黄土高原黄土和太平洋沉积物 Nd，Sr 同位素变化的比较

东亚季风环流引起的风尘物质的搬运和堆积，形成了我国的黄土高原。最近几年发表了一些对太平洋沉积物 Nd和 Sr同位素的研究结果(Asahara,1999；Asahara 等，1995；Pettke 等，2000)。由于亚洲大陆是太平洋沉积物中风尘物质的主要来源之一，所以将黄土高原研究结果和太平洋沉积物的研究结果相比较，可以得出一些有益的结论。探讨黄土的源区，采用全岩样品进行 Sr 同位素研究不适合。对黄土样品进行了一系列酸淋洗实验（盛雪芬等，2000；Yang 等，200结果证明，选用弱醋酸淋洗，可以有效地去除黄土和古土壤中的方解石，而对白云石、粘土矿物和长石等结构的破坏程度可以忽略。本次研究的灵台剖面位于黄土土高原中部甘肃省平凉地区灵台县以南约13 km 的五星塬任家坡村，它是迄今为止在黄土高原发现的厚度最大的记录最完整的风尘堆积序列之一，其最早时代可达7.8 Ma B P。灵台剖面古土壤酸不溶物的87Sr/86Sr一般高于黄土的87Sr/86Sr。此次测试的黄土、古土壤和红粘土样品分粒级实验（杨杰东等，2005）显示，小于2μm的细颗粒部分具有最高的87Sr/86Sr，而其他颗粒部分的87Sr/86Sr均较低。因此，黄土高原剖面的87Sr/86Sr与小于2μm颗粒部分的比例，或与粘土矿物的含量有关，因为在小于m的细颗粒部分中主要是粘土矿物（图。     

Comparison of particle size characteristics of the Tertiary 'red clay' and Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau: implications for origin and sources of the 'red clay'

The origin of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ underlying the Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau remains controversial, although several lines of evidence have suggested a wind‐blown origin. This study examines the particle‐size parameters of the late Miocene and Pliocene ‘red clay’ by comparing it with those of the late Pleistocene loess. The particle‐size distribution of a total of 15 339 loess and 6394 ‘red clay’ samples taken from 12 loess sections along a north–south transect and two ‘red clay’ sequences at Lingtai and Jingchuan was systematically analysed. The median grain size, skewness and kurtosis of the late Pleistocene loess all show a systematic southward change and are principally influenced by distance from source region. The spatial and temporal differentiation of dust deposits is expressed in a skewness–kurtosis–median grain size ternary diagram, from which the distance to the source region can be inferred. The particle‐size characteristics of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ sediments are very similar to those of the palaeosols within the late Pleistocene loess deposits, suggesting an aeolian origin for the ‘red clay’. Based on the comparison of ‘red clay’ and loess in the ternary diagrams, it is inferred that the source–sink distance was greater in the Neogene than in the last and penultimate interglacials, and that the dust source region in north‐western China underwent a progressive expansion during the period from at least 7·0 Ma to the present.     

六盘山东麓朝那剖面红粘土-年代及其构造意义

黄土高原地区黄土之下的红粘土的年代和形成可为六盘山隆起、鄂尔多斯夷平面解 体以及青藏高原隆升等构造事件提供重要证据。六盘山东麓厚达303m的朝那黄土-红粘土剖面的磁性年代地层学表明：朝那红粘土开始堆积于8．1MaB．P．,是目前黄土高原上发现的最老的红粘土。8.1MaB.P．前后一次强烈构造运动使得鄂尔多斯夷平面解体,相对下沉地区接受红粘土沉积,六盘山地区开始隆起,这可能与青藏高原强烈的构造抬升事件有关。     

吕梁山西麓复兴剖面红黏土的磁性地层学研究

吕梁山西麓中上新世的一套厚层红黏土层记录了吕梁山前盆地的演化和吕梁山新近纪的隆升。山前不同的构造部位,各异的古地貌特征导致红黏土的堆积特征差别较大,柳林复兴地区黏土层的下部常含有数层化石层和薄厚不等的砾石层。本文对复兴地区的红黏土进行了岩石磁学和磁性地层学研究,得出了复兴地区红黏土及所含砾石层和化石层的古地磁年龄,并通过野外沉积特征以及粒度等指标探讨了复兴地区红黏土的形成过程。岩石磁学结果表明,红黏土中特征剩磁的载体为磁铁矿和赤铁矿。古地磁和生物化石显示复兴剖面的年龄为7.1～2.6Ma。其中所含厚层砾石层的古地磁年龄约为5.2Ma。两层化石层的年龄分别为～6.8Ma和～7.1Ma。剖面野外沉积特征和粒度变化显示柳林复兴地区红黏土堆积初期有水流作用的参与。     

