青藏高原云对地气系统短波吸收辐射强迫的气候研究

利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气候计划（ＥＳＣＣＰ）提供的总云量、得星反射率资料,计算并分析了青藏高原地气系统年、月平均云对太阳短波吸收辐射的强迫,揭示了其与总云量的关系。结果表明：高原的短事射云强迫与总云量有较好的非线性相关,呈幂指数形式,且季节变化明显;短波辐射云强迫的地理分布与高原云的分产好,高原主体和北部是短波辐射云强迫的低值区,高原东南部和西部边缘迎风部位为强迫的高值区。     

中国地区云对地气系统太阳短波吸收辐射强迫的气候研究

本文利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气候计划（ＩＳＣＣＰ）提供的总云量、行星反射率资料,计算并分析了我国年、月平均云对地气系统太阳短波吸收辐射的强迫及其敏感性系数,揭示了它们之间的关系,最后绘制了地气系统短波辐射云强迫的全国分布图。结果表明：我国地气系统短波辐射云强迫及其敏感性系数都与总云量有较好的非线性相关,呈幂指数形式,且季节变化明显。短波辐射云强迫的地理分布与总量配合较好。     

青藏高原云对地气系统长波射出辐射(OLR)强迫的气候研究

利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气修计划（ＩＳＣＣＰ）提供的地气系统长波射出辐射（ＯＬＲ）和云量资料,计算并讨论了青藏高原地气系统各季和年平均总云量对ＯＬＲ的强迫及其所产生的温室效应,揭示了高、低示了高、低云对ＯＬＲ强迫的特点。结果表明：高原的ＯＬＲ云强迫与总云量、高云量都有较好的相关关系,且季节变化明显;ＯＬＲ云强迫和云温室效应的地理分布与高原总云量的分布较为一致;云强迫的年变化一同     

中国地－气系统短波吸收辐射分布特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料讨论了公气系统短波吸收辐射及其年较差在全国的分布，分析了其与总云量、行星和地表反射卒以及地面吸收辐射的相互关系。发现在冬季地－气系统短波吸收辐射分布主要呈南高北低型，夏季分布形势为一不对称的大鞍形场，大致与行星反射率分布反向对应。公气短波吸收辐射与总云量呈负相关，高相关区在我国东部。各站地－气短波吸收辐射与地面吸收辐射的相关系数普遍高达０．９００以上。此一特，或为从气候上利用地－气吸收辐射反演地面吸收辐射提供初步可能。     

BCC_AGCM2.1对中国东部地区云辐射特征模拟的偏差分析

通过与观测及再分析资料的对比,评估了中国国家气候中心大气环流模式BCC_AGCM 2.1对中国东部地区云辐射特征的模拟性能,并着重分析了模拟偏差的原因.在云辐射特征的基本气候态模拟方面,模式能大致再现中国东部中纬度层状云大值带,以及层状云冷季多、暖季少的季节特征,模拟的短波云辐射强迫也具有与观测相对应的季节变化特征.在云辐射强迫和地面温度相互影响过程的模拟方面,模式也能模拟出与观测相近的相互作用过程,即地面温度降低伴随着层状云云量增多以及负的净云辐射强迫加强,升温时层状云云量减少和净云辐射强迫减弱.但模式模拟的大陆层状云云量系统性偏少(尤其在冷季),使得模式在该处的短波云辐射强迫明显偏弱.初步分析表明,造成层状云模拟差异的主要原因是在中国西南地区对流层低层模式模拟的偏南气流明显偏弱以及陆-气潜热通量偏小.偏南气流偏弱导致低层散度和垂直运动条件不利于中层云的形成.同时偏南气流偏弱也不利于向西南地区的水汽输送,再加上模式模拟地表向上潜热通量偏小,这二者都使得模式模拟中国西南区域对流层低层的水汽含量严重偏少,相对湿度偏低,同样不利于层状云生成和发展.水汽偏少进一步导致在冷异常情况下青藏高原下游云辐射-地表温度反馈模拟偏弱,即呈现冷异常时,水汽条件偏弱限制了云量增加,弱化了进一步降低温度的反馈过程.     

