一次著名地震学家预料之外的诱发地震—纪念新丰江水库诱发地震40周年

位于广东河源市新丰江水库大坝建造时按震中烈变Ⅵ度设防 ,195 9年 10月建成蓄水 ,次年 8月发电。我国地震界知名人士据当时的认识水平 ,较为肯定地预测为 :“新丰江库坝区不会发生高于Ⅵ度的地震”。事实却出于其预料 ,新丰江水库蓄水后第一个月水位升高 18ｍ时开始有感地震频繁发生。最高水位高达 115ｍ期间 (196 2年 3月 19日 0 4ｈ18ｍ) ,世界上首次在水库库岸 (离坝 1.1ｋｍ ,距库岸仅几百米的双塘一带 )发生了ＭＳ6 .1、震中烈度Ⅷ度的强烈地震。它不仅给地震界一大震惊 ,而主要是给坝下游的双下村、河源市区等建筑物造成破坏 ,带来人…     

反应谱的数值计算及其应用中的误差问题

本文将湖北省丹江坝强震记录作反应谱计算,通过计算和对比,说明目前常用的几种反应谱数值计算法的一般误差状况。得出的结果表明:自振周期低于10倍采样间隔时,数值法将产生较大的(甚至可达一倍以上)误差。这也表明这种数值计算法仅适用于柔性的高层建筑或低振型建筑的抗震计算上。     

大坝桥梁横向水平位移观测的研究

大坝、桥梁等长直线型建(构)筑物在外力的作用下,必将产生变形,对这种变形的观测和研究很重要,尤其是对横向水平位移的观测和研究更为重要。长期以来,观测大坝水平横向位移,都采用传统的小角度法和活动觇板法,这种方法都要求全长通视,而且进一步提高精度困难。本文提出连续中点法和悬挂导线法,不要求全长通视,不仅大大增加了适应性和灵活性,而且可以提高精度。文章详细介绍了所提方法的作业方法、计算公式和实验实例。     

宿鸭湖水库洼地段坝后渗水的形成机制及治理

宿鸭湖水库是一座综合利用的平原大型水库,经７５．８特大洪水考验后暴露出坝基渗漏及渗透稳定等诸多工程地质问题。本文通过对多次勘察及水库观测资料的整理分析,对洼地段坝后渗水的形成机制进行了论证,指出坝基粉质粘土（Ⅲ）的大孔隙结构与坝后排渗设施不完善、年久失修是该段坝后渗水的主要原因,并提出治理措施,建议被设计部门采纳。大坝经加固除险施工,水库运行１５年来证明,大坝安全,水库运行正常。     

一体化强震仪和分体式强震仪的性能比较分析

利用瑞士GeoSIG公司的GSK-166型振动台对美国Kinemetrics公司的ETNA2型一体化数字强震仪和瑞士GeoSIG公司的AC-23型地震加速度计进行对比测试。根据测试结果,对比两者的幅频数据和灵敏度数据,对一体化数字强震仪和分体式强震仪的性能进行比较分析。结果表明,两种强震仪的主要性能指标趋于一致,一体化强震仪可以取代分体式强震仪,应用于核电站、高速铁路、水库大坝等大型工程的地震监测。     

模糊聚类方法用于监测网的拟稳点选择

本文探讨用模糊聚类的方法,将监测网的地质、地震和测量等信息建立定量的联系,从而选出合理的拟稳点。结合新丰江水库监测网的情况,讨论了统计指标的选取方法。 本文还介绍了新丰江水库1964年9月23日5.3级地震前后五期观测资料的拟稳平差结果,并对这次地震的形变特征进行了分析。     

MEMS加速度传感器在强震观测中的应用

提出基于MEMS加速度传感器的强震仪设计方案,并在强震观测中完成了地震加速度数据的采集、触发判断和存储.     

中国大陆地壳运动与强震关系研究

利用GPS观测结果研究了中国大陆当前地壳运动的空间分布及其所揭示的大区域构造变形背景与趋势;讨论了区域水平运动、应变率场分布与强震地点的关系;通过对昆仑山口西Ms8.1等地震区域水平运动与形变的分析,研究了强震过程的区域形变场变化的主要特征;提出了识别孕震形变场以进行中长期强震地点预测的思路和途径。     

二级坝泵站工程范围内变形监测网布设与观测

煤矿采空区对二级坝工程范围内建筑物、构筑物安全造成极大威胁。通过在二级坝工程范围内布设变形监测网,采用先进测量技术和高精度测量方法,对变形监测点进行定期观测、分析和比较,能及时对变形信息进行监测和预报,具有重要意义。该文按照规范要求,应用GPS静态观测、导线测量、高精度水准测量等技术,组织布设该变形监测网,并对其进行首次观测,为以后二级坝工程范围内变形监测提供重要依据。     

