从常规体系域到非常规体系域——河流相层序地层学研究的一个重要进展

在与海平面变化存在联系的近滨线河流相地层中,源于海岸碎屑沉积体系的层序地层学概念得到了较好的应用,从而在河流相地层中产生了低水位体系域(LST)、与海侵体系域类似的水进体系域(TST)及高水位体系域(HST)等常规体系域下的河流相层序地层划分方案。由于源于海岸沉积体系的早期体系域划分存在着概念体系的不协调,故常规体系域划分在河流相层序中的使用也就存在着概念体系的不协调。非常规体系域(低可容纳空间体系域,LAST;高可容纳空间体系域,HAST)的提出可避免这种概念体系的不协调,并为研究复杂的河流沉积过程和提取地层记录规律提供重要的线索和思路。     

Depositional facies,environments and sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the Middle Triassic–Lower Cretaceous (pre-Late Albian) succession in Arif El-Naga anticline,northeast Sinai,Egypt

The Middle Triassic–Lower Cretaceous (pre-Late Albian) succession of Arif El-Naga anticline comprises various distinctive facies and environments that are connected with eustatic relative sea-level changes, local/regional tectonism, variable sediment influx and base-level changes. It displays six unconformity-bounded depositional sequences. The Triassic deposits are divided into a lower clastic facies (early Middle Triassic sequence) and an upper carbonate unit (late Middle- and latest Middle/early Late Triassic sequences). The early Middle Triassic sequence consists of sandstone with shale/mudstone interbeds that formed under variable regimes, ranging from braided fluvial, lower shoreface to beach foreshore. The marine part of this sequence marks retrogradational and progradational parasequences of transgressive- and highstand systems tract deposits respectively. Deposition has taken place under warm semi-arid climate and a steady supply of clastics. The late Middle- and latest Middle/early Late Triassic sequences are carbonate facies developed on an extensive shallow marine shelf under dry-warm climate. The late Middle Triassic sequence includes retrogradational shallow subtidal oyster rudstone and progradational lower intertidal lime-mudstone parasequences that define the transgressive- and highstand systems tracts respectively. It terminates with upper intertidal oncolitic packstone with bored upper surface. The next latest Middle/early Late Triassic sequence is marked by lime-mudstone, packstone/grainstone and algal stromatolitic bindstone with minor shale/mudstone. These lower intertidal/shallow subtidal deposits of a transgressive-systems tract are followed upward by progradational highstand lower intertidal lime-mudstone deposits. The overlying Jurassic deposits encompass two different sequences. The Lower Jurassic sequence is made up of intercalating lower intertidal lime-mudstone and wave-dominated beach foreshore sandstone which formed during a short period of rising sea-level with a relative increase in clastic supply. The Middle-Upper Jurassic sequence is represented by cycles of cross-bedded sandstone topped with thin mudstone that accumulated by northerly flowing braided-streams accompanying regional uplift of the Arabo–Nubian shield. It is succeeded by another regressive fluvial sequence of Early Cretaceous age due to a major eustatic sea-level fall. The Lower Cretaceous sequence is dominated by sandy braided-river deposits with minor overbank fines and basal debris flow conglomerate.     

前陆盆地层序地层学研究简介

前陆盆地层序地层学是将层序地层学理论应用于构造活动的前陆盆地分析的一个特例。前陆盆地三级层序成因并非受全球统一的海平面变化控制，而是与盆缘造山带区域本报特约记者运动、盆内沉积作用和相对海平面变化的联合作用有关，代表了前陆分地一个成盆期的不同发育阶段。层序界面是相对海平面下降和区域构造隆的联合作用面。在盆地演化的不对称沉降阶充填阶段，邻造山带区为低水位浊积扇沉积层序；远离造山带区，低水位体系域不发育     

陆相坳陷型和断陷型湖盆层序地层样式探讨

依据层序地层学基本理论,考虑中国中新生代陆相坳陷型和断陷型湖盆的盆地结构和沉积物充填序列特征,综合利用地质和地球物理资料,以松辽盆地白垩系和准噶尔盆地侏罗系、柴达木盆地第四系和渤海湾盆地第三系为研究实例,将坳陷型湖盆沉积层序细分成可以确定首次湖泛面和不能确定首次湖泛面的两种类型,建立了这两种类型湖盆的层序地层样式。前者由低位、湖侵和高位体系域组成,后者由湖侵和湖退体系域构成。在断陷型湖盆中,可将盆地缓坡由同生断裂活动造成的地势变化带作为地形坡折带(构造坡折带)并用于确定首次湖泛面,进而讨论了首次湖泛面和最大湖泛面的多种识别标志,建立了由低位、湖侵和高位体系域构成的断陷型湖盆层序地层样式。     

