黑河上游祁连山区植物群落随海拔生境的变化特征

基于79个样地的野外调查数据,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)等方法,研究了黑河上游祁连山浅山区、阴坡、阳坡3种典型类型植物群落随海拔梯度的变化特征.结果表明:浅山区植被属于山地荒漠类型;阴坡植被沿海拔升高依次分异为山地荒漠、山地森林和高山灌丛,海拔2 500m和3 300m是它们的海拔分界线;阳坡植被在海拔3 200m截然分异为干旱类型和湿润类型.乔木物种多样性随海拔变化难于形成一定的格局;灌木物种丰富度随海拔升高呈现多峰分布格局,总体上高海拔低、低海拔高;草本植物物种多样性随海拔升高呈单峰变化.以上生态型的各优势种分别占据不同的海拔范围,祁连山主要乔木青海云杉分布在海拔2 500～3 500m的阴坡,其郁闭度随海拔升高而降低,在海拔3 300m以上海拔区域为零星分布.     

祁连山大野口流域土壤水热空间变化特征研究

土壤水热对水源涵养功能的发挥影响较大,为了研究流域空间上的水源涵养功能变化规律,在祁连山大野口流域布设90个土壤水热监测探头,对已取得的100多万个数据采取相关分析、变异系数等方法,研究土壤水热空间的变化特征.结果表明:随海拔增大,土壤水分呈波动性增大趋势,增大率约为2.35%·(100m)^-1,土壤温度呈波动性降低趋势,降低率约为0.74℃·(100m)^-1.半阴坡土壤水分比半阳坡高1.2倍、比阳坡高1.7倍,半阳坡土壤水分比阳坡高1.4倍.半阴坡土壤温度比半阳坡低1.6倍、比阳坡低2.2倍,半阳坡土壤温度比阳坡低1.3倍.土壤水分与其深度呈二次函数的抛物线变化关系,土壤温度与其深度呈线性函数关系,深度每增加10 cm,其温度降低约0.536℃.亚高山灌丛林比乔木林土壤水分高1.5倍、比草地高1.7倍,乔林比草地土壤水分高1.2倍.亚高山灌丛林比乔木林土壤温度低1.6倍、比草地低2.3倍,乔木林土壤温度比草地低1.4倍.高海拔半阴坡灌丛林土壤温度变化最剧烈,低海拔阳坡草地土壤变化较小.研究成果可为探索流域水资源管理及利用提供科学依据和参考资料.     

额尔齐斯河源区森林对春季融雪过程的影响评估

春季积雪融水是额尔齐斯河河源区最重要的水资源. 为探索森林对春季融雪过程的影响, 于2014年融雪期在额尔齐斯河河源区的卡依尔特斯河流域, 选择草地、林中空地和林下三种不同地貌条件, 分别观测积雪消融过程. 结果显示: 积雪消融过程中, 积雪深度和雪水当量的变化并不是同步的; 积雪深度的减小是持续发生的, 是新雪密实化作用的结果; 而雪水当量仅在日均空气温度高于 0 ℃ 时才出现快速的下降. 森林具有显著调节空气温度的功能, 三种类型观测点1.5 m处的日平均空气温度表现为草地>林下>林中空地, 其中, 消融期内草地的平均空气温度(-2.5 ℃)远高于林下(-5.4 ℃)和林中空地(-6.1 ℃); 森林的存在显著减小了空气温度的日较差. 草地、林中空地和林下积雪消融持续期分别为20 d、43 d和35 d, 消融期平均积雪消融速率分别为2.1 mm·d^-1、1.5 mm·d^-1和 1.2 mm·d^-1, 即: 草地>林中空地>林下. 另外, 单棵树对积雪的消融速率有极其重要的影响: 树冠外一定距离内积雪的消融速率约为树冠下积雪消融速率的2倍以上; 但由于树冠超过70%的降雪截留效应, 树冠正下方的积雪消融结束时间仍提前树冠外侧约10 d. 积雪的消融由空气温度和辐射强度共同决定: 当日平均空气温度<0 ℃时, 辐射强度对积雪消融影响较大, 消融过程可由空气温度和辐射强度共同描述; 当温度>0 ℃时, 单独的空气温度可直接反映消融速率的变化. 研究还发现, 该流域内积雪的消融主要发生在每天的14:00-19:00, 该时段内积雪消融量约占全天消融总量的50%以上, 这对流域内积雪洪水预报和水资源利用及管理具有重要的指导意义.     

祁连山老虎沟流域春季积雪属性的分布及变化特征

利用祁连山老虎沟流域布设的花杆观测了该区春季积雪的属性(深度、 表面反射率、 密度及含水量、 粒径), 并结合自动气象站上的积雪深度和反照率数据, 对研究区春季积雪属性的分布及变化特征进行了观测和分析. 结果表明: 流域内积雪分布很不均一, 在阴坡雪深大, 阳坡雪深小; 在不同海拔上, 雪深随海拔有增高的趋势; 不同类型、 不同表面粗糙度、 不同密度、 不同含水率的积雪反射率不同, 不同地物的反射率也不同; 积雪剖面中逆温层结的形成与表面温度、 雪深有密切关系, 在一天内新降雪的密度及含水率随时间的变化具有较好的一致性.     

