基于观测资料的海浪与混合层深度相关性分析

从观测数据角度出发,考察海浪与上层海洋混合层深度的变化关系。采用卫星高度计和三套温度观测数据,利用改进的混合层深度提取方法,获得海洋混合层深度。简要分析了多年月平均的有效波高和混合层深度的空间分布特征及时间变化规律,并进一步分析了它们的相关性。二者直接相关性分析的结果表明,在南北半球的中纬度地区二者的相关系数较大,而赤道地区较小。滤除年周期的气候态月平均场后,计算的距平相关系数在赤道区域较小;但在太平洋东部、南部和南印度洋存在一个大值区。此外,进一步研究了有效波高和混合层深度年际距平的相关系数,其空间分布特征与二者的距平相关系数的分布特征类似。为探究混合层深度的影响因素,同时也分析了风场与混合层深度的相关系数。综合上述结果,海浪和上层海洋的混合层深度之间存在着一定的相关性,海浪过程是风输入能量向次表层海洋传播的一个重要途径。     

浪致混合对2016年北太平洋海表温度季节性预测的影响

上层海洋通过海气交换影响大气-海洋耦合系统，海浪引起的垂向混合影响上层海洋结构，从而在气候预测过程中发挥着重要的作用。本文基于国家海洋局第一海洋研究所地球系统模式（FIO-ESM），以2016年为例，分别开展了耦合和关闭海浪模式情况下的短期气候预测实验，分析浪致混合对北太平洋海表温度（SST）季节性预测的影响。通过对模式预测的SST异常（SSTA）进行定量评估发现，浪致混合能够显著降低北太平洋高纬度海区预测误差，在（45°N，150°E）附近海区SSTA改善可达1℃，气候模式能够更好地预测SSTA的经向分布特征，特别是能够准确地反映25°~45°N海区SSTA分布特征。通过分析有浪和无浪两个实验的热收支贡献发现，垂向混合是导致上层海洋温度差异的主导影响因子。海浪通过改变垂向混合，使2016年北太平洋SST在高纬度海区大幅降低，在低纬度海区略有升高，最终提升了模式对北太平洋SST的季节性预测能力。     

台风“Megi”(2010)过程中海浪的特征及其对大气海洋的影响研究

使用海-气-浪耦合系统模拟了台风"Megi"(2010)过程中海洋与大气变化过程,重点研究了台风浪的有效波高、波周期、波向和波长等波参数的分布特征,并通过一组针对海浪的控制试验检验了海浪对台风及海洋环流的影响状况。结果表明:台风过程中的海浪有效波高最高达到了12 m以上,波高高值区域在移动方向的右前方;台风中心附近的海浪波长最长,周期最大,谱峰周期大于平均周期,谱峰波向较平均波向向右偏转了15°～20°。通过与未耦合海浪模式的控制试验对比发现,通过拖曳作用,海浪调节了海面风速的大小,使得台风后部风速减小约3～5 m/s;同时,由于海面粗糙度的增加,台风内核区域潜热通量有所增加,最大达到了15%。另外,海浪的加入加剧了海洋混合,导致了更大程度的降温,模拟值更接近实况值,同时也改变了海流的方向,影响了SST等海洋热动力状态模拟的准确性。     

近45 年北印度洋海表风、浪特征研究

基于第三代海浪数值模式(WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ),以ERA-40海表风场为驱动场,得到北印度洋1957年9月～2002年8月的海浪场,并分析其特征.研究发现,北印度洋1958～2001年年平均海表风速和有效波高均呈缓慢递增趋势;北印度洋的海表风速、有效波高存在2.36～5.2 a左右的共同周期及26 a的长周期震荡;北印度洋海域年平均海表风速、有效波高的突变形势与冬季相似,突变期在20世纪80年代初.本研究可以为在北印度洋这一重要战略通道上作业的船只提供重要参考.     

