东天山库姆塔格沙垄地区企鹅山群的解体及岩石地层单位厘定

东天山企鹅山群的组级岩石地层单位厘定争议已久.1∶5万区域地质矿产调查, 于库姆塔格沙垄地区企鹅山群中的两套碳酸盐岩中, 分别发现了牙形刺Streptognathodus suberectus, Idiognathoides sinuata和珊瑚Pelalaxis intermedia, Lithostrotionella rarivesicula, Fomichevella kiaeri, 确认其时代分属晚石炭世罗苏阶-达拉阶和达拉阶-小独山阶, 分别重新厘定为底坎尔组和脐山组.由该两组沉积地层隔离的两套火山岩, 空间上分布相对固定, 岩石组合特征明显, 野外极易识别和区别, 大区易于对比, 且分属早石炭世和晚石炭世.库姆塔格沙垄地区企鹅山群可进一步解体并由老到新厘定为小热泉子组、底坎尔组、企鹅山组和脐山组等4个组级岩石地层单位.      

东天山大南湖岛弧带石炭纪岩石地层与构造演化

详细的地质解剖工作表明,东天山地区大南湖岛弧带石炭纪出露4套岩石地层组合,即早石炭世小热泉子组火山岩、晚石炭世底坎儿组碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩、晚石炭世企鹅山组火山岩、晚石炭世脐山组碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩。根据其岩石组合、岩石地球化学、生物化石、同位素资料以及彼此的产出关系,认为这4套岩石地层组合的沉积环境分别为岛弧、残余海盆、岛弧和弧后盆地。结合区域资料重塑了大南湖岛弧带晚古生代的构造格架及演化模式。早、晚石炭世的4套岩石地层组合并置体现了东天山的复杂增生过程。     

东天山库姆塔格石炭纪牙形石的发现及地质意义

东天山地区的构造格局一直是地质界争议的问题之一.1∶5万区域地质矿产调查于东天山库姆塔格沙垄地区康古尔塔格深大断裂北侧灰岩中,发现了Streptognathodus suberectus,Idiognathoides sinuata等牙形石,确认其地质时代为晚石炭世达拉阶,该套地层归属哈尔里克地层小区底坎儿组,具有弧后盆地建造特色.底坎儿组的分布限定了康古尔塔格断裂带的北界,在区域地层划分与对比及大地构造边界确认等研究中意义重大.     

河南石炭系本溪组古生物学划分对比方法研究

[摘 要]河南省是我国第二产铝大省,而铝土矿所在地层层位石炭系本溪组划分长期以来争议不定。本文通过对河南本溪组地层层位的岩性组合、动植物化石组合及其孢粉组合等特征进行了较系统的分析对比,得出以下几点认识:(1) 豫北鹤壁本溪组是一个跨滑石板阶和达拉阶的岩石地层单位;(2)河南省焦作本溪组上界应与达拉阶上界大致接近;(3) 豫西地区本溪组应属于跨滑石板阶、达拉阶及马平阶三个不同时代的岩石地层单位;(4) 嵩箕北区本溪组生物群属晚石炭世之产物;(5) 嵩箕中区本溪组生物群更比嵩箕北区的年代晚。综上所述,河南铝土矿所在地层-本溪组含铝岩系为一“ 穿时冶性清楚且典型的岩石地层单位,如果以目前石炭世的划分方法,河南省本溪组既有晚石炭世早期,亦有晚石炭世中期,是一个同相异期的岩石地层组合。     

哈密库姆塔格沙垄北1：5万地质调查发现重要化石

哈密库姆塔格沙垄北一带1：5万地质调查区主要为火山岩分布区，化石十分难觅．在以往的地质调查中，该区无化石发现．因而长期以来，这一地区地层的时代确立和区域地质对比均缺乏有力的时代依据．2003年，由新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第九地质大队和长安大学地质调查研究院合作开展的“哈密库姆塔格沙垄北1：5万地质矿产调查”中，于库姆塔格沙垄北1：5万图幅区的夹持于火山岩地层中的两套灰岩中，均有重要化石发现。     

