新疆煤田火烧区特征及其勘探灭火问题的探讨

煤田火烧区的存在，给勘探、建井、开矿均带来一定的危害。本文重点论述新疆煤田火烧区的特征，煤田火烧区的危害和煤田火烧区的主要形成因素，经过各种勘探方法的对比，选用地面物探方法（磁法和自然电场法）查清了煤层火烧区的分布范围和煤层地下燃烧状态。物探成果资料经钻孔验证技术效果良好，根据煤层高温燃烧区定期观测剖面测定结果，对新疆煤田火烧区储量的损失作了科学的推算。对煤田高温燃烧区灭火方法作了简要说明，并对灭火效果提出了一定见解。对灭火工程的验收程序提出了合理化建议。     

新疆煤田火烧区特征及灭火问题探讨

煤田火烧区的存在，给勘探、建井、开矿均带来一定的危害。重点论述新疆煤田火烧区的特征、危害和主要形成因素，经过各种勘探方法的对比，选用地面物探方法(磁法和自然电场法)查清了煤层火烧区的分布范围和煤层地下燃烧状态。物探成果资料经钻孔验证技术效果良好，根据煤层高温燃烧区定期观测剖面测定结果，对新疆煤田火烧区储量的损失作了科学的推算。对煤田高温燃烧区灭火方法及灭火工程的验收程序效果提出了合理化建议。     

新疆煤田火烧区特征及防治对策

煤田火烧区的存在，给勘探、建井、开矿带来一定危害。通过对新疆煤田火烧区区域构造和煤层火烧区特征的分析研究，阐明火烧区的主要形成因素，提出了煤田火烧区的防治对策，选用地面物探方法查清火烧区的分布范围和煤层地下燃烧状态。根据煤层高温燃烧区定期观测剖面测定结果，对新疆煤田火烧区储量的损失作了科学的推算，对煤田高温燃烧区灭火方法作简要说明。     

物探技术在煤田火区探测领域的应用

由于煤矿自燃火灾的火源隐蔽,给灭火工作带来困难,因此,控制煤田自燃火灾的关键是准确探测火区范围及燃烧中心,为灭火工作提供依据。采用物探方法进行火区探测,不仅速度快,而且还能够确定火区燃烧中心位置。钻探验证结果表明,依靠磁法确定火区着火点深度误差小于20%。     

放射性氡气测量动态监测煤炭地下气化燃空区

煤炭地下气化是将地下的煤炭进行有控制的燃烧,为了使煤的燃烧和气化得到有效的控制,了解燃烧的火焰工作面的移动速度以及燃空区的范围是致关重要的。唐山刘庄煤矿地下气化区的试验中,分析了放射性测氡法在进行煤炭地下气化监测中确定燃烧火焰工作面的移动速度及以燃空区范围的可行性和有效性,从而提出一些建议。     

综合物探手段在煤田灭火中的作用

新疆是煤田火区最严重的地区，每年烧掉煤炭资源1003万t、严重影响着当地的经济发展和生态环境。为此，新疆综合地质勘查队利用综合物探手段，对煤田火烧区进行勘探，探明火区内的地质构造、火区范围及燃烧深度，为煤田开灭火设计及施工提供必要的地质依据.     

“双碳”背景下我国地下煤火防治技术研究进展

煤炭作为我国主体能源的地位短期内难以改变,在“双碳”目标政策背景下,降低煤炭消费总量及其生产、消费过程中的碳排放强度是实现“双碳”目标的必然选择。地下煤火对资源、环境、经济等造成严重的影响,同时燃烧过程中产生大量CO₂,新时期高效开展煤火防治显得尤为重要。煤火防治是一项复杂的系统工程,为了给地下煤火防治提供决策参考,阐述了目前常用于防治地下煤火的注浆、阻化剂、惰气、胶体等技术的机理、研究进展及优缺点,单一防治技术均有一定的局限性和适用性,今后应重点加强新型灭火技术研发及综合应用、灭火材料、灭火工程设备等方面的攻关研究,不断提高防火技术的有效性、适应性和经济性,以达到保障煤矿安全生产、保护生态环境及早日实现碳中和战略目标。     

地下煤火的探测及防治

地下煤火灾害在世界很多国家普遍存在,我国北方因干旱少雨、地形地貌平缓、煤变质程度低、黄铁矿和镜质组含量高及孔(裂)隙、断层、褶皱等构造发育,导致煤层自燃现象尤为严重,而小煤窑的私挖乱采更是加剧了煤火灾害的发生。基于地下煤火物理特点,目前用于确定煤火位置及范围的探测方法可分为五大类:遥感、物探、化探、热探、钻探。通过分析煤火形成机理、影响因素,探讨,提出了煤火灾害的防治手段:浅层剥离火源、堵漏、灌浆、注水、均压灭火、惰化技术、胶体防灭火。鉴于不同火区、不同发火阶段其表现特征存在差异,指出应根据实际情况选择适用的探测方法,准确探测出火区范围和规模,从而为防、灭火方法提供依据;地下煤火的防治要依据环境、资源条件、火区工程条件来实施,以保证灭火效果。     

煤炭地下气化区高密度三维地震勘探技术研究

地下煤层气化的燃烧范围,气化燃烧热力影响边界、形态、方向,气化区冒落带的发展高度及气化煤层裂隙发育程度,是开展煤炭地下气化工程迫切需要解决的问题。基于煤炭地下气化工程试验区地震地质情况,从地震响应入手,在分析煤炭地下气化后地震波场响应特征的基础上,提出了运用高密度三维地震采集技术结合全三维地震属性解释技术,高精度识别煤炭地下气化燃烧范围、气化热力影响边界的方法。实际勘探成果表明,本方法地震成像清晰,预测精度高,与钻探结果吻合较好。     

宁夏汝箕沟矿区煤层火灾及其治理

汝箕沟矿区生产的优质无烟煤称之为“太西煤”，其特点是特低灰、特低硫、高发热量、工艺性能好，享誉国内外，具有很高的经济价值。火区的存在，不仅烧损宝贵资源，影响矿井正常开采，甚至对矿井的安全构成了威胁。煤层燃烧严重破坏了生态环境和国土资源，恶化了人类生存环境。本文主要介绍煤层灭火的方法和效果。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.