基于2007—2018年Argo数据分析全球混合层和障碍层时空特征

为了进一步认识上层海洋中混合层和障碍层的时空变化特征。本文基于Argo (Array for real-time geostrophic oceanography)海洋观测网2007—2018年的温盐数据,使用差值法计算了全球海洋混合层深度(Mixed layer depth, MLD)和障碍层厚度(Barrier layer thickness, BLT),讨论了二者的月均值、季节均值和年均值的空间分布特征和形成机制。研究表明,全球海洋的混合层普遍在夏季浅、在冬季深,随季节变化的特征显著。北半球混合层变化幅度较大,大西洋混合层比同纬度的太平洋深;赤道海区混合层较浅;南半球混合层呈纬向带状分布,60°S附近大洋海域存在显著的深混合层带,南极大陆与该深混合层带之间的海域混合层常年较浅。全球障碍层呈"哑铃状"分布,两半球的高纬度海区是障碍层高发区,障碍层不仅厚且持续时间长,以半年为周期变化,南大洋60°S附近海域显著的厚障碍层带随季节变化;南半球中低纬度海区长期存在障碍层,障碍层冬厚夏薄,且厚度大部分不超过40 m。     

双峰谱型海浪的波高和周期分布

本文利用收集到的实测双峰谱型海浪过程资料，把这些资料以波高和周期的相关系数为参数分布５组，讨论每组双峰谱型下波高、周期的统计分布，并探讨了相关系数对波高分布和周期分布的影响。     

双峰谱型海浪的波高和周期分布

本文利用收集到的实测双峰谱型海浪过程资料，把这些资料以波高和周期的相关系数为参数分成５组，讨论每组双峰谱型下被高、周期的统计分布．并探讨了相关系数对波高分布和周期分布的影响。     

1957～2002年南海—北印度洋海浪场波候特征分析

利用ERA-40海表10 m风场驱动第三代海浪数值模式WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ,得到南海—北印度洋1957年9月至2002年8月的海浪场,并分析其波候(风候)特征.研究发现如下主要特征:(1)该海域的波高波向、风速风向受季风影响显著;(2)北印度洋大部分海域的海表风速呈显著性逐年线性递增趋势,大约0.01～0.02 m/(s·a),南海线性递增的区域则较少,有效波高呈显著性逐年线性递增的区域主要集中在低纬度中东印度洋(约0.003～0.006 m/a)、索马里附近海域(大约0.002～0.005 m/a)、南海大部分海域(约0.002～0.004 m/a),线性递减的区域主要集中在孟加拉湾海域(约-0.002 m/a);(3)Nino3指数与南海—北印度洋的海表风场、浪场存在密切的关系;(4)南海—北印度洋的海表风速与有效波高存在5.2a左右的共同周期,南海的海表风速、有效波高还存在2.0a左右的共同周期,北印度洋的海表风速、有效波高还存在26.0a的长周期震荡.     

台湾周边海区的海浪特点

本文收集了1960～1990年的国际气象船舶报资料,以台湾岛为中心,范围为20°～28°N、116．5°～124°E的海区,并将整个海区划分为台湾海峡、台湾东部、台湾北部、巴士海峡四个海域。按1°×1°网格逐月进行统计,并将统计结果绘制成海面风、海浪玫瑰图,以及平均波高、平均周期、大浪大涌(≥2．5m)频率、小于等于1．2m波高和各类波长频率分布图。通过分析得出全年的海浪特点及其分布规律,这对发展国民经济、航海和军事活动具有重要意义。     

由模拟波面分析双峰谱型海浪的统计特征

采用目前国际上最新的随机波分析方法,由协方差矩阵的循环嵌套技术,对美国国家浮标44008站2002年6月一典型的双峰海浪谱资料进行谱分析.以实测平均谱为靶谱,对随机波面进行模拟.得到模拟波面估计谱与实测谱极为相近,谱峰及谱峰频率都基本一致.说明利用模拟波面研究海浪具有代表性,它可以反映实测海浪的特征.利用实测海浪谱密度,统计波特征量的周期概率分布,得到理论周期概率密度与估计周期概率密度分布相符较好,且与模拟波面的波周期分布也较好的一致.利用Longuet-Higgins(1983)模型计算了波高-周期联合概率密度分布.得到变换高斯过程计算的波高与周期联合分布与实测情况基本相同,更好地描述了波高-周期联合概率密度分布.     

