红外光谱矿物填图技术及其应用

红外光谱可有效识别与成矿有关的中低温指示矿物,在野外利用红外光谱仪器开展矿物填图是目前国内外找矿勘查工作中广泛应用的一项高新技术,具有采样密度高、数据量大、效率高、成本低等优势。文章重点介绍了国内外红外光谱仪器研发历史及现状,以及近年来运用国产CMS350A型全自动数字化岩芯扫描仪开展的矿物填图范例,较全面地展示矿物填图技术及其应用效果。红外光谱矿物填图技术基于海量数据客观勾绘矿化蚀变特征,精准识别具有重要找矿意义的蚀变矿物,获取矿物离子交换信息并反演热液流体性质,为区域找矿潜力评价及下一步找矿部署提供指导。红外光谱矿物填图技术的发展方向为工作波段向热红外扩展、设备小型化、提高光谱分辨率及拓展应用领域。     

高分五号航天高光谱遥感技术在甘肃龙首山铀矿找矿中的应用

为深入研究和探讨高分五号(GF-5)航天高光谱遥感技术在铀矿地质找矿中的应用效果和潜力,基于龙首山成矿带航天高光谱数据,开展高光谱数据处理和蚀变信息提取工作,创新实现了GF-5高光谱波段修复,通过构建标准光谱库和诊断光谱,运用MNF算法、PPI算法,结合SAM光谱角填图技术,完成蚀变矿物端元提取和光谱匹配,实现研究区钠长石、方解石、石英、绿泥石、赤铁矿和高岭土蚀变矿物的提取,综合区域铀矿成矿地质背景,通过开展地面波谱测量和野外调查,在验证蚀变准确度的基础上,剖析航天高光谱蚀变信息和成矿规律,构建了区域找矿定位模型,圈定找矿预测区3处,取得了较好的找矿效果,为国产GF-5高光谱遥感在地质找矿中的应用提供了参考。     

新疆红山铜金矿床基于地面高光谱遥感找矿模型构建

选择新疆红山铜金矿床,使用美国ASD公司的FieldSpec Pro FR地面波谱仪,在铜金矿区及外围地段分别对各地质体的英安岩、蚀变英安岩、花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、流纹斑岩、片理化带、矿体等开展地面波谱测试,获取各地质体的波谱曲线,综合剖析各吸收峰的波谱特征和蚀变矿物的反映特征,同时结合镜下鉴定和X射线衍射分析结果,研究和总结红山铜金矿区从矿体、矿化体、近矿围岩、外围蚀变围岩至外围正常围岩的地面高光谱蚀变矿物和蚀变矿物组合分布特征,结合矿床的地质矿产特征和地面围岩蚀变特征,形成地面高光谱蚀变矿物组合分布图,构建红山铜金矿床基于地面高光谱遥感找矿模型,为后期开展航空高光谱遥感调查、高光谱蚀变矿物信息提取和找矿预测提供地面高光谱波谱数据支持和典型矿床模型基础。     

甘肃花牛山金矿区热红外高光谱遥感特征分析与找矿预测

利用甘肃省花牛山金矿区热红外高光谱遥感数据(CASI/SASI/TASI)提取矿化蚀变矿物进行矿物填图,通过地面热红外高光谱测试验证其准确性,对热红外高光谱遥感矿化蚀变矿物分布规律和组合特征进行分析,结合矿床矿体特征、围岩蚀变特征,建立基于CASI/SASI/TASI数据蚀变矿物分带找矿预测模型。利用该模型在找矿预测区内进行找矿预测,新发现多处金、铜等多金属矿化线索,找矿效果显著,为热红外高光谱遥感蚀变矿物填图技术的推广应用提供了实例。     

CASI/SASI航空高光谱遥感矿物技术研究——以甘肃北山柳园地区为例

能源勘查、岩石矿物识别、矿物丰度制图以及成矿远景区圈定是高光谱技术发展和应用的主要方向。CASI/SASI航空高光谱数据可以在同一平台下同时获取覆盖可见光-近红外-短波红外光谱段的光谱信息, 且光谱分辨率和空间分辨率远远优于多光谱及星载高光谱数据, 所以在矿物蚀变信息提取中具有广泛的应用前景。以柳园研究区为研究对象, 对CASI/SASI航空高光谱遥感矿物过程中的关键技术进行了实验研究, 确定出航空高光谱矿物蚀变信息提取流程, 并对研究区蚀变矿物进行识别、填图。通过与研究区地质资料和前人实地勘探资料对比得出, 研究区CASI/SASI航空高光谱遥感蚀变异常结果与现实状况相当吻合。      

