Petropavlovsk base seismic station for the tsunami warning service

Hardware and software are developed for the first base seismic station in the modernized seismic subsystem for tsunami warning on Kamchatka. The station is formed as a seismic array. The structure of the equipment and its communication systems are described. The station is introduced into experimental operation. The first results of recording of a local strong earthquake at points of the Petropavlovsk station are discussed.     

国家地震烈度速报与预警工程定制软件总体设计

国家地震烈度速报与预警工程现已建设世界上规模最大的、总数超过15000个台站的地震烈度速报与预警观测站网。定制软件是预警工程的核心内容之一,将实现我国地震观测领域数据处理系统的全面升级。本文结合定制软件项目建设目标、业务功能需求等情况,从设计思路、总体架构、分系统功能、部署方式、性能指标和关键技术指标等方面对定制软件总体设计进行介绍。定制软件的总体设计契合预警业务功能需求,使得预警工程具备高稳定性、低延时、高可靠度、高处理性能的数据处理、紧急地震信息服务、数据综合服务和技术支持与保障能力,使地震预警和烈度速报两大功能得到落实,使工程项目的防震减灾效能得到切实体现。     

国家中心地震烈度速报与预警技术平台

震后快速获取发震信息和灾区受灾情况,对于降低生命和财产损失、震后灾害评估和救援决策至关重要。得益于国家地震烈度速报与预警工程的实施,中国地震台网中心建立了国家中心地震烈度速报与预警技术平台。通过该平台汇集并交换全国预警实时波形,分析、判断、加工实时波形数据,及时产出地震预警、烈度速报、地震基本参数和震源参数等信息产品,并将其推送到紧急信息服务系统,实现秒级地震预警、分钟级参数速报和烈度速报,在泸定 M_S6.8 等强震袭来时均成功发布预警信息,为防震减灾及应急救援等提供有力保障。本文详细介绍该平台的整体情况及其所包含的分系统功能,并讨论目前平台的技术特性和需要改进的问题。     

南中国海区域海啸预警中心地震监测系统

简要介绍了南中国海区域海啸预警与减灾系统的建设和发展历程,同时重点阐述了地震监测系统构成及其基本功能。作为重要组成部分,地震监测系统通过地震数据的实时汇集、存储、自动处理和分析,并结合人机交互方式实现了地震定位、震源机制解和有限断层模型反演。实际应用表明,地震监测系统对全球6.0级以上地震定位时间不超过8 min,在震后10—15 min内完成W震相方法快速反演海底强震震源机制解,在震后短时间内完成有限断层模型反演,为海啸预警提供快速、准确、可靠的地震基本参数和震源特征参数。      

国家地震烈度速报与预警工程融合决策平台建设

为满足国家地震烈度速报与预警工程(以下简称“国家预警工程”)紧急地震信息对外服务要求,针对国家预警工程建设多算法多中心融合决策的主要技术难题,结合地震监测学科的技术发展现状和学科管理需求,地震监测预警业务系统迫切需要一个用于地震预警、参数速报和烈度速报分系统产出一套全国统一结果的融合决策平台。在国家预警工程定制软件项目实施过程中,建设了国家地震烈度速报与预警工程融合决策平台,其作为国家预警工程数据处理系统与紧急地震信息服务系统之间的关键信息通道,负责汇集融合国、省两级多中心地震预警和速报分系统的多套处理算法的处理结果,进行多个处理结果的同一地震事件判断及其可靠性判定,基于多个策略的信息优选和融合决策处理,产出融合决策后唯一、可靠、及时和准确的预警和速报信息结果。该结果经紧急地震信息服务系统的发布平台对外发布,社会公众、政府机构和特定专业用户可以基于收到的地震预警和速报信息进行防灾避险或应急救援。     

粤西沿海震动图的生成和研究

震动图是描绘地震产生的地面运动和可能破坏情况的有效工具,主要包括峰值地面速度(PGV)等值线图、峰值地面加速度(PGA)等值线图和仪器烈度分布图等.基于华南数字地震台网记录到的2010年7月9日MS3.7级阳江地震的数据资料,利用SAC和GMT软件从记录到的地震波形数据提取地面运动参数,生成了PGV和PGA等值线图,并...     

几种仪器烈度算法在汶川地震与芦山地震中的可靠性比较

破坏性地震发生后, 特别是在通信中断的情况下, 利用仪器烈度快速估计地震动强度(烈度)的分布情况, 可为开展最有效的地震应急救援提供决策依据. 该文介绍了现有的几种仪器烈度算法, 并利用汶川地震与芦山地震中获得的强震加速度记录对各种算法的可靠性进行了比较. 结果表明, 在这两次地震中只利用地震动峰值参数确定仪器烈度的算法可靠性较低, 而考虑反应谱特性的算法可靠性更高. 在未得到更多强震数据的检验前, 建议采用袁一凡提出的仪器烈度算法, 或利用谱烈度值确定仪器烈度的算法, 或利用加速度反应谱值确定仪器烈度的算法.      

