构造动力成矿研究的新进展

近年来,构造动力成矿研究取得了很大的进展：关于矿床的大地构造背景,根据构造与成矿全球变化的系统对比,提出了超大陆旋回对成矿演化的宏观控制,并探讨了成矿作用与地球动力学的关系;四维（元）的、动态的成矿分析成为现代成矿学的发展方向之一;引张、挤压和剪切动力成矿作用是构造动力成矿的基本形式,它们各具特点。此外,在动力成矿机理和动力成矿模式的探索上也取得了一些重要的新认识。这些正促使传统成矿学发生重大变革。     

全球新——中生代构造的基本特征

新编全球新－中生代构造图中清楚显示：（1）洋底增生构造具有不连续性和复杂性，时间上有6个增生阶段；空间上可划分为49个增生单元。（2）存在全球纬向构造系统，突出表现为环太平洋地震与火山带的分段性和大洋底纬向转换断层直接伸入大陆及大陆本身存在众多纬向构造。（3）地球具有反对称性，北半球为全球级挤压带；南半球发育全球性纬向洋脊张裂环。     

成矿系统与矿化网络研究

成矿系统研究体现了系统观和历史观的结合，是现代矿床学的一个发展趋势，本文简要总结了成矿系统及演化论的几个要点，即（1）按构造动力体制划分成矿系统大类；（2）我因耦合，临界转换的成矿作用机理；（3）矿床系列和异常系列构成的矿化网络；（4）矿床形成-变化-保存的演变过程，在此基础上，作者提出矿化网络是在一个成矿系统中形成的诸类矿床和相关异常的时空分布和结构，它是成矿系统的具体内容的表达。对成矿系统的深入研究应从矿化网络入手，着重在以下几个方面；（1）各类矿床的发育程度；（3）各类矿床的空间关系；（3）各类矿床的时间关系；（4）各类矿床的成因联系；（5）各类矿床被改造的情况。这些都是矿床学和找矿预测研究的基础内容。     

拆离构造理论与找矿实践（一）

本世纪８０年代兴起的地学前沿──拆离构造理论，其研究热潮已波及了铀矿地质领域。为了研究应用拆离构造理论，指导找矿实践，应《铀矿地质》编辑部之约撰写本文分几次刊出，内容包括以下方面：（１）拆离构造研究在我国的新进展；（２）拆离构造概念的演生与地球圈层；（３）拆离构造基本含义与相关构造术语；（４）拆离构造形成的动力学讨论；（５）拆离构造的厘定和鉴别；（６）拆离构造的研究方法；（７）拆离构造控矿理论与找矿；（８）拆离构造研究的展望。     

关于大陆构造的思考

大陆动力学与全球动力学是当代地学的重在前沿领域。本文在研究青藏高原与周缘盆地的同步演化规律和综合前人最新研究成果的基础上，分析了大陆构造的１０个基本问题，并进一步阐述了层流构造模式，其内容包括：（１）深部层流导致浅部隆陷；（２）层流隆陷构造系统的物质循环过程；（３）大陆层块结构与地温场，应力场的关系；（４）层流构造的阶段发展与复合叠加；（５）层流构造的深部过程及动力学源，特别强调指出应当区大分陆隆     

秋格时塔什—黄山韧性剪切带构造变形序列

运用构造解析方法和应变测量与显微构造分析方法，研究了秋格明塔什－黄山声望生剪切带的构造样式，建立了其变形序列。该带依次经历了：（１）中深部构造层次的紧闭同斜褶皱作用；（２）中深部构造层次的顺层（片）韧性剪切变形；（３）中部构造层次的右行走滑脆－韧性剪切变形；（４）中浅构造层次的膝折作用。     

藏南喜马拉雅碰撞构造研究综述

藏南喜马拉雅碰撞构造研究综述刘先文，柳平（地球科学系）大陆碰撞是现代大地构造学的重要内容，是岩石圈或地壳增厚与造山运动的一种主要机制。自７０年代后期开始，位于印度和欧亚板块之间东西延绵近２４００ｋｍ的喜马拉雅山脉成为研究大陆碰撞构造的经典地区。喜马拉...     