联合高频GNSS和强震仪观测获取同震位移

采用动态精密单点定位技术处理高频GNSS数据获取GNSS位移,利用空间叠加滤波法消除其共模误差的影响,基于Kalman滤波将高频GNSS位移和强震观测加速度融合,利用GNSS位移校正强震仪加速度的基线漂移,得到融合同震位移和速度,建立顾及基线偏差改正的高频GNSS和强震仪组合模型。以2016年意大利北部6.0级地震为例,探讨本文模型的有效性。实验结果表明,本文模型具有高精度、宽频带特点,能准确描述地震引起的永久阶跃和震时地表位移变化。     

Seismic deformation and seismic resistance analysis of Shapai Roller Compacted Concrete Arch Dam based on field monitoring and dynamic finite element method

Shapai Roller Compacted Concrete(RCC) Arch Dam is the highest RCC arch dam of the 20th century in the world with a maximum height of 132m,and it is the only concrete arch dam near the epicentre of Wenchuan earthquake on May 12th,2008.The seismic damage to the dam and the resistance of the dam has drawn great attention.This paper analyzed the response and resistance of the dam to the seismic wave using numerical simulations with comparison to the monitored data.The field investigation after the earthquake and analysis of insitu data record showed that there was only little variation in the opening size at the dam and foundation interface,transverse joints and inducing joints before and after the earthquake.The overall stability of the dam abutment resistance body was quite good except a little relaxation was observed.The results of the dynamic finite element method(FEM) showed that the sizes of the openings obtained from the numerical modeling are comparable with the monitored values,and the change of the opening size is in millimeter range.This study revealed that Shapai arch dam exhibited high seismic resistance and overload capacity in the Wenchuan earthquake event.The comparison of the monitored and simulated results showed that the numerical method applied in this paper well simulated the seismic response of the dam.The method could be useful in the future application on the safety evaluation of RCC dams.     

滑坡堰塞坝堆积形态影响因素离散元分析

滑坡是形成堰塞坝的最主要原因,在地震、降雨、冰雪融水等作用下均可形成滑坡堰塞坝,而滑坡堰塞坝的堆积形态、范围等对评价堰塞坝的稳定性有着重要的影响。通过离散元方法(DEM),系统分析了三维条件下滑动距离、滑面出口宽度、滑面倾角、河床倾角、河谷形状对堰塞坝堆积形态的影响。研究结果表明:滑动距离和出口宽度对坝体高度影响最大;随出口宽度和坡面倾角的增加,坝长和坝宽分别呈线性增大和减小趋势;滑动距离可以有效控制滑体速度,进而影响堆积角大小;河床倾角主要影响坝长;对坝高、坝长、上下游绝对倾角正切值和堆积角正切值进行回归分析表明,数学模型契合程度高,说明其形态可以预测;引入2个参数λ和χ,对堰塞坝堆积特征进行了描述;河谷形状的影响主要体现在随着河谷底部宽度的增大,滑体爬高爬坡能力增强。研究成果对根据实际地形预测滑坡堰塞坝堆积形态进而评估坝体的安全性具有重要意义,可以为进一步开展堰塞湖溃决研究提供一定的参考。      

Rapid geometry analysis for earthquake-induced and rainfall-induced landslide dams in Taiwan

Stability analysis of the dam is important for disaster prevention and reduction. The dam＇s geometry plays an important role in understanding its stability. This study develops a rapid landslide dam geometry assessment method for both earthquake-induced and rainfall-induced landslide dams based on nine real cases collected in Chinese Taipei and 214 cases collected worldwide. For simplification purposes, a landslide dam is classified into triangular or trapezoidal. The rapid landslide dam geometry assessment method in this paper uses only satellite maps and the topographic maps to get landslide area, and then analyze the dam geometry. These maps are used to evaluate the area of the landslide and the slope of the river bed. Based on the evaluation information, the proposed method can calculate dam height, the length of the dam, and the angles of the dam in both upstream and downstream directions. These geometry parameters of a landslide dam provide important information for further dam stability analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to a real landslide dam case at Hsiaolin Village. The result shows that the proposed method can be used to assess the landslide dam geometry.     

Global Trends in Dam Removal and Related Research: A Systematic Review Based on Associated Datasets and Bibliometric Analysis

Dam removal has been increasingly reported globally and is becoming an important approach for river management, restoration and environmental conservation in damming rivers. However, current limited knowledge of global trends in dam removal and related research may be potentially biased in terms of the geographic distribution and organisms studied. Such bias could mislead dam removal planning and management in different areas and ecological conservation for different taxa. In this study, we quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed datasets of dam removal and publications of dam removal research using bibliometric methods. A total of 1449 dam removal documents were published from 1953 to 2016. Trends, current hotspots and future directions of dam removal research were identified. The results from this study reveal that dam removal largely occurred in the North America and Europe, and most of the removed dams were small and old dams. With respect to the topic analysis, more dam removal studies should focus on the responses of a wide range of organisms, not only fish, as well as the interspecies relationships, food webs and ecosystem structures and functions. Based on our findings, we also provide some suggestions for future dam removal planning and analysis.     

