Application of fuzzy AHP method to IOCG prospectivity mapping: A case study in Taherabad prospecting area,eastern Iran

Using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique, we propose a method for mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) which is commonly used for exploration of mineral deposits. The fuzzy AHP is a popular technique which has been applied for multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. In this paper we used fuzzy AHP and geospatial information system (GIS) to generate prospectivity model for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) mineralization on the basis of its conceptual model and geo-evidence layers derived from geological, geochemical, and geophysical data in Taherabad area, eastern Iran. The FuzzyAHP was used to determine the weights belonging to each criterion. Three geoscientists knowledge on exploration of IOCG-type mineralization have been applied to assign weights to evidence layers in fuzzy AHP MPM approach. After assigning normalized weights to all evidential layers, fuzzy operator was applied to integrate weighted evidence layers. Finally for evaluating the ability of the applied approach to delineate reliable target areas, locations of known mineral deposits in the study area were used. The results demonstrate the acceptable outcomes for IOCG exploration.     

Application of Landsat-8 and ASTER satellite remote sensing data for porphyry copper exploration: a case study from Shahr-e-Babak,Kerman, south of Iran

Abstract

The Shahr-e-Babak region located in the Kerman metallogenic belt is one of the high potential segments of Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc for porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization in the south of Iran. This high potential zone encompasses several porphyry copper deposits under exploitation, development and exploration stages. The aim of this study is to evaluate Landsat-8 data and comparison with the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data-sets for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones related to Cenozoic magmatic intrusions in Shahr-e-Babak region. Previous studies have proven the robust application of ASTER in lithological mapping and mineral exploration; nonetheless, the Landsat-8 data have high capability to map and detect hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization. In this investigation, several band combinations and multiplications, developed selective principal component analysis and image transformations were developed for discriminating hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper mineralization using Landsat-8 data.     

Remote sensing as applied to mineral exploration in the Chalkidiki peninsula, northern Greece

Landsat (TM) imagery studies combined with photogeology, heliborne EM-radiometric interpretations and field data provided the fracture pattern in the eastern Chalkidiki peninsula, northern Greece. Processing of the respective data revealed the following four main directions of lineaments trending 070°–080°, 120°–130°, N-S and E-W. This fracture pattern is persistent in all geological units including the Tertiary basins and may represent reactivated older or even Tertiary fractures superimposed on all units. The control and the distribution of the major mineralization such as Pb---Zn (Au---Ag) massive sulphides, Mn (Fe) oxides, and porphyry Cu (Au) are of similar orientation to the deduced fracture pattern.These findings support the remote sensing is an important mineral exploration tool which can become quite effective when combined with ore deposit type, geochemical and geophysical data in partly explored areas.     

Integration of remote sensing,gravity and geochemical data for exploration of Cu-mineralization in Alwar basin,Rajasthan, India

In spite of the dominance of traditional mineral exploration methods that demand physical characterization of rocks and intense field work, remote sensing technologies have also evolved in the recent past to facilitate mineral exploration. In the present study, we have processed visible near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands of Advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) data to detect surface mineralization signatures in Mundiyawas - Khera area in Alwar basin, north-eastern Rajasthan, India using spectral angle mapper (SAM). The potential of SAM method to detect target under variable illumination condition was used to delineate galena, chalcopyrite, malachite etc. as surface signatures of mineralization. It was ensured that the identified surface anomalies were spectrally pure using pixel purity index. Spectral anomalies were validated in the field and also using X-Ray diffraction data. Spectral anomaly maps thus derived were integrated using weight of evidence method with the lineament density, geochemical anomaly, bouger anomaly maps to identify few additional potential areas of mineralization. This study thus establishes the importance of remote sensing in mineral exploration to zero in on potentially ore rich but unexplored zones.     

Fuzzy outranking approach: A knowledge-driven method for mineral prospectivity mapping

This paper describes the application of a new multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique called fuzzy outranking to map prospectivity for porphyry CuMo deposits. Various raster-based evidential layers involving geological, geophysical, and geochemical geo-data sets are integrated for mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM). In a case study, 13 layers of the Now Chun deposit located in the Kerman province of Iran are used to explore the region of interest. The outputs are validated using 21 boreholes drilled in this area. Comparison of the output prospectivity map with concentrations of Cu and Mo in the boreholes indicates that the fuzzy outranking MCDM is a useful tool for MPM. The proposed method shows a high performance for MPM thereby reducing the cost of exploratory drilling in the study area.     