试论造山带构造地层体的类型及特点--以金沙江造山带为例

根据造山带的地层和构造特点，以构造地层学的观点将造山带地层分为三类：（1）构造混杂型，是由混杂岩组成的混杂堆积，构造作用强烈，原始地层层序无法恢复；（2）构造置换型，地层遭受强烈的褶皱和剪切作用，发生构造置换，原始层序和层理保存不完整；（3）构造岩片型，因逆中推覆作用而将地层分割成许多岩片，岩片内地层相对独立。     

大别高压超高压变质岩的构造学

大别高压超高压变质岩的构造学韦必则（研究生）游振东韩郁菁（导师）通过岩相学、宏微观构造解析，结合变质作用、流体作用、流体包裹体和同位素年代学研究以及构造物理环境分析，本文对大别高压超高压变质岩做了系统的构造学研究，取得的主要认识和研究成果如下．１．大...     

苏北盆地古近纪构造－层序岩相古地理特征与演化

以板块构造学和层序地层学理论为指导思想，把苏北盆地古近纪划分为3个构造-层序，分别为古新世（TS1）、始新世（TS2）和渐新世（TS3）构造-层序。在此基础上，以构造-层序界面和最大洪泛面为界，以湖盆扩张体系域和湖盆收缩体系域为编图单元．编制了苏北盆地古近纪各地质时期的构造-层序岩相古地理图，探讨了各构造-层序岩相古地理特征及演化．为该地区油气勘探有利区块的预测和评价提供了更为可靠的依据。     

黄土高原及邻区新构造与新构造运动

中国黄土高原及邻区可划分为六个构造地块和构造接合带,其中央主体部分为一具中等强度活动性的环状构造,2.4Ma以来垂直运动幅度为930—1000m,平均速率为0.39—0.42mm/a。新构造运动可划分为四个主旋回、三个主幕。1.67MaB.P.前后构造应力场由近南北向转为近东西向。黄土-古土壤系列和水系沉积物-古土壤系列可作为新构造运动新的时间标尺。     

北京西山新构造运动的分期

根据北京西山若干新构造运动的标志及其地质年代测定资料，将该区新构造运动划分为“喜山期”和“西山期”两个阶段及其相应的１５个新构造幕（Ｈ１—Ｈ５和Ｗ１—Ｗ１０）。新生代以来，西山区新构造运动以不均衡的垂向差异性上升运动为主，兼有掀斜运动、断裂运动和水平运动。地壳运动以总体隆升背景上的脉动升降为特点．     

黄河兰州谷地新构造运动的初步研究

通过分析新构造运动在黄河兰州谷地的表现,证明自上新世末以来本区新构造运动强烈,相继发生过3次主要构造事件,制约和影响黄河兰州谷地的形成、发育及环境演变。新构造运动以脉动式整体抬升和差异式断块运动的方式活动,使本区自2.4Ma以来上升约800m。由于特定的地貌位置和特殊的区域地质构造,本区新构造运动完全受制于青藏高原阶段性强烈隆起。     

Comparison of recent crustal movements with quaternary movements in japan and its plate-tectonic implication

Recent crustal movements may be classified into two categories: one being associated with major earthquakes and the other being creep deformations without a direct association with any major earthquake. The spatial distribution of the rate of creep deformation during the last 70 years as detected by the precise re-leveling, shows a similar configuration on a map to the distribution of amount of Quaternary vertical movements, throughout the Japanese Islands with the exception of Hokkaido.Comparison of the rate of recent movement with the total amount of Quaternary movement suggests the following two interpretations, which have the advantage of simplicity compared with other possibilities:

1. (1) The rate of the recent movements is four times larger than the average rate for the Quaternary.

2. (2) If the rate of crustal movements is almost uniform as most of creep deformations can be shown to be, then the Quaternary movements must have started about 0.5 million years ago.