Sedimentology of a Late Quaternary lacustrine record from the south-eastern Carpathian Basin

The Upper Pleistocene geoarchives in the south-eastern Carpathian Basin are represented predominantly by loess–palaeosol records. In 2015, a 10 m sediment core composed of clay-rich lacustrine sediments was recovered by vibracoring a dry lake basin located between the Vršac Mountains (Serbia) and the Banat Sands in the south-eastern Carpathian Basin; a location relevant for placing regional archaeological results in a palaeoenvironmental context. Here, we present results from geoelectrical prospection and a lithostratigraphic interpretation of this sequence supported by a detailed granulometric study supplemented by ostracod analysis. An age model based on luminescence dating is discussed against sedimentological proxy data and its implication for palaeoenvironmental change. The cores show a stratigraphy of lighter ochre-coloured and darker greyish sediment, related to the deposition of clay and silt trapped in an aquatic environment. Geophysical measurements show ~20 m thick lacustrine sediments. The grain-size distributions including the variability in fine clay are indicative of a lacustrine environment. Fine particles were brought into the depositional environments by aquatic input and settled from suspension; also, direct dust input is constrained by grain-size results. Riverine input and aeolian dust input interplayed at the locality.     

黄土高原红粘土与黄土古土壤粒度特征对比--红粘土风成成因的新证据

对黄土高原具有代表意义四个剖面的晚第三纪红粘土样品进行了粒度分析,并将结果与典型风成黄土古土壤样品的粒度特征进行详细对比,得到红粘土是风成成因的沉积学证据。结果表明,黄土高原红粘土与其上覆第四纪古土壤形成环境相似,红粘土是在相对于黄土堆积搬运风动力变幅小的条件下沉积的,在沉积之后受到较强的风化成壤改造作用。     

江西泰和第四纪红色粘土的矿物特征

第四纪红色粘土在我国南方分布很广,最典型的分布在华中岗地上,土层较厚,上部土质均匀,下部具有红白网纹并含砾石,大都是中更新世的洪积-冲积或残积-坡积物,笔者认为可能是间冰期比较暖热气候条件下的产物。熊毅早就指出:各地环境殊异,地形复杂,母岩不同,其理化特征将随之而异。第四纪红色粘土来自不同的堆积相,和经受不同的风化和成土过程,这将在矿物组成方面反映出来。土壤普查的结果表明,第四纪红色粘土按其分布的地形部位,成因和物质来源,可分成两类:一类是残积坡积相，为中更新世较早的暗红色沉积物，即Q₂另一类是冲积相，为中更新世较晚的红化程度较轻的淡红色沉积物。它们都经历了中更新世至今的成土过程1)”。为了查明它们的差异，并有助于第四纪沉积物的研究，笔者用部分标本进行矿物分析，并对初步结果进行讨论。     

Re-evaluating the origins of late Pleistocene fire areas on Santa Rosa Island,California, USA

At the close of the Pleistocene, fire regimes in North America changed significantly in response to climate change, megafaunal extinctions, anthropogenic burning and, possibly, even an extraterrestrial impact. On California's Channel Islands, researchers have long debated the nature of late Pleistocene “fire areas,” discrete red zones in sedimentary deposits, interpreted by some as prehistoric mammoth-roasting pits created by humans. Further research found no evidence that these red zones were cultural in origin, and two hypotheses were advanced to explain their origin: natural fires and groundwater processes. Radiocarbon dating, X-ray diffraction analysis, and identification of charcoal from six red zones on Santa Rosa Island suggest that the studied features date between ~ 27,500 and 11,400 cal yr BP and resulted from burning or heating, not from groundwater processes. Our results show that fire was a component of late Pleistocene Channel Island ecology prior to and after human colonization of the islands, with no clear evidence for increased fire frequency coincident with Paleoindian settlement, extinction of pygmy mammoths, or a proposed Younger Dryas impact event.     

论华南红色风化壳

本文论述了我国南方广泛分布的富含铁铝氧化物的红色粘土的成因、分布及其所形成的土壤,并论述了第四纪红色风化壳的时代划分问题。     

云南龙街盆地第四纪沉积及环境演化

文章记述了云南龙街盆地龙街组湖相粉砂层的特征、形成环境及地层时代,并讨论了龙街粉砂层和泥石流堆积的相变关系及其发育规律。对广布于龙街盆地的红土风化壳的化学性质、类型、时代及其所反映的气候环境进行了分析。在此基础上着重讨论了龙街盆地自中—晚更新世以来的湖盆变迁、沉积规律及气候环境特征。     