西北典型地域条件下云量的对比分析

采用NASA地球观测系统（EOS）“云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)”2002年7月至2004年6月CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 1B云资料,选取我国西北地区不同气候环境条件下的4个典型地域,研究了总云量、低层云和高层云云量的空间分布特征以及季节和年变化特征。结果表明,低层云量的高值区不仅分布在山脉地区,而且也分布在非山脉地区。但高层云的云量高值区只分布在山脉地区;总体来说,云量大小随地域的不同相差相当大,高层云云量年平均值的最大差异发生在祁连山区和塔克拉玛干沙漠之间,两者相差16.4%。而总云量和低层云量年平均值在季风区和塔克拉玛干沙漠地区相差最大,分别可达27.6%和19.5%。季风区和祁连山区云量最大值一般都出现在夏季,天山和塔克拉玛干沙漠地区云量最大值一般都出现在春季,最小值则均出现在秋冬季。总的来说,3个云量参数值在3～9月较高,最低值出现在10～12月。     

中国大气短波吸收辐射的气候研究

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料，以及实测和计算的地表吸收辐射资料，计算并讨论了我国大气短波吸收辐射的时空分布特征；分析了其与各影响因子的关系。结果表明，大气短波吸收辐射随纬度和拔高度变化明显，其与天文辐射、水汽压的相关也很显著，总云量对它的影响仅在东部地区有所反映。     

利用CERES(SYN)资料分析青藏高原云辐射强迫的时空变化

利用2001年11月—2005年10月"云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)"辐射和云资料SYN(Syn-optic Radiation Fluxes and Clouds),分析了青藏高原(下称高原)地区不同高度云辐射强迫的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)高原整体为云强迫正、负值的过渡区域,这种过渡性有显著的季节差异和区域划分。高原东南部表现出较强的冷却效应,其西部和东北部干旱区在冬、春季表现为较弱的加热效应。(2)高云、高的中云和低的中云对云短波辐射强迫的季节变化都有贡献,其中中云是导致区域差异的主要因素;云长波辐射强迫的区域差异不明显,但季节差异显著,这主要是由高的中云和高云的变化引起的,且云量是主要的影响因子,高云云量虽小但其影响不可忽视。(3)高云在高原地区产生净加热效应,高的中云既产生加热作用也产生冷却作用,低的中云产生净冷却效应。(4)云短波辐射强迫在云辐射强迫的日变化中仍然占主导地位,日变化的区域差异主要是由云量引起的。白天,在云短波辐射强迫的日变化中,低的中云贡献更大。高云对云长波辐射强迫的日变化贡献主要在晚上,低的中云在夜间对云长波辐射强迫有抑制作用。     

四川地区云和空中水资源分布与演变

利用1971～2000年台站云降水资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了四川地区云和空中水资源的分布与演变。研究发现:四川地区平均总云量为7.2成,低云量4.7成,全年阴天日数193.5天,降水日数154.0天,小到中雨日147.1天;全年大气可降水量为181.7kg.m-2。云有明显的季节变化特征,总云量夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低,低云量夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。大气可降水量夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最少。云和小到中雨日的空间分布具有明显的地域性,且夏季分布与全年分布显著不同。在高原上,总云和低云、降水日、小到中雨日呈相反的变化趋势,总云在平均状态附近波动略有减少,而低云、降水日、小到中雨日在平均状态附近波动略有增加;在盆地内,云和降水日的演变趋势相同,总云量、低云量、降水日、小到中雨日都在线性减少。30年来四川地区大气可降水量线性变化则略有增多。     

青藏高原地气系统云辐射强迫的气候学特征

利用ＥＲＢＥ－Ｓ４和ＩＳＣＣＰ－Ｃ２月平均资料着重分析了青藏高原这一特殊气候区域地气系统云辐射强拓的气候学特征，分析结果表明，冬，夏季云对气系统辐射强迫的场分布形势有明显的差异，对于地气系统长波辐射，冬季高原主体云强迫高值区，夏季云强迫空间变化平缓，高原主体平均云的温室效应春季最大，秋季最小，云使地气系统射出长波辐射年平均减少４５．６Ｗ／ｍ＾２对于地气系统短波辐射，冬季高原地区云强迫相对高值区，夏     

基于CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料的青藏高原云辐射及降水的研究进展

青藏高原上空的云及其相关联的降水和辐射影响了高原上空非绝热加热的空间结构。2006年卫星发射升空的CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星提供了定量的、完整的云垂直结构信息。本文回顾了国内外基于该资料进行的青藏高原上云宏观和微观结构特征,云与降水相关性,云辐射效应以及模式中的云-辐射问题方面的研究。指出抬升的青藏高原上水汽较少,限制了高原上云的垂直高度,对云层厚度和层数有显著压缩作用。在云量及其季节变化上,单层云的相对贡献大于亚洲季风区的其他区域;夏季对流云比较浅薄,积云发生频率最高,云内滴谱较宽;降水云以积云和卷云为主,云对总降水的贡献随着云层数增多而减小,降水增强时高层冰粒子的密集度趋于紧密;夏季青藏高原地区云的净辐射效应在8 km高度存在一个厚度仅1 km左右但较强的辐射冷却层,而在其下（4~7 km高度之间）为强的辐射加热层。最后展望了未来需要进一步开展的研究。     

