雷设计案例,详细分析古建筑防雷综合设计,对加强古建筑的防雷工作有一定参考价值。     

黄河源区多、少雪年土壤冻融特征分析

利用2011年10月至2017年12月黄河源区鄂陵湖野外观测数据,对比分析多雪年与少雪年土壤冻结与消融时间、土壤温湿度、地表能量分量的变化特征。结果表明:多雪年地表反照率偏高,净辐射偏低,地表感热输送偏低,土壤由热“源”转为热“汇”的时间晚于少雪年。积雪可减少土壤吸收辐射能量,减少地表感热通量,在土壤完全冻结期与消融期增大地表潜热通量,在完全冻结期,减少土壤向大气的热输送,在消融期,减少大气向土壤的热输送。积雪在冻结期有降温作用,使得多雪年土壤较早发生冻结,且同一时期土壤温度偏低;在完全冻结期有保温作用,使得土壤温度偏高;在消融期有保温(“凉”)作用,使得消融较晚,且同一时期土壤温度偏低。在整个积雪年内,多雪年浅层土壤湿度高于少雪年,积雪对浅层土壤有保湿作用。积雪使土壤开始冻结时间有所提前,开始消融的时间有所滞后,可延长该年土壤完全冻结持续天数。     

Characteristics of ionic components in precipitation in Kitakyushu City,Japan

Precipitation samples were collected by filtrating bulk sampler in Kitakyushu City, Japan, from January 1988 to December 1990. Volume weighted annual mean of pH was 4.93, but the pH distribution indicated that most probable value lay in the range pH 6.0–6.4. Volume weighted annual mean concentrations of major ionic components were as follows; SO ₄ ^2– : 84.2, NO ₃ ^– : 28.1, Cl^–: 86.3, NH ₄ ⁺ : 45.5, Ca²⁺: 63.3, Mg²⁺: 27.0, K⁺: 3.4, Na⁺: 69.0 µ eq l^–1. The highest concentrations of these ionic components were observed in winter and the lowest occurred in the rainy season. The ratio of ex-SO ₄ ^2– /NO ₃ ^– exhibited the lowest ratio in summer, and the highest ratio in winter. Good correlations were obtained between Cl^– and Na⁺, ex-SO ₄ ²⁺ and ex-Ca²⁺, NO ₃ ^– and ex-Ca²⁺, and NH ₄ ⁺ and ex-SO ₄ ^2– , respectively. However, no correlation between Cl^– and Na⁺ with Ca²⁺ was observed. The relationship of H⁺ with (ex-SO ₄ ^2– + NO ₃ ^– ) - (ex-Ca²⁺ + NH ₄ ⁺ ) indicated positive correlation.     

Nitrogen and sulfur species in Antarctic aerosols at Mawson,Palmer Station,and Marsh (King George Island)

High volume bulk aerosol samples were collected continuously at three Antarctic sites: Mawson (67.60° S, 62.50° E) from 20 February 1987 to 6 January 1992; Palmer Station (64.77° S, 64.06° W) from 3 April 1990 to 15 June 1991; and Marsh (62.18° S, 58.30° W) from 28 March 1990, to 1 May 1991. All samples were analyzed for Na⁺, SO ₄ ^2– , NO ₃ ^– , methanesulfonate (MSA), NH ₄ ⁺ ,²¹⁰Pb, and⁷Be. At Mawson for which we have a multiple year data set, the annual mean concentration of each species sometimes vary significantly from one year to the next: Na⁺, 68–151 ng m^–3; NO ₃ ^– , 25–30 ng m^–3; nss SO ₄ ^2– , 81–97 ng m^–3; MSA, 19–28 ng m^–3; NH ₄ ⁺ , 16–21 ng m^–3;²¹⁰Pb, 0.75–0.86 fCi m^–3. Results from multiple variable regression of non-sea-salt (nss) SO ₄ ^2– with MSA and NO ₃ ^– as the independent variables indicates that, at Mawson, the nss SO ₄ ^2– /MSA ratio resulting from the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) is 2.80±0.13, about 13% lower than our earlier estimate (3.22) that was based on 2.5 years of data. A similar analysis indicates that the ratio at Palmer is about 40% lower, 1.71±0.10, and more comparable to previous results over the southern oceans. These results when combined with previously published data suggest that the differences in the ratio may reflect a more rapid loss of MSA relative to nss SO ₄ ^2– during transport over Antarctica from the oceanic source region. The mean²¹⁰Pb concentrations at Palmer and Marsh and the mean NO ₃ ^– concentration at Palmer are about a factor of two lower than those at Mawson. The²¹⁰Pb distributions are consistent with a²¹⁰Pb minimum in the marine boundary layer in the region of 40°–60° S. These features and the similar seasonalities of NO ₃ ^– and²¹⁰Pb at Mawson support the conclusion that the primary source regions for NO ₃ ^– are continental. In contrast, the mean concentrations of MSA, nss SO ₄ ^2– , and NH ₄ ⁺ at Palmer are all higher than those at Mawson: MSA by a factor of 2; nss SO ₄ ^2– by 10%; and NH ₄ ⁺ by more than 50%. However, the factor differences exhibit substantial seasonal variability; the largest differences generally occur during the austral summer when the concentrations of most of the species are highest. NH ₄ ⁺ /(nss SO ₄ ^2– +MSA) equivalent ratios indicate that NH₃ neutralizes about 60% of the sulfur acids during December at both Mawson and Palmer, but only about 30% at Mawson during February and March.     