泾川晚第三纪红粘土的磁性地层及其与灵台剖面的对比

本文对甘肃泾川的一套325m厚的黄土-红粘土序列进行了沉积学和磁性地层学研 究。泾川剖面红粘土序列的粘度特征表明,其与上覆黄土一样同为风成成因。古地磁测量结果确定该剖面的底界年龄约为8．0MaB．P．。根据野外观察,可以将泾川剖面红粘土序列从顶到底划分为6套地层。与泾川剖面相比,灵台红粘土序列保存了上部的5套地层。泾川和灵台两个红粘土剖面的地层对比表明,中国北方晚中新世以来的红粘土沉积是基本连续的。     

北大西洋IODP U1313站位早更新世深海沉积物陆源组分粒度特征及其环境意义*

北大西洋地区是全球环境变化研究的热点区域。对IODP（国际综合大洋钻探计划）北大西洋306航次U1313站位深海沉积物陆源组分的粒度分析发现,陆源组分主要由黏土(粒径小于4μm)和极细粉沙(4～8μm)两个粒级构成,以黏土为主,分选性较差。通过与钙质超微化石、有孔虫等生物化石资料和同位素测年等技术相结合,重建了古气候的变化情况：(1)2.415～1.897 Ma BP,气候呈周期性波动;(2)1.897～1.640 Ma BP,气候变化相对平缓;(3)1.640～1.471 Ma BP,气候波动剧烈且频繁。粒度指标所反映的几次粗颗粒增多事件与早更新世期间数次气候变冷事件的发生时间一致。1.6 Ma BP前后粒度参数的突然变化,可能与地球轨道参数的改变有关,进一步证实地球轨道参数作为气候系统外部驱动力的重要性。     

Red palaeosols sequence in a semiarid Mediterranean environment region

In this work we study one of the most palaeopedological sequence formed in Central Spain, which is located on the Pliocene–Pleistocene erosional surface in the Madrid Basin. We also analyse its relationship to erosive and sedimentary Pleistocene events in order to obtain new data for a correct interpretation of the origin and evolution of forms at the top of tabular lands in this site. The geomorphic features and the properties of a sequence of very red palaeosols that developed on this old surface can help us in the understanding of the palaeoclimatic evolution of Central Spain in a Mediterranean climate. They were examined to identify pedologic and climatic changes during the Quaternary. The soil sequence comprises intercalated palaeoargillic and palaeopetrocalcic horizons. The clay minerals are mainly illite, kaolinite, smectite and sepiolite. The alternation of argillic and calcic horizons, limestone debris (cryoclastic colluvions) and aeolian sands suggests succeeding periods of phytostability and phytoinstability (biostasis/rhexistasis). Argillation, rubification and calcium carbonate accumulation were repeated throughout the Pleistocene and it is hypothesised that climatic conditions during numerous stages of this period were not very different from the present conditions.     

滇西北红粘土的工程地质特性及其灾害效应

在野外地质调查的基础上,结合室内土工试验,系统分析了滇西北红粘土的物质组成、物性特征和工程地质特性,并以此为基础探讨了其地质灾害效应。研究结果表明：滇西北红粘土粒度组成主要以粘粒为主,粘土矿物成分比较复杂,在丽江以南其矿物成分主要以高岭石（K）为主,在丽江以北则以伊利石/蒙脱石（I/S）混层矿物为主。此外,滇西北红粘土具有含水量高、重度低、塑性高、膨胀性弱等物性特征,在天然状态下比较稳定,但是随着含水量的增加其土体强度大大降低,易引发滑坡、水土流失等地质灾害。     

Late pleistocene sedimentation history of the Shirshov Ridge, Bering Sea

The analysis of the lithology, grain-size distribution, clay minerals, and geochemistry of Upper Pleistocene sediments from the submarine Shirshov Ridge (Bering Sea) showed that the main source area was the Yukon-Tanana terrane of Central Alaska. The sedimentary materials were transported by the Yukon River through Beringia up to the shelf break, where they were entrained by a strong northwestward-flowing sea current. The lithological data revealed several pulses of ice-rafted debris deposition, roughly synchronous with Heinrich events, and periods of weaker bottom-current intensity. Based on the geochemical results, we distinguished intervals of an increase in paleoproductivity and extension of the oxygen minimum zone. The results suggest that there were three stages of deposition driven by glacioeustatic sea-level fluctuations and glacial cycles in Alaska.     

