西藏冈底斯西部江巴、邦巴和雄巴岩体的锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素地球化学

对青藏高原冈底斯带西部中生代花岗岩的研究依然十分有限。本文选择青藏高原冈底斯带西部狮泉河-革吉-雄巴地区的三个花岗岩基进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素分析,并探讨了中冈底斯带中侏罗世-早白垩世花岗岩的分布特征及其揭示的地壳基底的属性。定年结果表明,江巴岩体花岗闪长岩年龄为170±3Ma,雄巴岩体碱长花岗岩年龄为149±3Ma,它们形成于中晚侏罗世;邦巴岩体寄主岩石正长花岗岩和其中的石英二长闪长岩包体年龄分别为144±3Ma和133±3Ma,形成于早白垩世。锆石Hf同位素和地壳模式年龄结果表明,中晚侏罗世的江巴岩体(εHf(t)为-16.8～-13.4,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为2.1～2.3Ga)与雄巴碱长花岗岩(-11.3～-6.2和1.6～2.0Ga)具有富集的Hf同位素特征,显示了新元古界的地壳基底年龄。邦巴正长花岗岩(-4～-0.8和1.2～1.5Ga)与其中的闪长质包体(-2.8～+0.6和1.2～1.4Ga)具有一致的Hf同位素特征,显示了岩浆混合作用。本文花岗岩定年与Hf同位素结果进一步揭示出中冈底斯带存在未出露地表的古元古代地壳基底。     

内蒙赤峰楼子店拆离断层带下盘变形花岗质岩石的时代、成因及其地质意义——锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据

对内蒙赤峰楼子店拆离断层带下盘前人划为前寒武纪岩石的糜棱状花岗质岩石中锆石进行了U-Pb年龄测定和Hf同位素测试,结果显示其时代为晚古生代至中生代。楼子店扎兰营子片麻状花岗岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为253.6±1.2Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-8.6～-14.6,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.8～2.2Ga;朝阳沟糜棱岩化片麻状花岗岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为150.43±0.79Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-5.6～-14.9,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.6～2.1Ga;莫里海沟片麻状闪长岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为127.6±3.1Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-5.1～-13.9,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.5～2.1Ga。不同岩性、不同形成年龄的3个样品的εHf(t)值主要为负值,说明这些岩石主要来自地壳岩石的部分熔融。2.2～1.5Ga的锆石Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄表明它们可能主要来源于华北克拉通下地壳物质的部分熔融。结合该区已经获得的锆石U-Pb年龄,将该区古生代至中生代花岗质岩浆作用划分为4个时期:早石炭世(327Ma)、二叠纪(285～252Ma)、中三叠世—早侏罗世(241～184Ma)、中侏罗世—早白垩世(163～125Ma)。早石炭世喇嘛洞混合花岗岩的产出对应于古亚洲洋古生代向南俯冲于华北板块的时期,二叠纪花岗岩是古亚洲洋最后闭合、蒙古弧与华北陆块北缘拼合与伸展有关的岩浆活动的产物,大面积的中三叠世—早侏罗世的花岗岩是西伯利亚与华北陆块碰撞后地壳伸展的记录,中侏罗世—早白垩世(163～125Ma)岩浆活动则发育在伸展构造背景中,与岩石圈减薄存在密切的成因联系。这些新年龄资料将为华北陆块北缘古生代—中生代的地质构造演化提供重要的年代学制约。     

华北克拉通五台地区2.2～2.1Ga花岗岩的成因与构造背景

华北克拉通中部造山带内古元古代中期(2.2~2.0Ga)岩浆活动较为广泛,对探讨华北古元古代地质演化过程具有十分重要的意义。本文选择了五台地区古元古代大洼梁、王家会和莲花山花岗岩进行了地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究。大洼梁似斑状花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为2170±17Ma,王家会二长花岗质片麻岩LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄结果为2101±6Ma,3个莲花山花岗岩的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄结果分别为2117±6Ma、2110±4Ma和2143±15Ma。大洼梁花岗岩高SiO_2、富K_2O+Na_2O,低CaO,稀土元素含量较高(Eu除外),Zr、Nb、Ga和Y等高场强元素含量也较高,而Sr含量极低;同时Ga/Al比值和Zr+Nb+Y+Ce总量高,全岩Zr饱和温度高达876～968℃。该花岗岩体具有A型花岗岩的特征。王家会花岗岩和莲花山花岗岩样品也具有高硅、富碱和低镁钙特征,稀土元素具有弱到较强烈的分异,Eu负异常明显。3个花岗岩岩体微量元素都具有较高的Nb和Y值,因此具有后碰撞到板内花岗岩特征。所有花岗岩样品中锆石的εHf(t)值均远低于同期亏损地幔值,同时单阶段和两阶段模式年龄为2.4～2.6Ga和2.45～2.75Ga,明显大于花岗岩的成岩时代。这些花岗岩与五台地区新太古代晚期TTG质片麻岩具有相似的锆石Hf模式年龄。因此,结合岩石学、地球化学和同位素特征,本文倾向于认为古元古代花岗岩为新太古代TTG质片麻岩在伸展条件下部分熔融形成的。综合资料发现,华北克拉通中部带内2.2～2.0Ga岩浆事件不同地区表现有分带性。2.2～2.1Ga岩浆活动代表较早的阶段,其中部分花岗质岩石具有A型花岗岩特征,与同期的基性岩形成双峰式组合,推断其与华北克拉通古元古代中期陆内裂谷有关。     