青藏铁路沿线(东昆仑-沱沱河段)遥感找矿远景评价

青藏铁路沿线(东昆仑-沱沱河段)是中国西部地质工作程度极低的地区之一,但成矿条件有利.以遥感技术为主要手段,对该区矿产资源进行了遥感综合调查和矿物蚀变信息提取; 以遥感异常为主、解译信息为辅,结合已有地质、矿产及物、化探成果资料,通过综合分析研究划分出7个找矿远景区,并进行了找矿远景评价.     

A comparative predictive analysis of weighted overlay,weighted sum and fuzzy logic for mineral prospectivity mapping of precious and base metal mineralizations at north-east of Gümüşhane city,NE Turkey

The study area located south of the Eastern Pontide metallogenic belt (NE Turkey) has an important potential for valuable and base metallic minerals. Geological, tectonic, geochemical, hydrothermal alteration, mineralogical and fluid inclusion characteristics of ore formations in the region have been studied in detail. The purpose of this study is to combine and analyse the acquired spatial data layers in a geographic information system (GIS) environment using knowledge-driven approaches and to identify prospective areas in terms of mineralization. Moreover, evaluating the performance of different knowledge-driven mineral probability modelling results comparatively and quantitatively constitutes the other goal of the study. As a result, in addition to the known mineralization locations, a number of new prospective and favourable areas have been identified for future detailed studies. In addition, it has been found that the mineral predictive map generated using fuzzy logic-OR method produces the best and successful results compared to others.     

浑江市幅区域化探异常遥感评价筛选研究

本文介绍了根据国家计委和地矿部的要求,应用遥感地质方法,即主要通过航卫片解译,结合本区已有地质矿产分布和物化探资料的综合分析,对吉林省浑江市幅区域化探异常进行遥感评价、筛选研究的概况。文中主要阐述了区内金、多金属矿成矿地质特征,论述了断裂构造和环状构造与金、多金属矿及化探异常的关系,简介了区域化探异常遥感评价筛选和野外验证结果以及圈定的若干找矿靶区的情况。     

Predictive GIS model for potential mapping of Cu, Pb, Zn mineralization

IntroductionChina is the third richest country in the world ofmineral resources with a total potential value of 11trillion USdollars. Yunnan Provincce is one of theimportant metallogenic belts for nonferrous and pre-cious metal deposits[1].Mineral source …     

新疆东准噶尔锡金矿产遥感调查

本文介绍了采用彩色红外航空像片和多种航天遥感资料,运用计算机和光学图像处理技术并结合地质资料进行的多源遥感信息对比分析、线性构造判读、主要含矿地质单元遥感影像特征及其机理分析等,以及据此建立的一套适于该区遥感找矿的工作方法。应用该方法圈定的遥感影像异常区,经野外验证,发现两处锡矿和一处金矿靶区,取得了良好的遥感找矿效果。     

Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping Using ASTER Data for Reconnaissance Porphyry Copper Mineralization in the Ahar Area, NW Iran

The Ahar area is located in East Azarbaijan province, and covers an area of about 2,500 km². Spectral mapping techniques were applied on VNIR and SWIR of ASTER data for discriminating between hydrothermal alteration zones and the identification of high potential mineralized lithological unit associated with hydrothermal porphyry copper mineralization in the Ahar. In this research to remove atmospheric and topographic effects from ASTER data, the log-residual method (LRM) was used. Four methods, Relative Band Depth Ratios (RBD), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) and matched filtering (MF), were used to processing and interpretation of remote sensing data in the study area. Results show that ASTER images provide preliminary mineralogy information and geo-referenced alteration maps at low cost and with high accuracy for reconnaissance porphyry copper mineralizations.     