甘肃迭部扎尕那地区山地土壤过程的垂直分带性研究

为了研究迭部扎尕那地区山地土壤过程的垂直分带性, 对不同海拔分布的土壤类型进行垂直分带取样, 并针对不同植被类型和特殊地理因素进行横向取样, 分析土壤的化学成分及其结构. 应用GIS软件数字化研究区地形图, 提取海拔、 坡度、 坡向等地形因子, 结合土地利用资料得到土地利用类型图. 通过采样点数据与数字化地形因子图与土地利用类型图的叠加, 结合属性数据的统计分析, 讨论影响土壤过程垂直分带性各要素的垂直性规律和分布. 结果表明: 有机碳含量和全氮含量呈极好的线性正相关, 并随海拔的升高而增加. 此外, 在同一海拔范围内, 土壤有机碳含量随着土地利用类型和坡向的变化呈规律性变化. 其中, 不同土地利用类型下的土壤有机碳含量依次为有林地>高寒草甸>高覆盖度草地>农村居民点>平原耕地>山地耕地; 不同坡向上, 土壤有机碳含量依次为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡.     

祁连山排露沟流域水分状况与径流形成

对祁连山排露沟水源流域水分状况进行测定分析,结果表明:流域内水分状况与径流形成潜力具有在空间上的异质性,随坡向、海拔等地形因子而发生规律性变化;流域降水不论坡向、海拔变化均能在满足植被(乔木)生长需要后有结余,水分状况较好.流域高海拔较低海拔水分状况好,形成径流潜力大;同一海拔阴阳坡径流系数没有显著差异,但阴坡森林由于结余的水分多、径流潜力大,对河川径流形成的贡献和调节作用均大于阳坡草地.流域高海拔和阴坡森林面积越大,水分状况越好,产流能力越强;流域阴坡森林对河川径流的调节作用使其面积越大河川径流越稳定.     

北疆地区积雪时空变化的影响因素分析

利用新疆北部地区2000-2007年观测的积雪资料分析北疆地区积雪开始时间、积雪结束时间、积雪日数、年最大雪深、积雪期平均雪深和年平均雪深随海拔、经纬度、坡度、坡向和植被的变化. 结果表明：随着海拔增加,积雪各变量变化明显,温度在海拔变化中起着关键作用;植被对积雪各变量有影响,但影响程度不明显. 在北疆区域范围内,纬度变化及温度差异不大,对积雪各变量影响很小;经度对积雪各变量的影响是由空间差异造成的;坡度对积雪变量的影响主要通过空间分布及坡度产生的阴影造成,进而影响太阳直射;坡向对积雪各变量的影响主要由水汽运动方向和太阳光照造成. 因此,在北疆区域内,对积雪各变量的影响程度为海拔>坡向>坡度>植被>纬度>经度.     

祁连山区冰沟流域积雪分布特征及其属性观测分析

以祁连山冰沟流域为研究区,通过在流域内布设花杆观测积雪深度,渊查了山区积雪分布情况;利用雪特性分析仪测量了区内积雪密度、介电常数、液念水含量等积雪参数,光谱仪测量了不同类型积雪的光谱特征,手持反照率测量计观测积雪表面反照率,带刻度手持放大镜测量积雪粒径,红外温度计和针式温度计测量雪层的温度和实地测量积雪属性.同时,在研究区内选择加强观测区挖雪坑,对雪层内部属性和雪剖面分层特性作了进一步研究,计算民流域内积雪等效密度;最后对试验中所使用的野外实测积雪的各种方法进行了评价.研究表明:山区积雪分布很不均匀,在阴坡山谷雪深最深,阳坡雪积累最少,即使在同一样区,积雪分布也小均匀;研究Ⅸ的积雪属于潮雪,体秋含水量在3%以下;不同粒径、类型和表面粗糙度的积雪反射率不同,验证了积雪光谱是雪颗粒、污染物和地面粗糙度的函数;积雪反照率随太阳高度角升高逐步降低,在没有新降雪的情况下,日反照率也逐渐降低;雪分层比较明显,雪下冰晶层发育良好.当深度达剑20 cm时,积雪具有保温作用;冰沟流域的积雪等效密度随时间和空间变化不大,经汁算为0.16 g·cm-3.     

阜平县地表温度遥感反演及其空间特征研究

以阜平县为研究区域,基于Landsat 8遥感影像和ASTGTM2 DEM数据,利用辐射传输方程法反演地表温度,运用统计学方法分析地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)、海拔和坡向之间的关系.结果表明:阜平县地表温度整体呈西高东低分布,地表温度与植被覆盖、地形要素之间的关系密切,地表温度高值区域主要分布在研究区西部和东北部海拔较高且NDVI值较高区域,低值区域主要分布在东南部海拔较低且NDVI值较低区域.地表温度随海拔和NDVI的升高逐渐减小,呈现明显的负线性相关;不同坡向的地表温度分布具有一定的差异,阳坡的地表温度高于阴坡.     

新疆阿尔泰山圆叶桦空间分布对温度变化的响应

阿尔泰山圆叶桦由于生长周期短、对气候变化反应灵敏,具有典型的指示意义.以长时间序列遥感数据为基础,借助GIS技术和分形插值方法,研究近24 a来阿尔泰山圆叶桦的空间分布对温度变化的响应,结果表明：近24 a来阿尔泰山气温上升速率为0.18℃·（10a）^-1,圆叶桦面积增速达7.28%,圆叶桦随随温度上升呈显著增长,且温度上升速率越大,圆叶桦面积增长越快;圆叶桦分布的平均海拔随温度升高呈上升趋势,温度上升不仅促进了圆叶桦面积的扩大,还抬高了圆叶桦分布的平均海拔,且温度变化对海拔较高区域的植被生长影响力较大;各坡向圆叶桦面积随温度的上升均有所增加,温度上升对阳坡圆叶桦影响显著,对阴坡圆叶桦影响微弱.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.