MJO与西北太平洋热带气旋活动的关系及其年代际变化

利用澳大利亚气象局RMM指数(Real-time Multivariate MJO Index)和美国联合预警中心(Joint Typhoon Warming Center)的最佳台风路径资料以及NCEP/NCAR逐日和逐月平均的再分析资料,分析研究西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)的年代际变化及其与MJO之间的关系。结果表明,相比1979—1997年时段,1998—2010年时段的西北太平洋TC生成频数发生显著减少的改变,且TC频数减少主要出现在MJO活跃位相(4、5、6、7位相)中。通过对1979—1997年和1998—2010年两个时段的气候背景与MJO传播进程比较分析发现,1998—2010年时段TC频数显著降低,主要由于赤道太平洋海表温度La Ni?a型的冷却,导致该时段Walker环流增强,从而使得西北太平洋地区产生底层东风异常、负相对涡度增加、海平面气压升高、垂直风切变加大等抑制TC生成的大尺度环流条件。同时,在此气候背景下的MJO周期缩短、活跃持续日数减少、部分活跃位相低频风场出现东风异常和对流活跃面积收缩,也可能进一步导致TC频数在上述两个时段的较大差异。      

西北太平洋低频振荡对热带气旋生成的动力作用及其物理机制

利用全球再分析资料以及美国联合台风预报中心的热带气旋(TC)数据, 从动力和能量转换方面深入分析了西北太平洋上空30～60天大气低频振荡(MJO)对西北太平洋区域TC生成的调制作用。研究结果表明, 当西北太平洋西侧为MJO的西风位相所控制时, MJO通过纬向风的辐合作用使得在辐合区传播的波动发生波数增加, 波长减短的结构改变, 从而触发较大尺度波动向天气尺度波动的演变; 西风位相期间纬向风的纬向辐合与经向切变可以使得低频波动动能向高频波动的转换得到加强, 从而使得在此区域TC生成的数量明显偏多。相反, 当西北太平洋西侧为MJO的东风位相时, TC生成的数量得到抑制。此外, 随着西风位相中西风的加强(东风位相中东风的加强), TC的生成概率将得到增加 (减少)。但是, 在西北太平洋东侧海域, MJO对TC活动的调制作用要减弱许多。对MJO活动年际变化的研究表明, 在西太暖池处于暖状态年时, 西北太平洋西侧的MJO活动频繁, 西风位相活跃, 从而有利于此区域TC的生成, 而冷年的情况正好相反。     

南海—西北太平洋地区低频振荡特征及其对TC群发过程的影响

根据中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋最佳路径数据集(CMA-STI),以及定义的热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)群发标准,分析了南海—西太平洋地区的低频振荡特征,及其对TC群发活动的影响,研究了TC群发与季风槽的关系。结果表明,孟加拉湾—西太平洋的近赤道地区有两支主要的对流区,分别位于南海—西太平洋地区和孟加拉湾东南部。10~20 d大气准双周振荡(Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation,QBWO)周期是南海—西太平洋地区对流活动的主要周期,大部分年份QBWO占原始序列的方差贡献达20%以上。QBWO的强度具有明显的年际变化,20世纪80年代以前强度变化较大,80年代之后变化较小。根据定义的TC群发标准,发现1990年6—9月西北太平洋地区共有4次TC群发过程,都发生在低频对流活动的湿位相。分析对流活动干位相—湿位相—干位相的演变,发现TC的群发期集中在湿位相,湿位相期间大气低层为低频气旋性环流,较强的正涡度有利于初始涡旋扰动的形成和发展,为TC群发提供了有利的环流背景场。根据定义的季风槽强度指数,发现季风槽强度与TC群发过程有很好的对应关系,由于季风槽的活跃使得对流活动处于湿位相期,同时季风槽区提供了有利的正涡度条件,促使TC群发活动产生。     