柴北缘鱼卡地区侏罗纪含煤地层层序地层学研究

运用钻井岩心、测井及层序地层学有关理论、方法,对青海柴北缘鱼卡地区侏罗纪含煤地层进行了层序地层学研究。共识别出4个层序界面,将侏罗系含煤地层划分为3个三级层序,分别对应于中侏罗统大煤沟组、石门沟组下段和石门沟组上段;研究区层序界面主要包括区域不整合面(古风化壳)、三角洲平原分流河道下切谷、河道间古土壤和盆地内基准面下降—暴露—上升旋回的转折点;与海相含煤盆地不同,厚煤层在层序格架内的发育具有多样性。在古隆起和盆地内部,厚煤层常靠近初始湖泛面发育(煤7);在盆地边缘河流—三角洲平原,厚煤层常靠近最大湖泛面发育(煤5)。总体来看,陆相含煤盆地三级层序中,湖侵体系域聚煤最好。      

莱州湾凹陷沙三中段高精度层序地层格架及沉积体系演化

莱州湾凹陷古近系沙河街组沙三中段发育典型的辫状河三角洲沉积体系。本文基于经典层序地层学理论,通过对莱州湾凹陷三维地震、主要钻井及取心、测井等资料综合分析,对莱州湾凹陷沙三中段层序地层特征及层序格架内沉积体系展布进行精细研究。将沙三中段整体划分为1个三级层序,并根据初次湖泛面、最大湖泛面及高水位体系域域内三角洲期次包络面的界定将沙三中段进一步划分为低水位体系域、湖侵体系域和高水位体系域3个体系域及6个四级层序。在层序格架内分析了研究区沙三中段沉积体系的展布特征及演化规律。沙三中段低水位体系域西部斜坡带发育扇三角洲沉积,北部陡坡带发育近岸水下扇沉积。湖侵体系域发育辫状河三角洲沉积,高水位体系域发育4期辫状河三角洲沉积、高水位体系域Ⅰ、Ⅱ期发育坡移浊积扇沉积。根据层序发育和油气成藏条件分析,认为沙三中段低水位体系域扇三角洲、湖侵体系域辫状河三角洲、高水位体系域坡I和II期的坡移扇沉积成藏条件最为有利,是下一步寻找岩性油气藏的优先目标。     

Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cenomanian Bahariya Formation, Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt

The Lower Cenomanian Bahariya Formation corresponds to a second-order depositional sequence that formed within a continental shelf setting under relatively low-rate conditions of positive accommodation (< 200 m during 3–6 My). This overall trend of base-level rise was interrupted by three episodes of base-level fall that resulted in the formation of third-order sequence boundaries. These boundaries are represented by subaerial unconformities (replaced or not by younger transgressive wave ravinement surfaces), and subdivide the Bahariya Formation into four third-order depositional sequences.

The construction of the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Bahariya Formation is based on the lateral and vertical changes between shelf, subtidal, coastal and fluvial facies, as well as on the nature of contacts that separate them. The internal (third-order) sequence boundaries are associated with incised valleys, which explain (1) significant lateral changes in the thickness of incised valley fill deposits, (2) the absence of third-order highstand and even transgressive systems tracts in particular areas, and (3) the abrupt facies shifts that may occur laterally over relatively short distances. Within each sequence, the concepts of lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts are used to explain the observed lateral and vertical facies variability.

This case study demonstrates the usefulness of sequence stratigraphic analysis in understanding the architecture and stacking patterns of the preserved rock record, and helps to identify 13 stages in the history of base-level changes that marked the evolution of the Bahariya Oasis region during the Early Cenomanian.     