Nevertheless, the author suggested in 1967, that the active period of Quaternary tectonic movements might have begun about one million years ago. This suggestion was based upon the measurement of the total amount of movement compared with the rate of movement as detected from the deformation of late Quaternary terraces. These tectonic movements, naturally include the crustal movements associated with major earthquakes.

It is highly probable that the movements associated with major earthquakes and the creep deformations not directly associated with major earthquakes became active at the same time. If so, a third interpretation could be advanced:

3. (3) The rate of the recent creep deformations is about twice the average, and the crustal movements in the Japanese Islands commenced their active period about one million years ago.

On the basis of a bend in the hot-spot trace along the Hawaiian volcanic chain, the Pacific plate seems to have changed the position of its rotation axis and its angular velocity about one million years ago. The agreement of both of these dates with the increasing rates of activity suggests that the Quaternary tectonic movement in Japan was activated by the change in the pole of rotation of the Pacific plate which took place at about one million years ago and in doing so caused the bend in the eastern end of the Hawaiian island chain.     

On tectonophysical interpretation of recent vertical crustal movements

Recent crustal movements are components and the direct continuation of some neotectonic movements i.e. the Neogene-Quaternary stage of the earth's development. According to geodetic and oceanographic data these crustal movements are constantly taking place everywhere on the continents and probably on the ocean floor. Their velocity and velocity gradients are certainly different on platforms from that in orogenic regions. Orogenic regions are characterized by higher velocity, varying from several mm to several cm per year, and to an even greater degree by the different character of the movement. The velocity gradient in these regions reaches values of 10^?6–10^?5/year.A peculiar indication of recent movements is their irregularity in time. Periodic movements are typical for platforms; orogenic regions are characterized by sharp increases in velocity by 1–2 orders of magnitude and their gradients by 2–3 orders, close to the time occurrence of earthquakes.The deep processes generating the measured recent crustal movements are manifested also in earthquakes, the state of stress of rocks and anomalies of gravitational and other fields. Thus estimations of recent tectonic activity should be based on the whole complex of quantitative data, such as the velocity and velocity gradients of recent movements, values of stress in mines, and seismicity.To study the deep processes causing the present tectonic activity, it is necessary to determine the types of crustal deformation occurring in different geotectonic regions. The relationships between recent movements and the distribution of earthquakes in the regions with a high degree of crustal activity allow to identify four types of movement: pleistoseismic, hyposeismic, kryptoseismic and teleseismic.     

Landforms and Neotectonics in the Equatorial Passive Margin of Brazil

Neotectonic movements have been proposed in the literature in order to explain some landforms of the equatorial passive margin of northeastern Brazil. Its seismo-tectonic activity is concentrated in a few sectors located on or near the coast. Active or recently active structures are mainly identified in Neogene deposits. Identifying a contribution of neotectonics to the morphogeny is difficult in a context where most major morphostructural patterns are explained by Cretaceous tectonics related to oceanic opening and by differential erosion induced by Tertiary epeirogenic uplift. We aim to assess the nature of features considered as possibly neotectonic in origin. Seismogenic faults are not related to significant topographic breaks, except on the coast, where they usually reach only a few meters in height. A study of landforms located near zones of seismo-tectonic activity indicates a possible, probably weak, contribution of neotectonics to the formation of a few high scarps. These scarps occur along or near fault zones reactivated in Cretaceous times. We conclude that neotectonic movements are the result of ongoing deformation along predominantly strike-slip fault zones, with long term deformation rates similar to those recorded by dated landmarks (0.01 mm.yr ^-1). Despite reported deformation rates that can amount in places to 0.4 mm.yr ^-1, neotectonic rates are lower than erosion rates. The consequence is that major structural landforms in the region mainly originated in Cretaceous to early Tertiary events.     