西北太平洋和南海不同时段生成热带气旋频数及其水汽条件的分类

对1961—2010年南海和西北太平洋不同时段生成热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TC)频数的时空分布及水汽条件对其产生的影响进行了分类研究。结果表明,可以将TC活动划分为活跃期(6—11月)和平静期(上年12—当年5月)两个时段。在TC活跃期和平静期,南海和西北太平洋上TC频数的EOF第一特征向量都表现为一致的增加或减少。活跃期EOF的第二特征向量表现为南海与西北太平洋中西部的TC频数存在相反的变化趋势,平静期EOF的第二特征向量则表现为130°E以西海域的TC频数与130~150°E范围内生成热带气旋存在相反的变化趋势。活跃期和平静期西北太平洋TC的生成频数与水汽通量散度均存在显著的负相关;而在活跃期南海TC频数与水汽通量散度仅在南海中北部有弱的负相关,在平静期南海东部到菲律宾附近海域有显著的负相关。因此,水汽条件的影响使得在活跃期南海和西北太平洋TC高频年中,南海北部和西北太平洋中东部TC频数明显偏多,而平静期高频年中,南海东部以及西北太平洋中西部TC频数明显偏多。     

夏季热带大气准双周振荡对西北太平洋台风生成的影响

利用美国海洋大气局（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA）逐日对外长波辐射（Outgoing Longwave Radiation,OLR)资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA-Interim再分析资料和美国联合台风预警中心（Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC）台风路径最佳资料,考察了热带大气夏季准双周振荡（Quasi-biweekly Oscillation,QBWO）对西北太平洋台风生成的影响,揭示了QBWO对西北太平洋台风生成位置、频数和发生概率的显著影响。结果表明:（1）伴随QBWO对流活跃中心的西北方向的传播,西北太平洋台风生成位置也呈现相应移动;（2）QBWO对流活跃位相期间,台风频数偏多,发生概率偏高,而在QBWO对流抑制位相,台风频数偏少,发生概率偏低;（3）台风生成潜在指数（Genesis Potential Index, GPI）收支分析指出了对流层低层绝对涡度和中层相对湿度是调制整个海域台风生成的两个重要的大尺度环境因子;（4）GPI的收支分析还表明了大尺度环境因子对台风生成的影响对QBWO的位相与区域具有显著的依赖性。在QBWO对流活跃位相期间,南海中北部区域低层涡度对GPI正异常贡献最为显著;在菲律宾以东海域,对流层中层相对湿度对GPI正异常贡献最为显著;在关岛附近海域,主要的贡献来自于低层绝对涡度与非线性项,且它们对GPI负异常的贡献相当。在QBWO对流抑制位相,南海中北部区域GPI的负异常贡献主要来自于低层绝对涡度;在菲律宾以东海域GPI负异常贡献主要来自中层相对湿度;关岛附近海域的GPI正异常的主要贡献来自于垂直风切变和非线性项。      

西北太平洋大气准双周振荡对热带气旋活动的影响

利用JRA逐日风场资料、 NOAA/NCEP的逐日OLR场资料以及美国联合台风预报中心的热带气旋 (TC) 数据, 通过对西北太平洋 (WNP) 上空10～20天大气准双周振荡 (QBWO) 不同位相的划分, 深入分析了QBWO对WNP区域生成TC的调制作用。研究结果表明: 在西北太平洋准双周尺度上, 对流与纬向风表现出沿热带地区向西偏北传播的特性。不同位相合成的季风槽位置和强度也发生相应的改变, 由此可见, QBWO是WNP上空季风槽季内变化的重要影响因子。当处于位相1、 4时, WNP生成TC的概率较低, 且登陆我国TC的数量也较少; 当处于位相2、 3时, WNP发生TC的概率较高, 特别是处于位相3时, 不仅TC发生概率最高, 而且登陆我国的TC数量也最多。沿热带地区西传的天气尺度波动 (周期10天以下) 在WNP通过季风槽的纬向风辐合作用, 易于转变为波数较大、 波长较短的热带低压 (TD) 型扰动, 这种扰动在季风槽区通过能量的转换有利于发展成为TC。     