Constant‐ductility response spectra for sequential earthquake and tsunami loading

Simplified approaches for examining structural system response under sequential earthquake and tsunami loading are helpful for understanding response trends. To aid understanding, nonlinear (constant‐ductility) response spectra are developed for elastoplastic single degree of freedom systems subjected to seismic loads followed by hydrodynamic tsunami loads. The forcing function is composed of long‐duration earthquake motion concatenated with a range of tsunami hydrodynamic forces that are proportional to the pseudo‐spectral acceleration produced by the earthquake motion. The constant‐ductility spectra are thus constructed for scenarios where the loading imposed by one hazard is not dominant over the other. The spectra and basic intensity measures indicate that the amplification of response for sequential earthquake and tsunami loading over the earthquake only case is most significant for systems with long natural periods and high‐ductility capacity under seismic loading. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic Observations and Seismic Hazard Studies in the Philippines

It has taken more than a hundred years for seismic observations in the Philippines to evolve to a modern observation system.The responsibility of seismic observations was likewise transfeered from one agency to another during this same period of time.At present,the mandate of conducting seismic observatins in the Philippines rests with the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(PHIVOLCS),In 2000,through a grant aid from the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA),the Philippine Seismic netowrk was upgraded to a digital system.As a result,a new set of seismic monitoring equipments was installed in all of the 34 PHIVOLCS seismic stations all over the country,Digital waveforms are now available for high level seismic data processing.and data acquisition and processing are now automated.Included in the upgrade is the provision of strong motion accelerographs in all stations whose data can now be used for studying ground motion and intensity attenuation relations,The new setup is now producing high-resolution data that can now be used for conducting basic seismological researches,Earthquake locations have now improved allowing for the modeling and delineation of earthquake source regions necessary for earthquake hazard studies.Current seismic hazard studies in the Philippines involve the estimation of ground motion using both probabilitstic and deterministic approaches,seismic microzonation studies of key cities using microtremor observations,paleoseismology and active faults mapping ,and identification of liquefaction-prone,landslide-prone nd tsunami-affected areas.The earthquake database is now being reviewed and completed with the addition of historical events and from data from regional databases,While studies of seismic hazards were primarily concentrated on a regional level ,PHIVOLCS is now focusing on doing these seismic hazard studies on a micriolevel.For Metro Manila,first generation hazard maps showing ground rupture,ground shaking and liquefaction hazards have recently been completed.Other large cities that are also at risk from large earthquakes are the next targets.The elements at risk such as population,lifelines,and vertical and horizontal structures for each of these urban centers are also being incorporated in the hazard maps for immediate use of planners,civil defense officials,policy-makers and engineers.The maps can also now be used to describe possible scenarios during times of strong events and how appropriate socio-economic and engineering responses could be designed.In addition,a rapid earthquake damage assessment system has been started which will attempt to produce immediate or rapid assessments identification of elements at risk durin times of strong earthquakes     

云南地震预警信息发布效能分析——以漾濞6.4级、双柏5.1级和盈江5.0级地震为例

地震预警信息发布是预警“一张网”的重要组成部分,解决了预警系统“最后一公里”的问题。在2021年5月21日漾濞6.4级地震、6月10日双柏5.1级地震和6月12日盈江5.0级地震中,云南地震预警信息发布系统对产出的预警信息进行了有效发布,地震预警终端有效响应。本文借助这三次地震对云南地震预警发布系统运行质量、预警终端响应结果以及预警响应效果进行详细分析。结果表明：云南地震预警信息发布系统满足时效性要求并具有良好的稳定性,预警终端接收到的预测烈度与实际结果基本一致,已经具备一定的地震预警信息发布能力。     

A new instrumental measure of epicentral shaking intensity in Western China

We define here a new measure of epicentral shaking intensity (modified spectrum intensity), which we derive from strong motion instrumental data. This new metric is similar to Housner’s spectrum intensity, with the caveat that we modify its numerical value by evaluating the predominant period of spectral acceleration and the site characteristics of each strong-motion station. We find that the modified spectrum intensity thus calculated is of higher reliability than peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, or Housner’s spectrum intensity in instrumental seismic intensity determination, and it offers a superior method to evaluate macro-seismic intensity distribution soon after a destructive earthquake in Western China.     

面向地震烈度仪的现地地震动预测模型的构建与验证

利用初期P波预警参数构建现地地震动预测模型,使其在达到设定阈值时快速发出报警信息,是现地地震预警系统面临的一个关键问题,直接关系到发布信息的准确性和及时性。针对地震烈度仪基于微机电系统传感器记录到的数据质量较差,通过两次积分获取的位移存在较大偏差,会引起更多的误报和漏报,本文采用不同阶数（1—4阶）的巴特沃斯滤波器,分别构建了基于P波3 s和全P波段数据的位移幅值PD、速度幅值PV和加速度幅值PA与地震动峰值速度PGV和峰值加速度PGA的现地地震动预测模型,然后利用收集到的川滇示范预警网地震事件记录进行验证。结果表明,对于地震烈度仪微机电系统传感器的记录,采用1阶巴特沃斯滤波器处理、基于全P波段波形拟合获取到的PV与PGV的相关性和PA与PGA的相关性为两种最优现地地震动预测模型。具体应用时,应同时利用两种或两种以上的统计关系进行现地地震动预测,并将实际地震动观测值作为额外的判定条件,以降低误报率和漏报率。      

