南亚高压与台风路径

一、前言 在台风路径预报研究中,过去使用对流层中、低层资料较多。韦有造等研究过200hPa环流型与台风的优势路径。本文主要分析对流层上部200hPa南亚高压的变化特征与台风路径的关系。使用1974—1983年共10年的资料,分析进入27°N、125°E至12°N、125°E防线以西海域(下称进防     

登陆台风降水的大尺度环流诊断分析

强度相似的登陆台风造成的强降水可能差异很大.为研究大尺度环流对登陆台风降水的影响,利用热带气旋年鉴和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用动态合成分析方法,对比分析了登陆后48小时内降水特征迥异而强度、路径相似的两组登陆台风的大尺度环流特征.合成分析结果表明,西南气流的水汽输送对台风降水至关重要,造成大范围强降水的台风往往在登陆后仍与深厚西南急流相连并持续很长时间.高空强辐散场是登陆台风造成大范围强降水的一个基本动力特征.造成强降水的登陆台风其环境场的上升气流不仅强,其气旋性环流的伸展高度高且能长时间维持.登陆台风造成降水的范围和强度与登陆前台风下游大陆环境大气的稳定度有关.下游高温高湿的大气有利于能量尤其是潜热能的大量补充,对强降水增强和维持都十分有利.因此,大尺度环流对登陆台风降水有明显影响.其中,与台风相连的西南急流强度和深厚程度是最重要的因子,高低空辐散辐合强度、台风及环境风场结构以及台风下游大陆上空大气湿热状态等都是需要加以考虑的.     

我国台风路径业务预报误差及成因分析

利用2005 2009年中国气象局(CMA)提供的西北太平洋(包括南海)台风路径业务预报资料,比较了各类型台风路径、台风登陆位置及登陆时间的预报误差,登陆台风不同阶段以及华东登陆和华南登陆台风的路径预报误差。结果表明:CMA在2005 2009年的路径预报水平与1999 2003年的相比有了显著提高。平均南海台风预报误差大于西北太平洋。异常路径台风主要出现于南海,三个预报时效(24、48和72 h)异常路径的预报误差平均都小于正常路径。将登陆台风分为远海、登陆期间和登陆后三个阶段,显示登陆期间台风预报误差最大,同一阶段华南登陆台风的预报误差大于华东登陆台风。台风登陆位置在24、48和72 h预报时效的平均预报误差分别为71.1、122.6和210.6 km,48和72 h台风实际登陆时间有70%早于预报时间,平均分别提早8和12 h。比较大尺度引导气流与台风移动的偏差及24 h路径预报误差,得到南海三种典型登陆台风路径的大尺度引导气流与台风移动的偏差及其与路径预报误差的关系不一样,即误差成因不同。南海倒抛物线型的大尺度引导气流与台风移动的偏差最大,其预报误差最小;西一西北型的大尺度引导气流与台风移动的偏差最小,其预报误差最大,可能与大尺度环流预报准确性差有关。登陆华东的预报误差小于登陆华南台风的预报误差,这与台风登陆华南时其大尺度引导气流和台风移动的偏差大于登陆华东的台风有关。     

近40年影响东莞的台风气候特征统计

根据1971-2010年的台风路径资料,对影响东莞的台风进行统计分析,结果表明影响台风具有明显的年际变化和月际变化,年均个数为2个,从年际变化中看,2008年最多,从月际变化得出,影响台风主要集中在7到9月,影响频数4-8月呈逐月递增,8-12月呈逐月递减;按照生成地分类,在西北太平洋生成的台风的移动路径主要有西北（西北偏西）路径和转向路径,在南海生成的台风的路径主要有偏北（西北）路径和转向路径,剩余的复杂路径则较少.对近40年东莞出现100 mm以上或接近100 mm过程雨量的台风大暴雨过程进行分析,总结出3类环流特征：①台风环流内部引起的大暴雨;②台风倒槽引起的大暴雨;③季风槽北上引起的大暴雨.     