2010年西北太平洋与南海热带气旋活动异常的成因分析

利用中国气象局热带气旋（TC）资料、NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料和美国 NOAA 向外长波辐射（OLR）等资料,分析了2010年西北太平洋（WNP）及南海（SCS）热带气旋活动异常的可能成因,讨论了同期大气环流配置和海温外强迫对TC生成和登陆的动力和热力条件的影响。结果表明,2010年生成TC频数明显偏少,生成源地显著偏西,而登陆TC频数与常年持平。导致7～10月TC频数明显偏少的大尺度环境场特征为：副热带高压较常年异常偏强、西伸脊点偏西,季风槽位置异常偏西,弱垂直风切变带位置也较常年偏西且范围偏小,南亚高压异常偏强,贝加尔湖附近对流层低高层均为反气旋距平环流,这些关键环流因子的特征和配置都不利于 TC 在WNP的东部生成。影响TC活动的外强迫场特征为：2010年热带太平洋经历了El Ni?o事件于春末夏初消亡、La Ni?a事件于7月形成的转换;7～10月,WNP海表温度维持正距平,140°E以东为负距平且对流活动受到抑制;暖池次表层海温异常偏暖,对应上空850 hPa为东风距平,有利于季风槽偏西和TC在WNP的西北侧海域生成。WNP海表温度和暖池次表层海温的特征是2010年TC生成频数偏少、生成源地异常偏西的重要外强迫信号。有利于7～10月热带气旋西行和登陆的500 hPa风场特征为：北太平洋为反气旋环流距平,其南侧为东风异常,该东风异常南缘可到25°N,并向西扩展至中国大陆地区;南海和西北太平洋地区15°N以南的低纬也为东风异常;在这样的风场分布型下,TC容易受偏东气流引导西行并登陆我国沿海地区。这是2010年生成TC偏少但登陆TC并不少的重要环流条件。     

热带大气季节内振荡与西北太平洋热带气旋活动的季节预测:统计事实研究

应用NOAA气候预测中心提供的热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)客观业务指数及中国气象局上海台风研究所提供的西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料集,定量统计榆验了MJO对夏季西北太平洋TC活动的调制作用.结果表明:MJO对TC的生成、强度、路径和登陆活动都有显著的调节作用.当高空辐合中心位于120°E～160°E(MJO位相3～5)时,西北太平洋TC生成偏少,且生成位置偏北;而当高空辐合中心位于10°W～70°E(MJO位相8～10)时,西北太平洋TC生成偏多,且生成位置偏南;随着TC强度加强,能达到显著调节作用的MJO位相逐渐减少,当高空辐合辐散中心位于70°E(MJO位相10)时,对TC强度调制最显著.在路径调节方面,MJO位相1～4和10时,TC活跃于菲律宾以东的西北太平洋上,主要路径为西北偏北行,可能登陆华东、华北;而位相5～8时,TC主要活跃在菲律宾附近及以西到南海,以偏西行路径为主,可能登陆华南.MJO对登陆华南TC也有显著影响.该定量统计检验结果可为TC活动季节内预测提供依据.     