基于地貌特征的滑坡堰塞坝形成敏感性研究

滑坡堰塞坝是由斜坡失稳堵塞河道而形成的天然坝体,且易溃坝诱发洪水,对沿岸群众生命财产构成巨大的威胁。为提升主动减灾防灾能力,急需构建了一种快速预测与判断滑坡堵江成坝能力的方法。通过文献资料查阅,结合遥感技术,提取了70处典型滑坡的地貌特征参数,其中50处为堵江成坝滑坡。运用K-S检验和M-W U检验方法分析了滑坡地貌特征因子的敏感性,利用Boruta算法确定了因子重要度,筛选了滑坡体积、面积、高差、长度及河宽共5个地貌特征参数。基于此,利用Bayes判别法与逻辑回归方法,分别建立了滑坡堰塞坝形成的预测模型,准确率超过90%。选取高重要度且差异显著的因子,利用比值法建立了滑坡堵江成坝阈值判据,实现了滑坡堰塞坝形成的快速判定。统计不同诱因下滑坡地貌特征,对比V-W_r经验公式,确定了滑坡堰塞坝形成与诱因间的关系,为进一步构建不同诱因下滑坡堰塞坝形成预测模型提供了技术支撑。      

IMPACT EVALUATION OF HAIZUKA DAM ON ITS UP STREAM： A CASE STUDY IN HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Japan ranks fifth in the world for the number of large dams. Environmental impacts of large dams are known, such as enormous losses of water or disruption of fish spawning, however, impacts of the dams on their up streams are functions of topography of the up stream. Haizuka Dam is located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan and its implementation will start in 2006. This large dam influences its up stream through dam making activities, which occurs in order and with different spatial presences that were categorized into chronological and spatial impacts. In this case study, spatial impacts were further divided into horizontal and vertical ones. The horizontal impacts were identified as new roads, diversion tunnel, dam lake, and submerged cultivated land, while vertical impacts were recognized as submerged historical monuments, slope protections, dam body, and deforested area in the reservoir. There were convergences of spatial and temporal impacts, however, the extent of the impacts was limited to the lake boundary.     

Analysis of landslide dam geometries

The geometry of a landslide dam is an important component of evaluating dam stability. However, the geometry of a natural dam commonly cannot be obtained immediately with field investigations due to their remote locations. A rapid evaluation model is presented to estimate the geometries of natural dams based on the slope of the stream, volume of landslides, and the properties of the deposit. The proposed model uses high resolution satellite images to determine the geometry of the landside dam. These satellite images are the basic information to a preliminary stability analysis of a natural dam. This study applies the proposed method to two case studies in Taiwan. One is the earthquake-induced Lung-Chung landslide dam in Taitung, and the second is the rainfall-induced Shih-Wun landslide dam in Pingtung.     

人工堤坝影响下的黄河三角洲海岸带生态特征分析

在滨海地区,堤坝干扰对自然植被景观及土壤属性的梯度变化规律有重要的影响.本文采用统计分析和梯度分析的方法,在RS信息提取和GIS空间分析技术的支持下,从植被群落的变化入手,从样地尺度上研究堤坝对黄河三角洲海岸带土壤环境的影响并揭示堤坝干扰下,土壤属性的梯度变化规律.研究表明:(1)堤坝影响海岸带地区自然植被的盖度,并且...     

The siltation of debris flow behind check dam in the midstream of Bailong River

Siltation gradient and siltation length are important parameters for designing gravity check dams for debris flows, which directly affect the accuracy of estimates of interception capacity. At present, siltation gradient calculations are based primarily on empirical values, and range from 0.4 to 0.95 times the channel slope coefficient. The middle reaches of the Bailong River are one of the four areas in China that are most severely affected by debris flow hazards. Gravity dams are widely employed in this mountainous area. However, field studies of their capacity are lacking. In this paper, the operations of check dams were investigated. Based on field investigation results and theoretical analysis, calculations for siltation gradient, siltation length, and dam storage capacity are established. The impact of debris flow density, channel slope, and particle size weight percentages are discussed. The calculations show that the theoretical values for siltation gradient are consistent with measured values with 83.6% accuracy; and theoretical values of siltation length are consistent with measured values with 91.6% accuracy. The results of this research are an important reference for optimal height and spacing of dams, estimation of dam storage capacity, and disaster prevention.     

Centrifugal model tests and numerical simulations for barrier dam break due to overtopping

The present study focuses on the breaching process and failure of barrier dams due to overtopping. In this work, a series of centrifugal model tests is presented to examine the failure mechanisms of landslide dams. Based on the experimental results, failure process and mechanism of barrier dam due to overtopping are analyzed and further verified by simulating the experimental overtopping failure process. The results indicate that the barrier dam will develop during the entire process of overtopping in the width direction, whereas the breach will cease to develop at an early stage in the depth direction because of the large particles that accumulate on the downstream slope. Moreover, headcut erosion can be clearly observed in the first two stages of overtopping, and coarsening on the downstream slope occurs in the last stage of overtopping. Thus, the bottom part of the barrier dam can survive after dam breaching and full dam failure becomes relatively rare for a barrier dam. Furthermore, the remaining breach would be smaller than that of a homogeneous cohesive dam under the same conditions.