南半球中高纬度区域不同类型云的辐射特性

利用CloudSat的2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR云分类产品和2B-FLXHR-LIDAR辐射产品4 a（2007-2010年）的数据,定量分析了单层云（高云、中云、低云）和3种双层云（如:高云与中云共存、高云与低云共存以及中云与低云共存）在南半球中高纬度（40°-65°S）的云量、云辐射强迫和云辐射加热率。其中云辐射加热率定义为有云时的大气加热率廓线与晴空大气加热率廓线的差值。结果表明:研究区域盛行单层低云和单层中云,其云量分别为44.1%和10.3%。并且,中云重叠低云在双层云中云量也是最大（8.7%）。不同类型云的云量也显著影响着其云辐射强迫。单层低云在大气层顶、地表以及大气中的净云辐射强迫分别是-64.8、-56.5和-8.4 W/m2,其绝对值大于其他类型云。虽然单层的中云在大气层顶和地表的净辐射强迫也为负值,但其在大气中的净云辐射强迫为正值（2.3 W/m2）。最后,讨论了不同类型云对大气中辐射能量垂直分布的影响。所有类型云的短波（或长波）云辐射加热率都随高度升高表现为由负值转为正值（或由正值转为负值）。对于大部分云,其净云辐射加热率主要由长波云辐射加热率决定。这些研究结果旨在为模式中云重叠参数化方案在区域的适用性评估及改进提供观测依据。      

中国东部大陆和邻近海域暖云特性时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

基于2003~2016年MODIS/Aqua（MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）云产品资料（MYD08_D3）,分析了中国东部大陆及其邻近海域云量（CF）、云滴有效半径（CER）、和液水路径（LWP）的空间分布以及季节变化,并结合同期ERA-Interim再分析资料的850 hPa垂直速度（ω_850hPa）、低对流层稳定度（LTS）、以及MODIS/Aqua水汽产品中的大气可降水量（PWV）资料,分析了云宏微观物理量与动力、热力及水汽条件之间的关系。从空间分布来看,夏季由日本海至中南半岛存在一个东北西南走向的云量高值区,覆盖我国东部地区,冬季云量高值区位于我国南方地区和东部海域上空;云滴有效半径冬、夏分布类似,均为由东南洋面至西北内陆递减;夏季液水路径分布较为均一,冬季空间差异很大,30°N是明显的高低值分界线,这与冬季水汽的分布密切相关。陆地和海洋上云量均呈冬高夏低的变化趋势,陆地大于海洋,而云滴有效半径和液水路径则为夏高冬低,海洋大于陆地。总体来说,云量与PWV和LTS均表现为正相关、与ω_850hPa呈负相关,表明低层的上升运动有利于水汽向上输送、凝结形成云,但稳定的大气层结又会阻碍云进一步向上发展,使其被限制在底层空间,由于本文的研究对象为暖云,多为中低云,因而云量较高;云滴有效半径和液水路径均与LTS、ω_850hPa表现为负相关,但是对PWV的变化不是很敏感,表明水汽并不是影响云滴尺度和液水路径的主导因素,其主要受动力、热力抬升作用的影响;以上关系在不同区域、不同季节的表现存在一定差异。     

一个海气耦合模式模拟的云辐射过程

利用NCC/IAP T63海气耦合模式进行了20 a积分,详细分析了模式对云量及其辐射影响的模拟能力。结果表明,模式能够模拟出云量分布的基本特征,但同ISCCP卫星观测资料及ERA再分析资料相比还存在较大的差距,总体表现为模拟的云量偏小,尤其是海洋上部分地区出现了异常的低值区。通过对云量方案的改进,明显改善了两大洋东岸、夏半球副热带到中纬度海洋上空低云的模拟。但模式对热带印度洋到西太平洋地区云量的模拟仍然存在明显的偏差,这主要是由于模式对该地区强对流云模拟能力差,造成该地区高云模拟存在较大的误差。对辐射及其云辐射强迫的分析表明,模式对长波及其云辐射强迫的模拟要明显好于短波。短波辐射模拟的偏差主要是由于短波云辐射强迫模拟过小、耦合模式对积雪和海冰模拟较差、以及未考虑气溶胶的影响等原因共同引起的;而长波辐射模拟的差距主要是云量以及下垫面温度模拟不足造成的。相应于云量方案的改进,两大洋东岸、夏半球副热带到中纬度海洋上辐射(尤其是短波辐射)的模拟有了明显的改善,这也明显改进了这些地区的净辐射模拟。     