灵台黄土-红粘土序列的磁性地层及粒度记录

甘肃灵台县任家坡黄土－红粘土剖面的磁性地层学研究表明;中国北方连续的风成堆积可下推到705MdB．P。第三纪红粘土的粒度组成从上到下变化很小,与黄土－古土壤序列的粒度大幅度变化形成强烈的反差,意味着晚第三纪时期的气候总体上要比第四纪时期稳定。在705～2．6MaB．P．的红粘土沉积中,可分出的110～115个土壤B层与钙质结核层的组合,初步表明在这个时期有约110～115次气候旋回。     

大连金远洞更新世洞穴红色堆积物粒度特征及沉积环境分析

采用LS13320型的激光衍射粒度分析仪对金远洞洞穴堆积物进行粒度分析,所测得的数据用Grapher软件绘制堆积物粒度频率曲线,计算粒度参数,以此来研究金远洞更新世洞穴红色堆积物的粒度特征并推断沉积环境.金远洞洞穴堆积物粒度组成中,粉砂含量最高,为优势粒组,平均值为50.14%,其中细粉砂含量高于粗粉砂含量;黏粒含量次之,砂含量最少.样品粒度频率呈多峰态.通过粒度参数计算,推测洞穴红色堆积物的沉积环境以风力沉积为主,后经流水搬运,但堆积物的组成未发生明显变化,反映了搬运的水动力较弱.物质来源主要受气候的影响,环境干冷时以近源沉积为主,环境温暖湿润时以远源沉积为主.     

加积型网纹红土网纹化机制及形成环境

选取九江地区JL剖面网纹层段典型样品,针对红基质与白网纹的物质组成及理化性质展开异同分析,在此基础上探讨网纹红土形成环境。初步得到以下结论:1)红基质与白网纹的粒度组成、元素组成、风化特征基本一致,但铁元素有显著差异,"网纹"并非原生构造,不是岩性差异及差异风化的产物,而是同源物质经历化学风化过程中元素分馏的结果。2)地球化学分析、磁学分析和粘粒级矿物组成分析一致表明,白网纹与红基质在铁含量、铁氧化物形态、铁矿物类型方面存在明显差异。白网纹与红基质相比,全铁含量(4.30%)低于红基质(8.63%);Fe^3+/Fe^2+比值(40.66)低于红基质(90.95);游离铁量及游离度(7.01 g/kg,32.96%)低于红基质(76.21 g/kg,77.52%);铁活化度和晶胶率(25.31%,37.77%)高于红基质(8.77%,9.69%);赤铁矿和针铁矿含量极少,这充分表明白网纹局部存在明显的铁淋失。3)白网纹局部脱色机制主要受控于赤铁矿及其转化,红基质主导矿物为赤铁矿,并含有一定的磁赤铁矿和针铁矿,而白网纹则不含磁赤铁矿,赤铁矿含量也极少。此外高岭石含量也是影响色浅的因素之一,白网纹蛭石、高岭石含量(20.24%和45.08%)均略高于红基质(11.45%和41.82%)。4)赤铁矿的富集、局部铁迁移的特点,整体上指示高温、中强程度化学风化和季节性多水的环境。这在一定程度上暗示网纹红土形成时期气候高温多雨,且季节性反差增强。     

浦东新区“硬土层”的沉积物特征和成因

在浦东新区高层建筑主要桩基持力层之一的暗绿色和褐黄色硬土层系统勘察的基础上,运用沉积学的研究方法和地层对比研究,对硬土层的沉积特征作一剖析。认为该硬土层为末次冰期干冷气候条件下风成黄土沉积物经过次生变化作用演变而成。     

黄土高原黄土、红色粘土与古湖盆沉积物关系

本文通过磁性地层学、古生物地层学、沉积学的对比研究，讨论了中国黄土高原地区黄土，红色粘土与该区重要古湖盆之一，古三门湖堆积物之间关系，并分析气候环境对它们的影响。主要结论如下：１）红色粘土与上覆黄土可以是连续沉积，并呈相渐变关系。２）中国黄土与三门组记录了布容正极性带与松山负极性带。Ｂ／Ｍ界限位于Ｌ８，Ｊ亚带位于标志层Ｌ９与Ｌ１５之间，大约Ｓ１０－Ｓ１３之间，Ｏ亚带位于Ｓ２２－Ｓ３３，或三门组之中。Ｍ／Ｇａ界限对应于黄土与红土界限。并基本对应于三门组与游河组界限。３）红色粘土（三趾马红粘土）并非仅仅是中新世保德期沉积物。它包括上新统与中新统，上新世静乐组记录了高斯正极性带，吉尔伯特负极性带，中新世蓝田组记录了Ｅｐｏｃｈ５。４）古三门湖堆积包括早更新世早期三门组（１．２０—２．５０Ｍａ，松山负极性带），上新世晚期游河组（２．５０—３．５０Ｍａ，高斯正极性带），更早期的三门湖沉积未出露。三门组与午域黄土为同期异相沉积，记录了松山负极性带，游河组则与该区上部红色粘土（静乐组上段）为同期异相沉积，记录了高斯正极性带