陆相层序的“非常规”体系域构成:层序地层学的一个重要进展*

在层序地层学的Exxon时代,在强调陆上不整合面形成层序界面的概念体系中,科学家们总结认为,陆相层序形成在基准面上升期间,以一个从聚合的河道相砂岩到孤立的河道相砂岩组成的向上变细的沉积序列为特征,这代表了一个重要的概念进步;但是,运用海相层序地层的“体系域”名称,如海侵体系域和高水位体系域等,来划分和解释陆相层序的时候,又产生了若干的概念体系不协调。基于此,产生了陆相层序体系域构成的“非常规”体系域概念,成为陆相层序研究的第2个概念进步。更为重要的是,与海相地层一样,主要的沉积作用发生在基准面上升期间,但是,在基准面下降期间也可能产生相应的沉积,从而进一步说明了陆相地层复杂的堆积作用和响应机制,也表明了陆相层序更多的变化性。陆相层序的上述特征成为近年来关注的焦点之一。追逐这些概念变化和进步,将有益于深入理解陆相层序复杂的形成过程而具有重要的科学意义,同时也代表了层序地层学研究的一个重要进展。     

青海木里煤田外力哈达矿区侏罗系层序地层与聚煤作用

利用钻孔岩心数据,对青海北部木里煤田外力哈达矿区侏罗纪湖盆相陆源碎屑含煤岩系进行了层序地层学和聚煤作用的研究。研究区侏罗系共划分出5个三级层序及相应的体系域。在每个层序中,低位体系域由河道相或分流河道相灰白色粗砂岩、细砂岩组成,湖侵体系域由泛滥盆地相或分流间湾相砂质泥岩组成,高位体系域由湖泊相或分流间湾沼泽相泥岩和碳质泥岩组成。厚煤层主要形成于层序S1的湖侵体系域中期,高位体系域和低位体系域基本没有煤层发育。这主要是在湖侵体系域中期,由于可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率相平衡,因此,在三角洲平原分流间湾环境易形成较厚的煤层。     

Stacked fluvial and tide-dominated estuarine deposits in high-frequency (fourth-order) sequences of the Eocene Central Basin, Spitsbergen

Eighteen coastal-plain depositional sequences that can be correlated to shallow- to deep-water clinoforms in the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen were studied in 1 × 15 km scale mountainside exposures. The overall mud-prone (>300 m thick) coastal-plain succession is divided by prominent fluvial erosion surfaces into vertically stacked depositional sequences, 7–44 m thick. The erosion surfaces are overlain by fluvial conglomerates and coarse-grained sandstones. The fluvial deposits show tidal influence at their seaward ends. The fluvial deposits pass upwards into macrotidal tide-dominated estuarine deposits, with coarse-grained river-dominated facies followed further seawards by high- and low-sinuosity tidal channels, upper-flow-regime tidal flats, and tidal sand bar facies associations. Laterally, marginal sandy to muddy tidal flat and marsh deposits occur. The fluvial/estuarine sequences are interpreted as having accumulated as a series of incised valley fills because: (i) the basal fluvial erosion surfaces, with at least 16 m of local erosional relief, are regional incisions; (ii) the basal fluvial deposits exhibit a significant basinward facies shift; (iii) the regional erosion surfaces can be correlated with rooted horizons in the interfluve areas; and (iv) the estuarine deposits onlap the valley walls in a landward direction. The coastal-plain deposits represent the topset to clinoforms that formed during progradational infilling of the Eocene Central Basin. Despite large-scale progradation, the sequences are volumetrically dominated by lowstand fluvial deposits and especially by transgressive estuarine deposits. The transgressive deposits are overlain by highstand units in only about 30% of the sequences. The depositional system remained an estuary even during highstand conditions, as evidenced by the continued bedload convergence in the inner-estuarine tidal channels.     

海平面升降变化对贵州紫云礁体生长的控制

以贵州紫晚二叠世碳酸盐台地边缘礁为例,运用高频层序地层学原理和方法,精细地划分了紫云礁层序的各级单元,并对其内部沉积构成进行了详细研究,探讨海平面和变化对礁体生长的控制,研究结果表明,晚二叠世紫云礁 合体为发育在台地边缘坡折带的一个三级层序,由１３个准层序组成,并可识别出低位、海侵、高位３个体系域,低位期的下切谷 边缘坡折带碳酸盐台地的暴露、海侵期和高位期礁的３种生长方式的增生及每种生长方式的特定     