The long-term trend of the sea surface wind speed and the wave height (wind wave, swell, mixed wave)in global ocean during the last 44 a

Utilizing the 45 a European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)reanalysis wave data(ERA-40),the long-term trend of the sea surface wind speed and(wind wave,swell,mixed wave)wave height in the global ocean at grid point 1.5×1.5 during the last 44 a is analyzed.It is discovered that a majority of global ocean swell wave height exhibits a significant linear increasing trend(2–8 cm/decade),the distribution of annual linear trend of the significant wave height(SWH)has good consistency with that of the swell wave height.The sea surface wind speed shows an annually linear increasing trend mainly concentrated in the most waters of Southern Hemisphere westerlies,high latitude of the North Pacific,Indian Ocean north of 30 S,the waters near the western equatorial Pacific and low latitudes of the Atlantic waters,and the annually linear decreasing mainly in central and eastern equator of the Pacific,Juan.Fernandez Archipelago,the waters near South Georgia Island in the Atlantic waters.The linear variational distribution characteristic of the wind wave height is similar to that of the sea surface wind speed.Another find is that the swell is dominant in the mixed wave,the swell index in the central ocean is generally greater than that in the offshore,and the swell index in the eastern ocean coast is greater than that in the western ocean inshore,and in year-round hemisphere westerlies the swell index is relatively low.     

Comparison of TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimeter Derived Wind Speed and Wave Parameters with Ocean Buoy Data in the North Indian Ocean

Results of comparison exercises carried out between the state-of-the-art TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter-derived ocean surface wind speed and ocean wave parameters (significant wave height and wave period) and those measured by a set of ocean data buoys in the North Indian Ocean are presented in this article. Altimeter-derived significant wave height values exhibited rms deviation as small as ±0.3 m, and surface wind speed of ±1.6 m/s. These results are found consistent with those found for the Pacific Ocean. For estimation of ocean wave period, the spectral moments-based semiempirical approach, earlier applied on GEOSAT data, was extended to TOPEX/POSEIDON. For this purpose, distributions of first four years of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and climatology over the North Indian Ocean were analyzed and a new set of coefficients generated for estimation of wave period. It is shown that wave periods thus estimated from TOPEX/POSEIDON data (for the subsequent two years), when compared with independent data set of ocean data buoys deployed in the North Indian Ocean, exhibit improved accuracy (rms ~ ±1.4 nos) over those determined earlier with GEOSAT data.     

Comparison of TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimeter Derived Wind Speed and Wave Parameters with Ocean Buoy Data in the North Indian Ocean

Results of comparison exercises carried out between the state-of-the-art TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter-derived ocean surface wind speed and ocean wave parameters (significant wave height and wave period) and those measured by a set of ocean data buoys in the North Indian Ocean are presented in this article. Altimeter-derived significant wave height values exhibited rms deviation as small as - 0.3 m, and surface wind speed of - 1.6 m/s. These results are found consistent with those found for the Pacific Ocean. For estimation of ocean wave period, the spectral moments-based semiempirical approach, earlier applied on GEOSAT data, was extended to TOPEX/POSEIDON. For this purpose, distributions of first four years of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and climatology over the North Indian Ocean were analyzed and a new set of coefficients generated for estimation of wave period. It is shown that wave periods thus estimated from TOPEX/POSEIDON data (for the subsequent two years), when compared with independent data set of ocean data buoys deployed in the North Indian Ocean, exhibit improved accuracy (rms ~ - 1.4 nos) over those determined earlier with GEOSAT data.     

Wind-Wave Characteristics and Climate Variability in the Indian Ocean Region Using Altimeter Data

The significant wave height and wind speed derived for the period 1993–2010 from altimeter data sets over the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean categorized as six zones has been analyzed. The average variation of both significant wave height and wind speed is found to be almost stable for the period of study. The study reveals that the average wind speed increases by about 6cm/sec/year during monsoon and post monsoon in the southern Indian Ocean. The distribution of wind and waves was studied in the context of seasonal variations. In addition, the average inter-annual and intra-annual variations along with the statistical parameters such as standard deviation, and root mean square wave height for the six zones are also reported in this paper.     

基于浮标实测数据的WindSat海洋反演产品精度分析

To evaluate the ocean surface wind vector and the sea surface temperature obtained from Wind Sat, we compare these quantities over the time period from January 2004 to December 2013 with moored buoy measurements. The mean bias between the Wind Sat wind speed and the buoy wind speed is low for the low frequency wind speed product(WSPD_LF), ranging from –0.07 to 0.08 m/s in different selected areas. The overall RMS error is 0.98 m/s for WSPD_LF, ranging from 0.82 to 1.16 m/s in different selected regions. The wind speed retrieval result in the tropical Ocean is better than that of the coastal and offshore waters of the United States. In addition, the wind speed retrieval accuracy of WSPD_LF is better than that of the medium frequency wind speed product. The crosstalk analysis indicates that the Wind Sat wind speed retrieval contains some cross influences from the other geophysical parameters, such as sea surface temperature, water vapor and cloud liquid water. The mean bias between the Wind Sat wind direction and the buoy wind direction ranges from –0.46° to 1.19° in different selected regions. The overall RMS error is 19.59° when the wind speed is greater than 6 m/s. Measurements of the tropical ocean region have a better accuracy than those of the US west and east coasts. Very good agreement is obtained between sea surface temperatures of Wind Sat and buoy measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean; the overall RMS error is only 0.36°C, and the retrieval accuracy of the low latitudes is better than that of the middle and high latitudes.     