新疆乌恰地区ETM+数据蚀变矿物填图与重点成矿区域预测

含羟基和含铁矿物异常作为两大类近矿围岩蚀变是遥感间接找矿的重要标志.在地质找矿遥感勘查中,含羟基和含铁矿物分布制图和异常信息提取非常重要.近矿围岩蚀变在某些特定光谱波段可形成蚀变岩石光谱异常,这些特有的光谱特性在ETM+图像中被敏锐地识别到,用于含羟基和含铁矿物异常信息提取.新疆乌恰地区ETM+遥感图像,应用遥感图像处理技术和统计学方法,将各种微弱蚀变信息按级次圈定,进行羟基和含铁矿物异常信息分布的研究.综合地质、地球化学和遥感等信息的"二次开发"研究,优化了找矿信息,在此基础上圈定找矿远景靶区.     

高光谱热红外遥感技术在地质找矿中的应用

高光谱热红外遥感技术用于地质找矿,目前国内外都在探索,由于热红外发射光谱的混合为线性混合,利用线性解混技术可以对硅酸盐类矿物,如石英进行识别和提取。这是其优于可见光—近红外和短波红外之处。大多数金属矿床与石英脉—硅化带的关系密切。另外,石英脉与硅化带的控矿作用又有差异。因此,利用高光谱遥感技术提取石英脉—硅化带,并将二者区分开来,对于金属矿的找矿具有极其重要的意义。航空高光谱热红外遥感技术由于可以获取高空间分辨率(亚米级)的高光谱热红外数据,可以进行热红外矿物精细填图,提取规模小的石英脉或硅化带,从而更具地质找矿价值。本文利用核工业北京地质研究院遥感信息与图像分析技术国家级重点实验室的航空热红外成像系统(TASI),在甘肃北山柳园—方山口和新疆雪米斯坦地区获取了高空间分辨率的高光谱热红外遥感数据,从开展实用化热红外大气校正与光谱重建技术入手,探索了石英脉—硅化带提取与区分,解决了地质找矿中石英脉—硅化带的提取与区分这一具普遍性的关键技术难题,并通过示范应用,取得了明显的找矿效果。     

航空高光谱遥感矿物信息提取技术及其应用进展——以中国西部成矿带调查为例

为推进航空高光谱遥感矿物信息提取技术及其在地质工程化中的应用,2010—2015年,以我国西部成矿带为调查区,使用CASI/SASI/TASI航空高光谱数据,在进行矿物光谱特征分析、高光谱影像数据预处理、矿物信息提取、蚀变异常信息筛选及区域找矿预测基础上,编制了矿物种类分布图、单矿物丰度分布图和找矿预测图等高光谱地质调查系列专题图件; 建立了一套高光谱遥感矿物填图技术体系,解决了高光谱数据预处理与矿物提取等方面的技术问题,推进了地质填图向精细化和微观化方向发展。该研究为高光谱技术在地质工程化中的应用奠定了基础,丰富了地质填图的产品类型和内容,并服务于地质找矿等地质工作。     

航空高光谱遥感矿物信息提取技术及其应用进展——以中国西部成矿带调查为例

为推进航空高光谱遥感矿物信息提取技术及其在地质工程化中的应用,2010—2015年,以我国西部成矿带为调查区,使用CASI/SASI/TASI航空高光谱数据,在进行矿物光谱特征分析、高光谱影像数据预处理、矿物信息提取、蚀变异常信息筛选及区域找矿预测基础上,编制了矿物种类分布图、单矿物丰度分布图和找矿预测图等高光谱地质调查系列专题图件;建立了一套高光谱遥感矿物填图技术体系,解决了高光谱数据预处理与矿物提取等方面的技术问题,推进了地质填图向精细化和微观化方向发展。该研究为高光谱技术在地质工程化中的应用奠定了基础,丰富了地质填图的产品类型和内容,并服务于地质找矿等地质工作。     

现代遥感技术在地质找矿中的应用

文章论述了现代遥感技术在地质找矿中的应用,包括遥感岩性识别、矿化蚀变信息提取、地质构造信息提取和植被波谱特征的找矿应用等;总结了遥感地质找矿技术的若干新发展,即多光谱遥感蚀变信息提取技术、高光谱遥感技术、遥感生物地球化学技术,以及它们在地质找矿应用中的新发展;对遥感技术在地质找矿中的应用提出了几点认识及展望.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an