试论陆相层序地层学及其在油气勘探开发中的意义

根据陆相层序地层的自身特点,对其层序界线、层序级别、层序界面等特征进行了分析,并把陆相层序地层分成断陷和坳陷两种盆地层序模式。最后根据层序模式特征阐述了陆相层序地层学在油气勘探开发中的实际意义。     

黔中隆起及外围南华-留纪层序地层特征

以黔中地区层序地层研究为基础,并与三都盆区层序地层对比。根据不整合界面、地层结构及地层的堆叠型式等特征,将黔中隆起及外围地区的南华-志留纪地层划分为14个层序,并阐述了各层序及体系域的发育特征。在此基础上,建立了南华-志留纪的岩石地层格架及相对海平面变化曲线。研究区层序地层的特点是：在浅水陆架区,大多数层序由海侵体系域和高水位体系域构成,并且高水位体系域的厚度常大于海侵体系域的厚度;层序所反映的海平面升降变化,在层序的下部表现较剧,常快速上升。通过层序界面的对比研究,界面基本性质进一步得到明确,使地层格架更趋真实。如黔中、黔北南沱组与澄江组的接触关系性质,从盆地区海侵体系域一高水位体系域及层序界面的延伸对比来看,黔中地区缺失这两个体系域,证明这里南沱组与澄江组之间为假整合接触。     

Mid-cycle condensed shellbeds from mid-Pleistocene cyclothems, New Zealand: implications for sequence architecture

Richly fossiliferous and disconformity-bounded facies successions, termed Mid-Cycle Condensed Shellbeds (MCS), occupy a mid-cycle position within depositional sequences in the Castlecliff section (mid-Pleistocene, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand). These shell-rich intervals (0.1–4.5 m thick) comprise the upper of two loci of shell accumulation in Castlecliff sequences. The lower disconformable contacts are sharp and variably burrowed, and are interpreted as submarine transgressive surfaces formed by storm or tidal current erosion at the feather-edge of contemporary transgressive systems tracts. Above (i.e. seaward) of this erosion surface, macrofossil remains (mainly bivalves and gastropods) accumulated, with little reworking, on the inner-shelf under conditions of reduced terrigenous sediment supply. The upper contacts are sharp transitions from shell-rich to relatively shell-poor lithofacies; parautochthonous shell accumulation was ‘quenched’by downlapping highstand systems tract shelf siltstones and muddy fine sandstones. Castlecliff MCS, together with the basal shell-rich part of overlying highstand systems tracts, occupy a stratigraphic position which corresponds to the condensed section that forms at the transgressive/highstand systems tract boundary in the sequence model of Haq et al. (1987). Palaeoenvironmental analysis indicates that Castlecliff MCS are substantially, if not entirely, transgressive deposits. This study therefore shows that the ‘condensation maximum’within a depositional sequence does not necessarily bracket the transgressive systems tract/highstand systems tract boundary.     

A sequence stratigraphic framework for a narrow,current-swept continental shelf: The Durban Bight,central KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

High resolution seismic lines from the inner and mid-shelf of the Durban Bight reveal an unprecedented view of the seismic stratigraphy of the central KwaZulu-Natal uppermost continental margin. Seven units are recognised from the shelf on the basis of their stratal architecture and bounding unconformities. These comprise four incompletely preserved sequences consisting of deposits of the highstand systems tract (Unit B), falling stage systems tracts (Unit C), the transgressive systems tract (Units A, D and G) and lowstand systems tracts (early fill of the incised valleys and strike diachronous prograding reflectors of Unit A). Seismic facies recognised as incised valley fills correspond to the lowstand and transgressive systems tracts. When integrated with published accounts of onshore and offshore lithostratigraphy and local sea level curves, we recognise an Early Santonian transgression (Unit A to Unit B), superimposed by uplift-induced pulses of forced regression. A Late Campanian relative sea level fall (Unit C) followed. Sediments of the Tertiary period are not evident on the Durban Bight shelf except for isolated incised valley fills of Unit D lying within incised valleys of Late Pliocene age. Overlying these are two stages of Pleistocene shoreline deposits of indeterminate age. Erosion concurrent with relative sea level fall towards the last glacial maximum shoreline carved a third set of incised valleys within which sediments of the Late Pleistocene/Holocene have infilled.     

