软弱结构面水流冲刷形成集中渗漏通道机制研究

软弱结构面塑性程度高、强度低,在地下水长期作用下,很易导致岩体产生变形、形成集中渗漏通道及渗透破坏。软弱结构面的渗透稳定性,一直是水利水电工程的重要工程地质及水文地质问题之一,目前对其渗透破坏机理的认识还存在不少尚未解决的问题。针对已有对基岩软弱结构形成集中渗漏通道研究的不足,本文在软弱结构面内讨论渗透变形问题,主要探讨了软弱结构面受水流冲刷发展的机制,以及土粒起动处于不同位置时的临界流速及相应隙宽。最后介绍了在适当地质等条件下,基岩软弱结构面可形成集中渗漏通道的实例。     

兰州-民和断陷盆地地热地质条件分析及热储概念模型

研究了兰州—民和盆地的地热地质条件，认为盆地位于中祁连隆起带的东段，为地壳厚度陡变带部位，发育的NWW向和NNW向深大断裂成为深部热源的上升通道并控制地温分布．导热断裂与低热导率岩层组合容易形成地热异常，形成层状热储和带状热储．均为低温地热资源．提出该断陷盆地的热储概念模型是地壳深部供热—深大断裂导热—低热导率岩层聚热一侧向地下径流补水．     

河北省黄壁庄水库坝基渗漏单井示踪试验研究

以河北省黄壁庄水库副坝坝基的渗漏塌坑为例，利用“九五”国家重点科技成果推广项目“智能化地下水动态参数测量仪”在天然流场下，测量出水库自然渗漏量地下水的渗透流速流向、垂直向流速流向，每米含水层的渗透系数等工程必须的水文地质参数。确定性地诊断和检测出黄壁水库坝基渗漏隐患出现的具体位置和高程，从而为大坝的渗漏处理和安全处理提供详细的现场测量数据。     

阿尔金山东段山间盆地地下水资源分布特征研究

本文针对阿尔金山东段山间盆地独立水文单元第四系松散沉积层地下水的赋存位置与空间分布规律展开研究.在区域范围内首先采用遥感影像数据划分区域构造与水文地质单元;然后按地质规律设计10条音频大地电磁测深剖面,其中长剖面4条,分别是沿地下水径流方向1条,垂直径流方向上、中、下游剖面3条,最后综合长剖面纵横向地电特征和区域水文地质条件,推测地下水补给来源、地下运移通道、富集区、排泄区和第四系沉积中心及其形态.经钻孔资料验证,本次工作查明了地下水开发利用资源区与重点区域,为下一步工作与规划提供了科学依据.     

基于COMSOL Multiphysics的长白山天池多物理场耦合响应研究

采用COMSOL Multiphysics建立长白山天池2D多物理场模型,模拟长白山天池流场、自然电位分布及其磁场响应.研究结果表明:天池和大气降水入渗补给地下水,地下水在重力作用下向下流动时,产生电位差,形成自然电场,进而产生磁场.在火山通道外侧,电流密度方向由地表指向地下,通道周边地区磁通量密度呈现高值;在火山通道/断层破碎带内,向下运移的地下水遇到致密岩体后向上补给天池或涌出地表成泉,该过程产生向上运移的电流,电流密度方向由地下指向地表,磁通量密度呈现低值.研究长白山天池多物理场响应,有助于进一步理解长白山天池地区地下水循环过程及电磁异常出现的机理,亦可用于指导火山地区勘查、监测与开发.     

面板堆石坝的地质雷达检测

面板堆石坝以其建设周期短,投资少的优点而在为当今国际上一种较广泛的坝型。但其渗漏较严重是一个亟待解决的问题,我们采用地质雷达的方法,利用不同天线组合,以渗漏通道介电性质差异为目的进行探测,并追踪确定渗漏通道。实践证明,该方法能有效地确定渗漏部位和渗漏通道,该资料为堵漏和工程施工提供重要依据。     

关于流场法理论的几点认识

基于长期从事水工建筑物渗漏、管涌等安全隐患检测工作的需要,结合水工建筑物渗漏管涌隐患分布的特点,对水底及水体中的电场分布进行了分析研究.本文从水流场与电流场的相似性、渗流场与电流场的相似性以及动态导体充电法的相关理论三个方面阐述了流场法理论的客观性、合理性以及与动态导体充电法理论的兼容性.首先利用水流场与电流场的相似性解释异常水流场,其次从渗流场与电流场的相似性解释异常水流场,最后利用水工建筑物堤坝渗漏管涌通道地电模型,进一步论述了利用地下动态导体充电法中的不等位导体理论来认识流场法理论更为方便,并可以进行渗漏出口处的电流强度计算及进行正反演计算,同时证明了异常水流场与电流场有着近似的对应关系,以工程实例介绍了流场法在水工建筑物渗漏管涌检测中的应用.     

水库渗漏通道的伪随机流场法与双频激电法综合探查

正确快速的探测水库堤坝渗漏在保证防洪工程安全上具有重要意义,而查明渗漏入口和渗漏途径又是难点中的重点,本文简述了伪随机流场法的基本原理,重点探讨了当水库坝体中存在诸多金属管,且渗漏水为承压水形式时,传统流场法难以解决实际问题时,作者首先采用流场法对水库大坝进行电流场分布的检测后,再结合双频激电法,详细的分析和对比检测的数据,从得到的探测曲线分析表明,通过流场法与双频激电法的结合,极大地提高了流场法区分金属管和地层渗漏通道的能力,为以后的相关工程应用提供了很好的范例.     

强震地下水动态中短临异常空间特征研究

研究了中国大陆部分强震、中强震（统称“强震”）地下水动态（水位、流量）观测结果，得到：地下水动态短临异常和一年尺度的中短期异常（以下称“中短临异常”）的空间分布及无异常测点分布，主要与强震发震机制以及震源周围的主要活断层（深大活动性断裂、强活动性断层）有关，异常空间分布符合“异常－震源地点－发震机制－主要活断层”相互之间的特定关系．最后，对地下水动态中短临异常空间分布与发震机制和主要活断层之间关系的机理作了讨论，阐述了研究结果的意义．     

强震地下水动态中短临异常空间特征研究

研究了中国大陆部分强震、中强震(统称强震)地下水动态(水位、流量)观测结果，得到:地下水动态短临异常和一年尺度的中短期异常(以下称中短临异常)的空间分布及无异常测点分布，主要与强震发震机制以及震源周围的主要活断层(深大活动性断裂、强活动性断层)有关，异常空间分布符合异常-震源地点-发震机制-主要活断层相互之间的特定关系．最后，对地下水动态中短临异常空间分布与发震机制和主要活断层之间关系的机理作了讨论，阐述了研究结果的意义．      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.