航空放射性伽玛能谱数字图像综合处理技术在连山关地区的应用研究

将连山关地区航空放射性伽玛能谱数据经过通用计算机进行插值、数据压缩和灰阶转换后, 输入到数字图像处理系统进行增强、分解、叠合、复合、分类、提取等处理,并与地质、遥感等 数据拟合,形成各类专题图像。在此基础上进行综合地质分析研究,新发现一些地质构造及矿化 现象,并提出一些新看法,不仅对认识连山关地区铀成矿的地质构造环境和进一步找矿有重要意 义,而且会促进伽玛能谱数据的二次开发和多源地学信息数字图像综合处理技术的深入发展。     

Spectral characterization of coastal sediments using Field Spectral Libraries,Airborne Hyperspectral Images and Topographic LiDAR Data (FHyL)

Beach dune systems are important for coastal zone ecosystems as they provide natural sea defences that dissipate wave energy. Geomorphological models of this near-shore topography require site-specific sediment composition, grain size and moisture content as inputs. Hyperspectral, field radiometry and LiDAR remote sensing can be used as tools by providing synoptic maps of these properties. However, multi-remote sensing of near-shore beach images can only be interpreted if there are adequate bio-geophysical or empirical models for information extraction. Our aim was thus to model the effects of varying sediment properties on the reflectance in both field and laboratory conditions within the FHyL (Field Spectral Libraries, Airborne Hyperspectral Images and Topographic LiDAR) procedure, using a multisource dataset (airborne Hyperspectral – MIVIS and topographic LiDAR – Hawk-eye II and field radiometry). The methodology consisted of (i) acquisition of simultaneous multi-source datasets (airborne Hyperspectral – MIVIS and topographic LiDAR – Hawk-eye) (ii) hyperspectral measurements of sediment mixtures with varying physical characteristics (moisture, grain size and minerals) in field and laboratory conditions, (iii) determination and quantification of specific absorption features, and (iv) correlation between the absorption features and physical parameters cited above.Results showed the potential of hyperspectral signals to assess the effect of moisture, grain-size and mineral composition on sediment properties.     

遥感与地学数据综合分析技术在长白地区寻找隐伏矿的应用研究

为了追索朝鲜北部惠山-利原成矿带是否延入玄武岩覆盖下的中国长白山地区,采用航空彩色红外像片和经过处理的TM数据,解译惠山-长白县一带的构造、岩性展布和蚀变现象。发现控制惠山-利原成矿带的构造(地层已延入我国长白县,但为玄武岩覆盖。采用TM5/TM7,TM4/TM3,TM3/TM4比值合成图像,压抑了植被干扰,突出了粘土类矿物蚀变岩信息。结合重力、航磁资料分析,推断沿江村-万宝岗及马鹿沟以北一带存在隐伏斑岩体,确定此二处为找矿靶区。通过地面地质验证及物化探普查工作,在沿江村一带,获得了良好的找矿效果,发现了大量辉绿玢岩、低温热液蚀变岩石和铜化探异常,并于马鹿沟以北,圈定出3km²金异常区。     

Gondwana-Derived Terranes Structural Mapping Using PALSAR Remote Sensing Data

Gondwana-derived terranes are now separated by major faults or suture zone, which are rarely simple and easily recognizable lineaments. Different association of ore mineral systems such as deposits of sediment-hosted/orogenic gold and granite-related minerals is discovered in collision and subduction zones of the Gondwana-derived terranes. They are associated with large-scale, terrane-bounding fault systems and broad areas of deformation. Mineralization mostly associated with structurally-controlled complex lodes, veins, sheeted veins and veinlets in diverse orientations. Recognizing the structural significance of lineaments and curvilinear is very difficult in tropical, arid and Antarctic regions due to environmental obstacles. Remote sensing data could be used to detect geological structures associated with suture zones between Gondwana-derived terranes especially for large inaccessible regions where fieldwork is limited or nonexistent. In this investigation, the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite remote sensing data were used to map major geological structures in the Bentong-Raub Suture Zone of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the major structural zones in Sundaland, Southeast Asia, which forms the boundary between the Gondwana-derived the Sibumasu terrane and Sukhothai-Indochina arc. Structural features associated with sediment-hosted/orogenic gold deposits in the Central Gold Belt and tin mineralization in S-type granites in the Main Range were investigated using PALSAR data and comprehensive fieldwork. Results indicate that main faults strike along 340° to 350° that are intersected by many shear or lateral fault zones are high potential zone for gold mineralization in the Central Gold Belt. Hydrothermally alteration mineral zones and cataclastic rocks are also the other indicators of gold mineralized veins in the gold belt. High potential zones for tin mineralization are N–S strike-slip faults, fault zones and shear zones trending E–W, NE–SW and WNW–ESE in dissected crystalline granitic rocks that are associated with hydrothermal alteration zones in the Western Tin Belt. Lineament analysis using PALSAR satellite remote sensing data is a useful tool for mapping major geological structural features and detection of the boundary between the Gondwana-derived terranes and detailed structural analysis of fault systems and deformation with high potential for a variety of mineral resources, especially in tropical, arid and Antarctic regions.     