扬子地台西缘志留纪层序地层研究

笔者应用层序地层学的原理和研究方法,对扬子地台西缘陕西宁强和四川广元地区的志留纪地层剖面进行了重新研究,识别出9个三级层序,三级层序均发育TST和HST,而缺乏LST和SMST。通过区内积层序的对比,建立了扬子西缘志留纪层序地层格架,最后探讨了该区志留纪的海平面变化规律。     

Sequence Stratigraphy and Rudist Facies Development of the Upper Barremian‐Lower Cenomanian Platform,Northern Sinai,Egypt

The Lower Cretaceous sections in northern Sinai are composed of the Risan Aneiza (upper Barremian-middle Albian) and the Halal (middle Albian-lower Cenomanian) formations. The facies reflect subtle paleobathymetry from inner to outer ramp facies. The inner ramp facies are peritidal, protected to open marine lagoons, shoals and rudist biostrome facies. The inner ramp facies grade northward into outer ramp deposits. The upper Barremian-lower Cenomanian succession is subdivided into nine depositional sequences correlated with those recognized in the neighbouring Tethyan areas. These sequences are subdivided into 19 medium-scale sequences based on the facies evolution, the recorded hardgrounds and flooding surfaces, interpreted as the result of eustatic sea level changes and local tectonic activities of the early Syrian Arc rifting stage. Each sequence contains a lower retrogradational parasequence set that constituted the transgressive systems tracts and an upper progradational parasequence set that formed the highstand systems tracts. Nine rudist levels are recorded in the upper Barremian through lower Cenomanian succession at Gabal Raghawi. At Gabal Yelleg two rudist levels are found in the Albian. The rudist levels are associated with the highstand systems tract deposits because of the suitability of the trophic conditions in the rudist-dominated ramp.     

陕甘宁盆地下奥陶统马家沟组层序地层与天然气的关系

陕甘宁盆地马家沟组可划分出３ 个层序,每个层序均由海侵体系域及高位体系域所组成,海平面变化是控制层序形成的主要因素。此外,盆地基底构造对层序地层的分布也具有重要的影响,在盆地中部发育浅水层序,在盆地西部及南部则发育较深水层序。在盆地中部浅水层序的高位体系域中,生储盖组合最佳,具有较好的勘探前景     

The application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy to fluvial systems: a case study from the Upper Carboniferous Breathitt Group, eastern Kentucky, USA

The Pennsylvanian Pikeville, Hyden and Four Corners formations of the Breathitt Group in eastern Kentucky, USA, contain six major facies associations along with a number of subassociations. These facies associations are offshore siltstone, rhythmically bedded mouthbar heteroliths, predominantly fine-grained floodplain deposits, minor channel fills, major distributary channels and major, stacked fluvial bodies. The stacked fluvial bodies are incised into a variety of open marine and delta plain deposits, have widths of several kilometres and exhibit a range of sandy fill types. These fluvial complexes are interpreted as incised valley fills. Parasequences and parasequence sets are not identifiable. Nonetheless, it is possible to identify systems tracts on the basis of sequential position, facies associations and systematic changes in architectural style and sediment body geometries. The studied portion of the Breathitt Group comprises stacked 4th-order sequences, which occur in lowstand, transgressive and highstand sequence sets related to the development of a lower frequency base level cycle. In the lowstand sequence set, incision associated with successive 4th-order sequence boundaries has commonly removed all the HST and TST of the underlying sequences, such that succeeding 4th-order incised valley fills are amalgamated. Within the transgressive sequence set, incision is at a minimum and incised valley fills tend to stack discretely with the maximum amount of fine-grained TST and HST between them. The highstand sequence set is transitional between the lowstand and transgressive sequence sets in terms of the amount of transgressive and highstand deposits preserved. Incised valley fills tend to stack discretely.     

内陆表海聚煤盆地的曾想到处分析

在华北石炭二叠纪内陆表海聚煤盆地，海侵的突发性和事件性，泥炭沼泽化的广泛性和等时性，是划分其层序内部构成单元的良好界面。研究表明，华北石炭二叠纪内陆表海聚煤盆地的层序结构为“二元结构型”，即“海侵－高位”，缺少低位体系域。海侵体系域由１～２个小层序构成，而高位体系域由小层序构成。体系域恰与小层序组对应，海侵小层序组表现为弱退积－加积型，而高位体系域则表现为弱进积－加积型。小层序为高精度的岩相古地理编图单位，它为解析层序格架和煤聚积规律提供了最可靠的依据。