Processing of oxidised nitrogen compounds by passage through winter-time orographic cloud

Four case studies are described, from a three-site field experiment in October/November 1991 using the Great Dun Fell flow-through reactor hill cap cloud in rural Northern England. Measurements of total odd-nitrogen nitrogen oxides (NO _y ) made on either side of the hill, before and after the air flowed through the cloud, showed that 10 to 50% of the NO _y , called NO _z , was neither NO nor NO₂. This NO _z failed to exhibit a diurnal variation and was often higher after passage through cloud than before. No evidence of conversion of NO _z to NO₃ ^- in cloud was found. A simple box model of gas-phase chemistry in air before it reached the cloud, including scavenging of NO₃ and N₂O₅ by aerosol of surface area proportional to the NO₂ mixing ratio, shows that NO₃ and N₂O₅ may build up in the boundary layer by night only if stable stratification insulates the air from emissions of NO. This may explain the lack of evidence for N₂O₅ forming NO₃ ^- in cloud under well-mixed conditions in 1991, in contrast with observations under stably stratified conditions during previous experiments when evidence of N₂O₅ was found. Inside the cloud, some variations in the calculated total atmospheric loading of HNO₂ and the cloud liquid water content were related to each other. Also, indications of conversion of NO _x to NO _z were found. To explain these observations, scavenging of NO _x and HNO₂ by cloud droplets and/or aqueous-phase oxidation of NO₂ ^- by nitrate radicals are considered. When cloud acidity was being produced by aqueous-phase oxidation of NO _x or SO₂, NO₃ ^- which had entered the cloud as aerosol particles was liberated as HNO₃ vapour. When no aqueous-phase production of acidity was occurring, the reverse, conversion of scavenged HNO₃ to particulate NO₃ ^-, was observed.     

The role of clouds in tropospheric photochemistry

We show that photochemical processes in the lower half of the troposphere are strongly affected by the presence of liquid water clouds. Especially CH₂O, an important intermediate of CH₄ (and of other hydrocarbon) oxidation, is subject to enhanced breakdown in the aqueous phase. This reduces the formation of HO _x -radicals via photodissociation of CH₂O in the gas phase. In the droplets, the hydrated form of CH₂O, its oxidation product HCO₂ ^–, and H₂O₂ recycle O₂ ^– radicals which, in turn, react with ozone. We show that the latter reaction is a significant sink for O₃. Further O₃ concentrations are reduced as a result of decreased formation of O₃ during periods with clouds. Additionally, NO _x , which acts as a catalyst in the photochemical formation of O₃, is depleted by clouds during the night via scavenging of N₂O₅. This significantly reduces NO _x -concentrations during subsequent daylight hours, so that less NO _x is available for O₃ production. Clouds thus directly reduce the concentrations of O₃, CH₂O, NO _x , and HO _x . Indirectly, this also affects the budgets of other trace gases, such as H₂O₂, CO, and H₂.     

顶点Pk覆盖问题的研究综述

顶点覆盖问题是经典的NP完全问题,在排序、计算机网络等现实生活中有许多的应用.近几年来,许多研究者开始探究它的推广形式——顶点P_k覆盖（VCP_k）问题,即寻找一个顶点子集,从拓扑结构图中删除后使得剩下的顶点导出的子图不包含P_k路,其中P_k是指包含k个顶点的路.本文简单介绍了VCP_k问题的应用背景,归纳了它在近似算法、精确算法、参数化算法3个方面的主要研究进展,并分析了一些主要的方法和技巧.在此基础上,对VCP_k问题及其相关问题的研究前景进行了展望.     

The influence of light intensity,SO2, NOx and C3H6 on sulfate aerosol formation

The photochemical oxidation of SO₂ in the presence of NO and C₃H₆ was studied in a 18.2 liter pyrex reactor. When light intensity, irradiation time and SO₂ concentration were constant, SO₄ ^2- concentration, derived from the total volume of aerosol produced, peaked when [C₃H₆]/[NO] was approximately 6.0. Another increase im SO₄ ^2- formation was reached at very high ratios (>50). The experimental observations are consistent with the two SO₂ oxidation mechanisms. At low [C₃H₆]/[NO] ratios, the processes proceed via the HO–SO₂ reaction, while at high ratios the O₃–C₃H₆ adduct is assumed to oxidize SO₂ to produce SO₄ ^2- aerosols.     

Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals and O3 with Three C7-Carbonyls Formed From The Atmospheric Reactions of Myrcene, Ocimene and Terpinolene

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO₃ radicals and O₃ with the C₇-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH₂=CHC(=CH₂)CH₂CH₂CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH₂=CHC(CH₃)=CHCH₂CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10^–10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10^–13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10^–10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10^–12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10^–10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10^–12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10^–10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10^–12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO₃ radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.