台风"烟花"缓慢移动的机理研究:远距离双台风相互作用

本文通过一系列敏感性试验探究台风"烟花"移动缓慢的可能机理。结果表明:台风"烟花"的移动对台风"尼伯特"的强度较为敏感。"尼伯特"强度主要通过影响其附近大尺度低压系统的强度与范围,间接影响"烟花"的大尺度引导气流,进而影响"烟花"的移动。具体而言,"尼伯特"与其附近大尺度低压系统环流共同激发西北风引导气流,抵消了部分副高西南侧的东南风引导气流,从而造成"烟花"受到的大尺度引导气流偏弱,致使其移动缓慢,路径复杂。此外,当"尼伯特"强度越大时,以上过程对"烟花"移动的影响也越大。因此,当两个台风相距较远时,双台风相互作用可能通过影响周围的大尺度系统,间接对台风路径产生较大影响。     

中国24h台风路径预报难点及其大尺度环流分析

主要分析了2005—2012年中国24 h台风路径预报误差较大的样本及其对应的大尺度环流特征。基于850 hPa风场的低通滤波等分析发现:去除占总数3.9%的预报误差最大样本后,平均预报误差可以减小8.5%。这些预报误差最大的样本中有近60%呈现为移向误差较小、移速较观测慢的特点。与之相对应的大尺度环境场可分为气旋性环流、弱背景场和副热带高压西侧3类。气旋性环流包含近3/4的样本,其中又有一半受季风涡旋的影响。平均移动速度分析表明,这些台风起报时刻前后,平均移速的突然增加是预报移速较慢的主要原因,这是中国台风24 h路径预报的主要难点之一。     

不同微物理方案和边界层方案对超强台风“鲇鱼”路径和强度模拟的影响分析

采用分辨率为1 °×1 °的NCEP全球格点再分析资料,应用新一代中尺度数值预报模式WRF V3.2,对比分析了不同微物理方案和边界层方案对2010年1013号超强台风“鲇鱼”路径和强度模拟的影响。结果表明:相对于边界层方案,微物理方案对台风路径的影响较大,其中与Ferrier方案相组合的试验中模拟的台风路径平均偏差最小;边界层方案对台风强度有明显影响,其中MYNN2方案模拟的台风强度变化与实况更接近。进一步对比分析了不同微物理方案和边界层方案对大尺度环流形势场、水汽通量场及台风暖心结构模拟的异同,探讨不同参数化方案对台风路径和强度模拟差异的动热力原因。分析表明:不同微物理方案在模拟副热带高压和东亚长波槽的演变特征上是不同的,于是导致对台风路径模拟的差异;不同边界层方案对边界层中水汽通量大小的模拟存在显著差异,而水汽供应的强弱会影响台风上层暖心结构的不同,从而导致对台风强度模拟的差异。      

登陆华东台风降水分布特征

为研究华东地区台风降水、台风内核降水特征及大尺度环流对台风内核降水分布的影响,利用国家气象信息中心提供的逐日降水观测资料、NCEP/NCAR(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)再分析资料,运用动态合成分析方法,对比分析台风登陆过程中台风内核降水分布不同的两类台风(L型、R型内核降水台风)大尺度环流特征。结果表明:(1)影响华东地区的台风主要在夏季登陆,台风登陆及带来极端降水的次数都具有“单峰型”的月际分布特征,降水分布从沿海向内陆、由南向北逐渐递减。(2)台风内核降水具有不对称性,强降水更易出现在高低空辐散辐合场相配合且上升运动维持较好的一侧。(3)L型内核降水台风主要受暖平流控制,环流西部存在多个冷平流中心,冷暖平流交汇增强了大气对流不稳定性,为降水提供了不稳定能量;R型内核降水台风登陆后主要受冷平流控制,环流东北部存在暖平流,冷暖平流相互作用使大气稳定度降低,有利于路径右侧降水发生。(4)L型内核降水台风在其环流西南部存在强水汽辐合,有利于路径左侧降水发生;R型内核降水台风在登陆期间,环流东北部水汽辐合中心维持时间长,有利于路径右侧降水系统的发生发展。高低空辐散辐合配置、冷暖平流以及水汽输送是影响台风内核降水分布的主要因子。     

台风“韦帕”的非对称结构特征及其登陆异常的成因分析

利用0.25°×0.25°分辨率的ERA5再分析资料,对201907号台风“韦帕”的环流形势、物理量场进行了诊断分析。结果表明,“韦帕”具有非对称结构,强度稳定,移速缓慢,路径复杂,降水量大,维持时间长,影响范围广的特点;副高减弱东撤、“双台风效应”与“韦帕”自身的不对称结构导致台风路径多次转折;西南季风带来的丰沛水汽使台风持续维持热带风暴级别,并给海南、广东、广西带来了强降水;水汽通量散度辐合和上升运动与降水落区有较好的对应关系,中心强度与同时段降水量级呈正相关。     

登陆海南岛台风季节特征的对比分析

通过对2003年盛夏(8月份)和晚秋(11月份)登陆海南岛的两个台风个例进行了大尺度环流背景、台风暴雨产生的大尺度条件、中尺度特征等方面的对比分析,揭示盛夏和晚秋登陆海南岛台风路径和暴雨的一般特性,并对其成因进行了探讨。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...