中国大陆现今构造应变率场及其动力学成因研究

通过分析中国大陆地壳运动GPS速度场得到现今构造应变率场。结果显示在印度板块北向推挤作用下 ,青藏高原内部及其邻域形变场并不局限于少数大型走滑断裂 ,而是在大范围内广泛分布 ,各地区构造运动驱动机制也可能各有不同。藏南地区主应变率场呈均衡的约 2× 10 -8a-1南北向挤压和东西向拉张 ,显示印度板块下插造成的地壳增厚和岩石圈拆离可能形成上地壳与上地幔间形变解耦 ,地壳内部在南北向挤压及重力场作用下产生东向塑性流驱使上地壳产生东西向拉张。西藏中部羌塘地区主应变率场显示均衡的约 2× 10 -8a-1北北东向挤压和北西西向拉张 ,反映本地区一系列走向北东和北西的共轭剪切断裂的活动 ,可能源于南北向挤压和软流层内东向塑性流的驱动。柴达木盆地及周边地区主应变率场呈约 2× 10 -8a-1北东向压缩和约 (0 1)× 10 -8a-1北西向拉张 ,表明地壳增厚造成的地壳温度上升可能还不足以造成上下地壳的充分解耦 ,南北向的消减还未能有效地转换成东西向的拉张 ,形变以褶皱和逆冲断裂运动为主。当今青藏高原形变场的形成应是构造运动从南到北阶段性发展过程中地壳与上地幔介质性质差异造成驱动机制不同的结果。     

中国大陆东部新构造期北西向断裂带的初步探讨

前人对中国大陆东部新构造期 (N—Q)活动的北东向断裂 (带 )已有很多研究。笔者根据地震构造、新构造和火山活动等资料并结合Pn波速结构研究结果 ,分析了该区新构造期的北西向活动断裂 ,初步得出 :北西向断裂具有成带性 ,可分 7条北西向断裂带 ;它们有鲜明的新生性 ;均为地壳构造带 ;与北东向断裂带呈共轭关系 ,是在先存构造基础上于新构造应力场作用下正在发育的一套地壳共轭剪切破裂系统。     

青藏高原东部壳幔速度结构和地幔变形场的研究

在青藏高原东部地球动力学问题中,笔者在文中主要考虑与地壳上地幔速度结构和地幔变形场有关的问题,它涉及当前流行的下地壳流动模型和壳-幔的耦合-解耦模型。在2000年完成的穿过川西高原和四川盆地的深地震测深剖面,揭示了川西高原的地壳结构具有地壳增厚(主要是下地壳增厚)、地壳平均速度低等特点,显示地壳的缩短与增厚的碰撞变形特征。根据川西高原上设置各爆炸点的记录截面图共同呈现PmP(莫霍界面反射波)弱能量的特点,推断在川西高原的下地壳介质具有强衰减(Qp=100～300)的性质,支持存在下地壳流动的模型。青藏高原东部和川滇西部地区的上地幔各向异性(SKS波快波偏振方向和快慢波延迟时间)的初步结果表明,这两个地区的壳-幔变形特征是不同的,尽管它们在地理位置上属于同一个板块碰撞带。在青藏高原内部的壳幔变形属于垂直连贯变形,它以缩短为主,而高原外部的地壳(或岩石圈)则相对于其下方地幔运动。在高原内部和外部之间存在一个重要的地幔变形过渡带。然而,高原内部的垂直连贯变形与高原内部存在大范围下地壳流动的模型不一致。笔者在该地区开展了近两年的宽频带流动地震观测,试图从地震记录中确定过渡带的位置和探讨它的流变性质。文中扼要回顾已经取得的结果,并介绍正在进行的研究。     

长春市新构造运动特征

本文主要叙述了研究区内的活动性断裂,第四纪以来形成的褶皱构造,第四纪隆起和拗陷,地震活动,火山活动,河流的迁移,冰期及沉积物,新构造期的地壳运动。长春市新构造运动特征同其他地区一样,具有新构造运动的普遍性、多样性、继承性、不均衡性及间歇性等。