热带大气季节内振荡与对西北太平洋台风生成数的影响研究

用典型年合成方法分析研究了1979—2006年西北太平洋多台风年和少台风年热带大气ISO的影响。结果表明,热带大气ISO对西北太平洋台风的生成具有明显的调节作用。多台风年,菲律宾以西地区大气季节内振荡较弱,东传不明显;菲律宾以东地区积云对流较强,热带大气30～60 d低频振荡也偏强,与台风生成相关的传播特征为源自赤道140～160°E附近季节内振荡的西北方向传播。这种异常的30～60 d低频振荡对周围大气环流有正反馈的作用,从而导致积云对流的进一步加强,这种强的积云对流会引起赤道西风异常,产生异常Walker环流,在菲律宾附近形成风场的低层辐合、高层辐散,增强那里的上升气流,有利于台风生成。少台风年,菲律宾以西地区低频活动较强,东传明显,菲律宾以东的低频活动较弱。这种西强东弱的低频活动形式,使得大气低层在菲律宾以西地区为低频东风异常,菲律宾以东地区为低频西风异常,导致在菲律宾以东的西北太平洋大气产生低层低频风辐散、高层辐合的形势,增强下沉运动,不利于台风的生成。     

印度洋海盆增暖及ENSO对西北太平洋热带气旋活动的影响

本文主要分析1950～2010年间印度洋海盆增暖和西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)活动的关系, 并与ENSO对西北太平洋TC活动的影响相比较, 结果表明:印度洋海盆异常增暖与西北太平洋地区总TC生成年频数尤其是弱TC相关较好, 印度洋海盆异常增暖, 西北太平洋地区为异常的反气旋, 对流抑制, 降水偏少, 不利于TC的生成, 反之亦然。而ENSO对西北太平洋热带气旋的影响, 主要体现在对强TC的年生成频数的影响, El Ni?o 发展年, 季风槽加深东伸, TC生成位置偏东, 由于TC在海洋上的生命史较长, TC的平均强度偏强, 因而强TC年生成频数偏多;La Ni?a发展年, 季风槽较浅, TC生成位置偏西, TC的平均强度偏弱, 强TC年生成频数偏少。但是ENSO指数与强TC年频数的相关有着年代际的变化, 在1950～1969年和1990～2009年间, ENSO指数和强TC年频数相关很好, 分别为0.532和0.687, 而在1970～1989这二十年间, 两者相关很弱, 只有0.081。     

IMPACT OF CONVECTION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING SUMMER MONSOON

The intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) of the South China Sea(SCS, 105-120°E, 5-20°N) convection and its influences on the genesis and track of the western North Pacific(WNP) tropical cyclones(TCs) were explored, based on the daily average of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the OLR data and the western North Pacific tropical cyclone best-track data from 1979 to 2008. The mechanism of the influences of ISO on TC movement and the corresponding large-scale circulation were discussed by a trajectory model. It was found as follows.(1) During the SCS summer monsoon, the SCS convection exhibits the ISO features with active phases alternating with inactive phases. The monsoon circulation patterns are significantly different during these two phases. When the SCS convection is active(inactive), the SCS-WNP monsoon trough stretches eastward(retreats westward) due to the activity(inactivity) of SCS monsoon, and the WNP subtropical high retreats eastward(stretches westward), which enhances(suppresses) the monsoon circulation.(2) The amount of TC genesis in the active phase is much more than that in the inactive phase. A majority of TCs form west of 135 °E during the active phases but east of 135 °E in the inactive phases.(3) The TCs entering the area west of 135 °E and south of 25 °N would move straight into the SCS in the active phase, or recurve northward in the inactive phase.(4) Simulation results show that the steering flow associated with the active(inactive)phases is in favor of straight-moving(recurving) TCs. Meanwhile, the impacts of the locations of TC genesis on the characteristics of TC track cannot be ignored. TCs that occurred father westward are more likely to move straight into the SCS region.     