Energetics of wind-induced turbulent mixing in the ocean

The pattern and magnitude of the global ocean overturning circulation is believed to be strongly controlled by the distribution of diapycnal diffusivity below 1000 m depth. Although wind stress fluctuation is a candidate for the major energy sources of diapycnal mixing processes, the global distribution of wind-induced diapycnal diffusivity is still uncertain. It has been believed that internal waves generated by wind stress fluctuations at middle and high latitudes propagate equatorward until their frequency is twice the local inertial frequency and break down via parametric subharmonic instabilities, causing diapycnal mixing. In order to check the proposed scenario, we use a vertically two-dimensional primitive equation model to examine the spatial distribution of “mixing hotspots” caused by wind stress fluctuations. It is shown that most of the wind-induced energy fed into the ocean interior is dissipated within the top 1000 m depth in the wind-forced area and the energy dissipation rate at low latitudes is very small. Consequently, the energy supplied to diapycnal mixing processes below 1000 m depth falls short of the level required to sustain the global ocean overturning circulation.     

基于现场和卫星有效波高数据评估WAVEWATCH III的输入/耗散项

基于WAVEWATCH III,在输入相同的风场条件下,评估了三个输入耗散项WAM3,WAM4以及TC96在是否考虑大气稳定性时的模拟能力。通过5组实验,用南海的测波雷达数据以及研究区域内HY-2高度计的有效波高数据对不同源项的模拟结果进行了比较分析,研究区域为100-135°E,0-35°N。对TC96中的风速校正参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,这几种源项在涌浪占主导时的模拟效果都不太理想;考虑大气不稳定性的TC96源项模拟的效果最好;大气不稳定性的影响是以一种所谓的“高效风速”的策略来反映的,其中最重要的一个参数为风速转换参数,这个参数非常敏感,在对特定区域进行模拟之前,应先分析出这个参数的最优值。     

赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的年际变化及其影响机制

Interannual variability(IAV) in the barrier layer thickness(BLT) and forcing mechanisms in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean(EEIO) and Bay of Bengal(BoB) are examined using monthly Argo data sets during 2002–2017. The BLT during November–January(NDJ) in the EEIO shows strong IAV, which is associated with the Indian Ocean dipole mode(IOD), with the IOD leading the BLT by two months. During the negative IOD phase, the westerly wind anomalies driving the downwelling Kelvin waves increase the isothermal layer depth(ILD). Moreover, the variability in the mixed layer depth(MLD) is complex. Affected by the Wyrtki jet, the MLD presents negative anomalies west of 85°E and strong positive anomalies between 85°E and 93°E. Therefore, the BLT shows positive anomalies except between 86°E and 92°E in the EEIO. Additionally, the IAV in the BLT during December–February(DJF) in the BoB is also investigated. In the eastern and northeastern BoB, the IAV in the BLT is remotely forced by equatorial zonal wind stress anomalies associated with the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). In the western BoB, the regional surface wind forcing-related ENSO modulates the BLT variations.     

The temporal and spatial variations in the Pacific wind and wave fields for the period 2002–2011

本文利用第三代海浪模式（WAVEWATCH III）分析了2002-2011年太平洋风速和海浪场的时空变化特征。首先,使用浮标观测数据对模式模拟的有效波高结果进行验证。结果表明模式可以有效地后报太平洋的有效波高。模式偏差较大的区域为中低纬度地区。随后将太平洋分为多个子区域,分别讨论了其风速和有效波高的时空变化特征。多年平均太平洋风速和有效波高存在类似的纬向分布特征,各子区域之间风速和有效波高的季节变化存在差别。模式刻画的太平洋有效波高年际变化最大的区域为南半球中高纬区域。进一步,我们研究了波浪能量的输入与耗散。相应的源函数项的各区域平均值显示了量化的表面波的变化。最后,对日平均的风速与有效波高值进行功率谱分析寻找序列的显著周期。结果表明有效波高时间变化对应的频谱和风速谱具有一定的差异。