基于强震动记录的地震生命损失快速评估方法

随着我国强震动观测数据数量和质量的大幅提高, 破坏性地震发生后所观测到的强震动记录也在试验性地转化为仪器烈度数据． 本文将强震动记录引入应急性的生命损失快速评估, 借助已有的地震应急灾害损失快速评估模型的表达方法, 提出了一种将仪器烈度概率密度函数和生命损失函数相结合的地震人员伤亡快速评估方法． 通过确定仪器烈度的概率密度, 并结合四川地区已有房屋建筑易损性研究成果, 建立了考虑建筑地震易损性并与烈度相关的地震生命损失快速评估函数, 并利用汶川地震的强震动记录对本文提出的生命损失快速评估方法进行评估计算. 结果表明, 该方法的计算结果与实际震害损失结果颇为一致, 说明了该方法的可行性, 因而能够及时为地震应急救援提供可靠信息．      

The Chemical Composition of Ground Water in Observational Water Vents in the Petropavlovsk Geodynamic Test Site: The Classification and Effects of Large Earthquakes

This paper considers the chemical composition and classification of ground water at seven flowing wells and four springs using materials from the 2014 hydrogeochemical sampling and from continuous observations conducted by the Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences (KB GS RAS) in 1989–1999. We estimated the saturation of ground water discharges at individual vents with alumosilicate, carbonate, and sulfate secondary minerals, following the behavior of saturation over time. We have found that the ground water undergoes an increase in the saturation with secondary minerals during large earthquakes that produced shaking of intensity I = 5–6 on the MSK-64 scale. Such changes in the saturation of ground water with secondary minerals are less pronounced during the precursory periods before earthquake occurrence. We discuss desirable future developments of the observational system at wells and springs in order to look for new types of hydrogeochemical precursors to earthquakes.     

The system of detailed seismological observations in Kamchatka in 2011

This paper presents the main results from the development of the detailed seismological observation system in Kamchatka and the information on the system as of 2011. We describe the networks of seismological stations, the systems for the acquisition, storage, and processing of seismological observations and their technical, methodological, and software support. We discuss the basic characteristics of the recording channels and the system as a whole. We present the information resources of the Kamchatka seismological data bank that provide for basic research in earth sciences. In 2011, the system of seismological observation in Kamchatka was a specialized network for acquisition (recording), storage, transmission, and processing of seismic and geophysical data that provides support for the effective monitoring of seismic and volcanic activities, as well as tsunami warning.     

国际海啸预警系统(ITWS)

介绍了国际海啸预警系统的构成、地震与海啸信息的检测、海啸预警信息的发布，并介绍了太平洋海啸预警中心和阿拉斯加海啸预警中心。     

天津简易烈度计地震预警试验区建设

通过建设80个简易烈度计观测点,与天津行政区内具备实时传输能力的测震台站和强震动台站共同组建了天津地震预警观测网络,初步实现了地震预警功能,提升了天津行政区的防震减灾能力,同时开展地震预警信息服务试验,为政府和社会提供地震预警信息。本文介绍了天津简易烈度计地震预警试验区的建设情况、台站分布情况、仪器性能指标、数据处理及数据记录情况,并探讨了简易烈度计在预警台网中的应用,获得了初步认识。     

葡萄牙破坏性地震和海啸预警系统(DETWS)

本文介绍了葡萄牙破坏性地震和海啸预警系统(Destructive Earthquakes and Tsunami Warning System)的构成、地震与海啸信息的检测、海啸预警信息的发布。     

关于在基础设施抗震规范中规定最低设防要求的一点建议

作者针对目前我国基础设施抗震设计时遇到的问题,给出了以下建议:①根据地震作用水平,对结构不同部位、不同构件制定不同的设计目标,明确设计构件所用的强度、延性参数指标;②我国地震动区划图提供的地震动参数仅仅是中震水平(地震重现期475年),实际发生的地震可能远远超过中震水平,在基础设施设计时应对大震(罕遇地震)有所考虑,甚至应考虑超预期地震发生后的应对、应急措施;③提高最低设防水准,并非是提高一度设防,应通过确定最小地震动参数满足最低设防要求,并在地震动区划图中以地震重现期代表地震危险程度;④对于Ⅵ度以下设防地区的基础设施结构物,都应按照Ⅵ度设防标准设计并考虑采取相应的抗震措施.     

岐口海洋地震观测台的建设

天津市建设项目"海上地震观测试验系统",是"十五"期间天津数字地震观测网络项目中的重点实验任务,该项目的建设将有效提高渤海海域地震监测能力,为天津经济社会发展建设、为滨海新区开发开放提供服务.通过建设海洋地震台,提高了天津市测震台网在渤海地区的监控能力,对于海啸预警能力也大有提高.