影响2018年盛夏热带气旋群发的多尺度环流特征

以2018年盛夏一次典型的热带气旋群发(Multiple Tropical Cyclogenesis,MTC)事件为例,分析了多尺度环流(包括大尺度环流、季节内振荡及热带波动等)对MTC的影响,并探讨了MTC群发期和间歇期整层大气垂直扰动场的差异。结果表明:1)2018年盛夏西北太平洋经历了一次持续时间长达16 d有8个TC相继生成的MTC群发期和紧接着长达19 d仅1个TC生成的MTC间歇期;2)MTC群发期越赤道气流增强,季风槽加强东伸,南海和西北太平洋上空低层辐合高层辐散的环流配置有利于TC生成;3)夏季东亚-西北太平洋季节内振荡北传对MTC次季节变化具有显著的调制作用,MTC群发期(间歇期)南海和西北太平洋正好处于一次较强的季节内振荡(Intraeasonal Oscillation,ISO)北传湿(干)位相上;4)群发期内8个TC的生成皆与热带波动有关,其中5个同时受两种热带波动的影响,热带波动通过改变局地热动力状况为TC生成提供触发条件;5)多尺度环流的共同影响最终导致MTC群发期和间歇期在温压扰动场配置、垂直运动扰动和比湿扰动的垂直结构特征上表现出显著的差异,扰动分析法的应用为MTC生成的延伸期预报提供了一个新的思路。     

Modulation of tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific by the quasi-biweekly oscillation

The quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO) is the second most dominant intraseasonal mode over the western North Pacific(WNP) during boreal summer. In this study, the modulation of WNP tropical cyclogenesis(TCG) by the QBWO and its association with large-scale patterns are investigated. A strong modulation of WNP TCG events by the QBWO is found.More TCG events occur during the QBWO's convectively active phase. Based on the genesis potential index(GPI), we further evaluate the role of environmental factors in affecting WNP TCG. The positive GPI anomalies associated with the QBWO correspond well with TCG counts and locations. A large positive GPI anomaly is spatially correlated with WNP TCG events during a life cycle of the QBWO. The low-level relative vorticity and mid-level relative humidity appear to be two dominant contributors to the QBWO-composited GPI anomalies during the QBWO's active phase, followed by the nonlinear and potential intensity terms. These positive contributions to the GPI anomalies are partly offset by the negative contribution from the vertical wind shear. During the QBWO's inactive phase, the mid-level relative humidity appears to be the largest contributor, while weak contributions are also made by the nonlinear and low-level relative vorticity terms.Meanwhile, these positive contributions are partly cancelled out by the negative contribution from the potential intensity.The contributions of these environmental factors to the GPI anomalies associated with the QBWO are similar in all five flow patterns—the monsoon shear line, monsoon confluence region, monsoon gyre, easterly wave, and Rossby wave energy dispersion associated with a preexisting TC. Further analyses show that the QBWO strongly modulates the synoptic-scale wave trains(SSWs) over the WNP, with larger amplitude SSWs during the QBWO's active phase. This implies a possible enhanced(weakened) relationship between TCG and SSWs during the active(inactive) phase. This study improves our understanding of the modulation of WNP TCG by the QBWO and thus helps with efforts to improve the intraseasonal prediction of WNP TCG.     

南海—西北太平洋季风槽中热带气旋异常活动特征

应用1979—2005年的台风资料和NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ再分析资料,分析了生成于南海—西北太平洋季风槽中的热带气旋（MTTC）活动特征及季风槽强弱对MTTC异常的影响。结果表明：①1979—2005年5—10月南海和西北太平洋生成的热带气旋（TC）共有672个,年平均24.9个,其中MTTC为491个,占73.1%,占登陆中国TC频数的79.2%。②27年间MTTC年频数经历了正常期（1979—1987年）—多台期（1988—1994年）—少台期（1995—2005年）3个阶段;具有准4年和准2年的变化周期,1994年为MTTC频数由多台向少台转换的转折点。③MTTC频数异常年份,MTTC生成起止日期和生成位置有明显差异：MTTC异常偏少（多）年,MTTC活动起始日期较晚（早）,且5—10月皆不活跃（活跃）,MTTC生成海区范围较小（大）。④南海—西北太平洋季风槽强度和位置异常与MTTC活动异常密切相关。     

Springtime Convective Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation and Interannual Variation of Its Intensity over the South China Sea and Western North Pacific