夏季白天中国中东部不同类型云分布特征及其对近地表气温的影响

本文利用2001～2017年ERA5再分析资料以及CERES卫星资料,探究夏季白天中国中东部不同类型云的云量及其光学厚度的时空变化特征,并利用一维辐射对流模式定量分析不同类型云对近地表气温的影响。观测结果表明:夏季白天中国中东部总云量及其光学厚度整体呈由南向北逐渐减小的分布特征,且中高云量占主导地位。总云量整体呈?0.3% a?1显著减少趋势,其中低云的贡献（?0.27% a?1）最大;总云光学厚度为0～0.1 a?1增加趋势,其中低云光学厚度（0.06 a?1）和中低云光学厚度（0.03 a?1）呈增加趋势,而中高云光学厚度（?0.08 a?1）和高云光学厚度（?0.03 a?1）呈减少趋势。模式结果表明:四种不同类型云的温度效应（Cloud Effect Temperature, CET）均为负值,表现为降温效应。低云、中低云、中高云和高云的年均CET值分别为?2.9°C、?2.7°C、?2.2°C和?1.7°C。其中,低云在华北平原降温可达?5°C;中低云和中高云在四川盆地和云贵高原降温可达?7.8°C。不同类型云温度效应与近地表气温的年际变化具有较好的一致性,具体表现为:2004年前（后）近地表气温呈现下降（上升）趋势,不同类型云的CET在此期间呈下降（上升）趋势,表现为云的降温效应增强（减弱）与近地表气温下降（上升）相对应,体现了夏季白天中国中东部4种不同类型云温度效应与近地表气温都呈正相关关系。特别地,夏季白天中国中东部中高云量占主导地位,其CET与近地表气温的相关系数高达0.63。综上,夏季白天中国中东部不同类型云温度效应对近地表气温的影响不同,但均呈正相关关系。定量分析不同类型云对近地表气温的影响可以为定量研究云反馈对区域增暖的作用以及合理预估未来区域增暖情景提供必要的科学参考。     

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF CLOUD COVER OVER EASTERN CHINA AND THE EAST CHINA SEA

Based on data from satellite and surface observations,the horizontal and vertical distributions of clouds over eastern China and the East China Sea are examined.Three maximum centers of cloud cover are clearly visible in the horizontal distribution of total cloud cover.Two of these maxima occur over land.As the clouds mainly originate from the climbing airflows in the southern and eastern slopes of the Tibetan Plateau,they can be classified as dynamic clouds.The third center of cloud cover is over the sea.As the clouds mainly form from the evaporation of the warm Kuroshio Current,they can be categorized as thermodynamic clouds.Although the movement of the cloud centers reflect the seasonal variation of the Asian summer monsoon,cloud fractions of six cloud types that are distinct from the total cloud cover show individual horizontal patterns and seasonal variations.In their vertical distribution,cloud cover over the land and sea exhibits different patterns in winter but similar patterns in summer.In cold seasons,limited by divergent westerlies in the middle troposphere,mid-level clouds prevail over the leeside of the Tibetan Plateau.At the same time,suppressed by strong downdraft of the western Pacific subtropical high,low clouds dominate over the ocean.In warm seasons both continental and marine clouds can penetrate upward into the upper troposphere because they are subject to similar unstable stratification conditions.     

A study of convective systems, water vapor and top of the atmosphere cloud radiative forcing over the Indian Ocean using INSAT-1B and ERBE data