Mineral Potential Mapping for Cu-Pb-Zn Deposits in the East Kunlun Region,Qinghai Province,China, Integrating Multi-source Geology Spatial Data Sets and Extended Weights-of-Evidence Modeling

Weights-of-evidence modeling has been extensively applied in mineral exploration and has also been used to examine the relationship between point patterns and map patterns. Generally, the evidence to be integrated is binary, whereas the real world consists of continuous and multi-class data, and the reclassification of these data into a binary form can result in the loss or distortion of information. However, extended weights-of-evidence modeling can be used to reduce the loss of useful information. This paper integrates multi-source geological spatial data (geological, geophysical, geochemical, and remote sensing data) for decision-making processes, aided by GIS spatial analysis techniques. Mineral-potential mapping for Cu-Pb-Zn deposits is proposed using extended weights-of-evidence modeling and generalized weights-of-evidence modeling in East Kunlun region of Qinghai Province, China. The study area was classified into three target zones of high potential, moderate potential, and low potential, based on the sum of weights rather than posterior probability. Through the comparison of the results derived from the two models, extended weights-of-evidence modeling demonstrated a better prediction rate.     

Predictive GIS model for potential mapping of Cu,Pb, Zn mineralization

The geologic features indicative of Cu, Pb, Zn mineral deposits in a area are fractures (structure), and host rock sediments. Datasets used include Cu, Pb, Zn deposit points record, geological data, remote sensing imagery (Landsat TM5). The mineral potential of the study area is assessed by means of GIS based geodata integration techniques for generating predictive maps. GIS predictive model for Cu, Pb, Zn potential was carried out in this study area (Weixi) using weight of evidence.     

利用MorPAS对上黑龙江成矿带进行金成矿预测

上黑龙江成矿带主要由早-中侏罗世河流-湖泊-洪积相含煤碎屑岩组成,目前已发现多个中小型矿床,在该区进行成矿预测意义重大。文章利用MORPAS成矿预测系统,采用证据权重法进行了成矿预测工作,在充分研究区内已知矿床的成矿规律基础上,以1：257Y地质图为背景,物化探异常分析子系统对1：20万区域化探数据进行C—A分形确定异常下限,综合现有的找矿标志,提取有利的成矿要素,进行针对处理,制成上黑龙江成矿带MORPAS金成矿预测分析图,提供成矿靶区,为森林高覆盖区提供找矿有利单元。     

陆地卫星TM及JERS-1卫星SAR数据用于西藏东部斑岩铜矿勘查

本文介绍了利用陆地卫星TM及JERS-1卫星SAR数据在西藏东部地区进行斑岩铜矿勘查项目的早期研究成果。文中通过对现有地质资料的分析认为,研究区内的矿化作用除受三叠系火山岩建造控制外,还与喜山期的中酸性侵入体有关。而陆地卫星TM图像的解译结果表明,区内的主要矿床几乎都分布在与三叠纪古火山机构相关的环形构造内。为了增强和提取出与斑岩铜矿化有关的蚀变岩信息,研究中采用了对数残差、矿物指数和HSI变换等方法对陆地卫星TM及JERS-1卫星SAR数据进行了处理与分析,所提取出的蚀变信息与目视解译所发现的环形构造位置极为吻合。实践证明,遥感图像上的环形影像及蚀变岩石信息对矿产勘查有指示价值。     

阴山中—西段横向构造及其控矿意义的遥感—航磁复合分析

在调整构造学术思想先导下,运用遥感－航磁复合分析技术实证东西向古亚洲构造系中南北向横向构造普遍存在的设想,以阴山中－西段为研究区,发现了多条横向构造带,它们在既有的区域构造格局分析与地质图件上少有反映或没有反映。新发现的典型横向构造分析表明,控制花岗岩等岩浆活动的横向构造带是“诊断性”控矿构造,在走向构造控制矿带展布的情况下,其控制矿床的就位,具有矿产勘查意义。