新疆觉洛塔格地层分区东部石炭系

觉洛塔格地层分区广泛发育早石炭世及晚石炭世早期的火山－沉积建造。以雅满苏大断裂为界，分为南部的雅满苏地层小区和北部的苦水地层小区，为两个不同的沉积构造环境：南部为岛弧火山岩沉积相区；北部为弧间盆地沉积相区。雅满苏小区划分出小热泉子组、雅满苏组、白鱼山组和底坎尔组４个岩石地层单位。苦水小区划分出雅北组、梧桐窝子组、干墩组、白鱼山组和苦水组５个岩石地层单位。分别叙述了两个地层小区岩石地层单位的分布、剖面层序及确定地层时代的化石依据。     

黑龙江多宝山古生代海盆闭合的岩石学证据

综合研究黑龙江多宝山地区古生代沉积地层、生物化石,通过分析侵入岩岩石地球化学及其锆石U--Pb 同位素测年资料,表明该地区早奥陶世至晚泥盆世早期为海相沉积地层,晚泥盆世晚期为海陆交互相沉积地层,早石炭世为陆相河湖沉积地层。多宝山海盆东南侧出露一套年龄为( 300 ± 3 ～ 357 ± 4) Ma 的花岗岩,其中正长、二长花岗质糜棱岩为后造山花岗岩,碱长花岗岩为造山后A 型花岗岩。表明多宝山海盆于晚泥盆世开始闭合,至早石炭世为陆相河湖沉积,晚石炭世-早二叠世为抬升剥蚀阶段。表现为多宝山地区于早石炭世开始造山,晚石炭世晚期或延至早二叠世发生造山后伸展作用。     

新疆北山南部地区石炭-二叠纪岩石地层单位厘定及沉积环境分析

石炭-二叠纪地层在新疆北山南部地区分布较为广泛,总体为浅变质强变形的一套岩石,经重新厘定从老到新岩石地层单位有:早石炭世红柳园组,晚石炭世石板山组、胜利泉组和干泉组;早二叠世红柳河组,中二叠世骆驼沟组。其沉积环境经历了滨浅海相→浅海相、半深海相→海陆交互相,为两个较为完整的沉积旋回,沉积物颜色为紫红色夹灰绿色,陆源碎屑为成熟度较低的石英和长石,显示了氧化条件、近源、快速堆积特征,反映为陆内裂谷盆地性质。     

山西石炭纪三种地层单位的划分对比

在研究华北石炭纪地层的文献中,组(Formation)的应用十分广泛,但涵义却因不同作者而异,造成了岩石、年代地层单位的混淆。山西是华北石炭纪地层的典型地区,本文在厘定华北石炭纪岩石、年代、生物地层涵义之后,将山西石炭纪岩石地层单位自下而上划分为湖田组、太原组和山西组;将年代地层单位划分为中石炭世 Bashkirian-Moscovian 阶和晚石炭世Kasimovian-Gzhelian,Asselian,Sakmarian 阶;将生物地层单位由老至新划分为 Fusulina-Fusulinella,Triticites,pseudosch-Wagerina(s.l.)(竹蜓)带及若干亚带,并将山西石炭纪三种地层单位进行了对比。     

新疆塔里木盆地哈拉奇地区晚石炭世一早二叠世哈拉奇组的建立

哈拉奇组为新疆阿合奇县开展1：5万区域地质矿产调查工作时建立的岩石地层单位,分布在新疆阿合奇县哈拉奇地区北部,主要为一套深水碳酸盐沉积,与该区南部属碳酸盐台地沉积的康克林组在岩性、岩石组合及古生物组合上形成明显的差别。通过对该组重力流成因的生物屑砾屑灰岩中古生物化石的研究,确定其筵带为Triticites带和Pseudoschwagerina带,进而确定该组地质时代为晚石炭世-早二叠世,与南区康克林组为同时异相沉积。哈拉奇组的建立完善了该地区上石炭统一下二叠统的地层系统,确定了该地区晚石炭世-早二叠世台地边缘斜坡相的存在,对塔西北地区晚石炭世-早二叠世岩相古地理研究具有重要意义。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.