Summary The distribution of cloud radiative forcing (CRF) at the top of the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean is investigated using satellite observations. Two key regions are considered: The eastern Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal which experience maximum upper-level cloudiness in winter and summer respectively. It is found that longwave CRF in the Bay of Bengal during summer is similar to that over the eastern Indian Ocean during winter. On the other hand shortwave CRF magnitude is larger in the Bay of Bengal. These differences explain the net CRF difference between the two regions. The stronger shortwave forcing seems to be related to the Upper-Level Cloudiness being larger over the Bay than over the eastern Indian Ocean. The reasons for the longwave CRF similarities are analysed in more details. Using the results from a convective system classification method, it is first shown that the longwave radiative properties of the individual systems do not vary much from one region to another. The distribution of the different kind of systems, a proxy for the vertical cloudiness structure, does not either indicate strong difference between the regions. It is then proposed that the substantial precipitable water vapour amount observed over the Bay of Bengal damps the effects of the upper-level cloudiness on radiation compared to the relatively dryer eastern Indian Ocean area; yielding to similar LW CRF in both region despite more Upper-Level Cloudiness over the Bay of Bengal. These observations are supported by idealised radiative transfer computations. The distribution of cloudiness and radiative forcing is then analysed over the whole tropical Indian Ocean for each season. July is characterized by a low longwave CRF regime (relative to January) over the most convectively active part of the Ocean. The non linear damping effect of water vapor on longwave CRF is also shown to contribute to this regime. Overall, this study reaffirms the need for simultaneous documentation of the cloud systems properties together with their moist environment in order to understand the overall net radiative signature of tropical convection at the top of the atmosphere (TOA).     

A study on radiative properties of Indian summer monsoon clouds

Possible causes behind the unusual cooling by summer monsoon clouds over India are investigated. Results suggest that the causes behind the cooling over the Bay of Bengal, India (BBI) and Arabian Sea (AS) within the Indian monsoon region are different. Over the BBI, clouds are tall. A unique upper tropospheric easterly jet stream exists over India during the summer monsoon season, which horizontally spreads the vertically growing deep convective clouds and thereby increases the cloud cover. Hence, more incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space, which leads to cooling. A radiative transfer study employing the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer model supports this view. Over the Arabian Sea, clouds are shallow, and hence the upper tropospheric jet cannot affect them. Due to their proximity to the ground, Arabian Sea clouds exert less warming effect, but they exert a considerable cooling effect, which arises because of the high reflectivity of the clouds. Over the Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO), where the monsoon clouds originate and propagate towards the monsoon trough region, both cooling and warming effects are nearly canceled out. The upper tropospheric jet is located hundreds of kilometers north of the EIO, and hence it does not disturb the deep convective clouds of the EIO. Therefore, they behave similarly to other deep convective clouds in the tropical belt.     

Cloud effects on air-sea interactions during the 1979 Indian summer monsoon as studied from satellite observations

Summary The Indian summer monsoon, one of the earth's most vigorous and energetic seasonally occurring weather events, influences the global atmospheric circulation. Its onset, duration, and intensity are governed by large- and meso-scale geophysical processes, such as surface solar heating and air-sea interactions. In this paper, using innovative combinations of satellite sensor data, we investigate some of these fundamental processes which are closely tied to clouds and control the monsoon system's evolution. The study, which focuses on the monsoon period of June, 1979, examines the low-frequency variability of clouds and their effects on air-sea processes through an analysis of the complex influence clouds play on the surface heat and water budgets. First, the effects of clouds on both the solar and longwave components of the surface radiation budget are assessed using a cloud radiative forcing parameter. While the effects of clouds on the long-wave irradiance act in a manner opposite to their effects on the shortwave irradiance, only a partial compensation is found to take place and the net effect results in a maximum cloud forcing of 60 Wm^–2 in the southwestern Arabian Sea. Second, employing satellite-derived precipitation and evaporation estimates, the paper analyzes the net surface fresh water budget variability around the monsoon onset. This budget is important in that fresh water affects the upper ocean density distribution and, consequently, the thermohaline circulation. Two regions are found to dominate the analysis: the western Arabian Sea, where evaporation is dominant by more than 10 mm day^–1, and the eastern Arabian Sea, where precipitation is dominant by more than 10 mm day^–1. Thus, a strong zonal gradient of fresh water at the surface is established during the monsoon. The last topic investigated is the intraseasonal variability of convection as analyzed using a cloud parameter indicative of deep convection. Cloud oscillations of 30–50 days, associated with the different phases of the monsoon, are found to propagate northward in the eastern Indian Ocean and eastward in the Bay of Bengal. Our analysis not only supports the hypothesis that the 30–50-day oscillation is driven by deep convection but also, and more importantly, suggests that the ocean thermal forcing is modulated by 30–50-day oscillations through cloud-induced surface radiative forcing. Although the results presented are limited in scope and preliminary because of the diffculty in quantifying the accuracy of the parameters examined, they do demonstrate: 1) the role of clouds in modulating the surface heat and water budgets, 2) the advantage of using combinations of multi-sensor and multi-platform satellite observations to quantify interrelated surface heat/water budget processes, and 3) the potential to examine the intraseasonal variability of air-sea interaction processes associated with the monsoon, even though these processes are not directly measurable from space.With 6 FiguresB. DiJulio passed away in September 1990.