This study investigates characteristics of the convective quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO) over the South China Sea(SCS) and western North Pacific(WNP) in spring, and the interannual variation of its intensity. Convective QBWO over the WNP and SCS shows both similarities and differences. Convective QBWO over the WNP originates mainly from southeast of the Philippine Sea and propagates northwestward. In contrast, convective QBWO over the SCS can be traced mainly to east of the Philippines and features a westward propagation. Such a westward or northwestward propagation is probably related to n = 1 equatorial Rossby waves. During the evolution of convective QBWO over the WNP and SCS, the vertical motion and specific humidity exhibit a barotropic structure and the vertical relative vorticity shows a baroclinic structure in the troposphere. The dominant mode of interannual variation of convective QBWO intensity over the SCS–WNP region in spring is homogeneous. Its positive phase indicates enhanced convective QBWO intensity accompanied by local enhanced QBWO intensity of vertical motion throughout the troposphere as well as local enhanced(weakened) QBWO intensity of kinetic energy, vertical relative vorticity,and wind in the lower(upper) troposphere. The positive phase usually results from local increases of the background moisture and anomalous vertical shear of easterlies. The latter contributes to the relationship between the dominant mode and QBWO intensities of kinetic energy, vertical relative vorticity, and wind. Finally, a connection between the dominant mode and the sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean is demonstrated.     

Modulation of Tropical Cyclone Activity Over the Northwestern Pacific Through the Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation

The quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) is the second most dominant intraseasonal mode for circulation over the Northwestern Pacific (WNP) during boreal summer. In this study, we investigated how the QBWO modulates tropical cyclone (TC) activities over the WNP from dynamic and thermodynamic perspectives. The propagation of the QBWO can be divided into four phases through empirical orthogonal function analysis of the vorticity at 850 hPa, which was proven to be effective in extracting the QBWO signal. TC generation and landings are significantly enhanced during the active period (phases 1 and 2) relative to the inactive period (phases 3 and 4). Composite analyses show the QBWO could significantly modulate TC activity as it propagates northwestward by changing the atmospheric circulation at both high and low levels. Cumulus convection provides an important link between TCs and the QBWO. The major component of the atmosphere heat source is found to be the latent heat release of convection. The condensation latent heat centers, vertical circulation, and water vapor flux divergence cooperate well during different phases of the QBWO. The vertical profile of the condensation latent heat indicates upper-level heating (cooling) during the active (inactive) phases of the QBWO. Thus, the northwestward propagation of the QBWO can modulate TC activity by affecting the configuration of atmospheric heating over the WNP.     

Influence of monsoon over the warm pool on interannual variation on tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific

The relationship between the interannual variation in tropical cyclone （TC） activity over the western North Pacific （WNP） and the thermal state over the warm pool （WP） is examined in this paper. The results show that the subsurface temperature in the WP is well correlated with TC geographical distribution and track type. Their relation is linked by the East Asian monsoon trough. During the warm years, the westward-retreating monsoon trough creates convergence and vorticity fields that are favorable for tropical cyclogenesis in the northwest of the WNP, whereas more TCs concentrating in the southeast result from eastward penetration of the monsoon trough during the cold years. The steering flows at 500 hPa lead to a westward displacement track in the warm years and recurving prevailing track in the cold years.
The two types of distinct processes in the monsoon environment triggering tropical cyclogenesis are hypothesized by composites centered for TC genesis location corresponding to two kinds of thermal states of the WP. During the warm years, low-frequency intraseasonal oscillation is active in the west of the WNP such that eastward-propagating westerlies cluster TC genesis in that region. In contrast, during the cold years, the increased cyclogenesis in the southeast of the WNP is mainly associated with tropical depression type disturbances transiting from equatorially trapped mixed Rossby gravity waves. Both of the processes may be fundamental mechanisms for the inherent interannual variation in TC activity over the WNP.