辽东黑沟地区辽河群成因及其对辽吉造山带构造演化的制约

辽东黑沟地区出露大面积辽河群变质表壳岩系,本文通过对辽河群中浅粒岩、黑云变粒岩、斜长角闪岩以及辽吉花岗岩等岩石系统的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学,并结合斜长角闪岩的地球化学特征来制约其原岩形成、变质时代和沉积环境,进而探讨辽吉造山带的大地构造属性。研究区辽河群变质火山岩和侵入其中的辽吉花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年结果显示区内辽河群形成时代早于～2.16Ga,辽吉花岗岩及辽河群变质岩中的变质锆石定年结果显示区内峰期变质年龄为～1.85Ga左右。锆石阴极发光(CL)图像显示区内辽河群变质沉积岩中的锆石具有清晰震荡环带,说明其具有岩浆成因的碎屑锆石特征,锆石U-Pb年龄分布直方图上显示1987Ma、2182Ma、2505Ma的主峰和2080Ma、2658Ma、2732Ma、3000Ma的次峰,峰值年龄与区域上古元古代弧岩浆岩及太古宙基底年龄相吻合,暗示它们为辽河群沉积岩提供了重要物源。区内辽河群斜长角闪岩属于拉斑玄武岩系列,以低TiO_2和低MgO为特征,轻稀土轻微富集,并具有明显P以及轻微的Nb、Ta、Zr亏损,地球化学特征总体类似于MORB,同时兼具IAB的地球化学特征,不同于弧玄武岩和板内玄武岩,显示出有限的俯冲相关流体的交代作用,指示其形成于弧后盆地环境。结合前人对辽吉造山带内古元古代花岗岩和辽河群的研究成果,认为区内辽河群的沉积环境为活动大陆边缘弧后盆地,辽吉造山带的形成演化与弧-陆碰撞有关。     

鄂尔多斯地块基底研究新的思考与认识

鄂尔多斯地块基底岩芯岩石组合、花岗片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素和全岩Nd同位素组成以及航磁异常和地壳速度结构特征表明,该地块中部沿大同-华池基底断裂带存在一航磁异常梯度带,沿该带南缘发育一条2.2～2.0Ga古元古代弧岩浆活动带,并经历了1.96～1.85Ga的变质作用改造,与东缘中部带古元古代中晚期构造演化过...     

辽东兰花岭地区古元古代Ⅰ型花岗岩类与辽吉A型花岗岩对比研究

辽东半岛是华北克拉通胶-辽-吉古元古代活动带的重要组成部分,古元古代经历了复杂的构造演化过程,并记录了多期岩浆-变质作用,约2.2 Ga的辽吉A型花岗岩和1.89～1.85 Ga的巨斑状花岗岩、正长岩分别标志着辽东古元古代造山作用的开端和结束。最新研究显示,2.20～2.15 Ga的岩浆作用形成了2种不同类型的花岗岩,它们可能具有不同的岩石成因和构造意义。在青城子铅锌矿集区北部采集的兰花岭、白砬子花岗闪长岩和黄泊辉绿岩,锆石U-Pb年龄分别为2177±19 Ma、2129±36 Ma、1876±29 Ma。花岗闪长岩的岩石成因类型、地球化学特征与典型的约2.2 Ga的辽吉A型花岗岩明显不同,属于弱过铝质、低钾钙碱性一碱性岩石,Zr、Hf、Nb、Rb含量较低,K₂O/Na₂O值、稀土元素总量极低,为典型的Ⅰ型花岗岩类。根据锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析,ε_Hf(t)值为-5.1～9.0,二阶段Hf模式年龄t_DM2为2089～2817 Ma,岩浆源区为约2.5 Ga的太古宙地壳物质和少量软流圈地幔物质。兰花岭...     

胶东昌邑地区古元古代二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素组成及其构造岩浆演化意义

胶东地区位于古元古代胶-辽-吉带的南段,前人对该区的早前寒武纪地质事件进行了较多研究,然而,对古元古代侵入岩则缺乏深入研究。本文在对昌邑地区古元古代二长花岗岩进行了详细野外调查的基础上,通过对其岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素分析,讨论了花岗岩的成因和形成时代,以及与之相关的粉子山群的沉积时代。本文研究的二长花岗岩具高的全碱含量(K2O+Na2O=6.93%~8.11%),低的Al2O3(9.89%~14.11%),低Mg O(0.01%~0.63%),为偏铝质岩石(铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.99~1.56)。明显亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,轻重稀土分馏程度较高。5个样品的锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS和1个SHRIMP定年,形成年龄为2045±8~2187±9 Ma,指示花岗岩形成于古元古代。侵入粉子山群的细粒二长花岗岩的锆石年龄为2080±9Ma,结合前人研究成果,认为粉子山群小宋组的沉积时间限于2.1~2.2 Ga之间。据岩石地球化学和岩浆锆石Hf同位素组成特征表明,二长花岗岩形成于上地壳物质不同程度部分熔融,这得到~2.4 Ga和~2.7 Ga继承锆石存在的支持,较古老地壳物质为新太古代早期TTG岩石。     

大别山木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉的年龄和成因——锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素制约

用LA-ICP-MS技术对北大别木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉中的锆石进行原位U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素测定,结果表明,该花岗岩形成于128.9±0.7Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,在锆石中发现古元古代和新元古代的锆石核;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)介于-25.1~-19.2之间,平均值为-22.7,二阶段模式年龄T_(DM2)主要介于2115~2505Ma之间,2个继承锆石分析点分别给出了-10.5和6.5的ε_(Hf)(t)值,对应的二阶段模式年龄T_(DM2)分别为1151Ma和1709Ma。木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉的锆石年龄和Hf同位素特征表明,花岗岩为古元古代古老地壳物质部分熔融形成,岩石源区可能有中元古代地幔物质及太古宙古老地壳物质的贡献,形成于大别造山带从挤压向伸展的转换阶段。     

内蒙古阿巴嘎旗阿德拉嘎碱长花岗岩锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

阿巴嘎旗阿德拉嘎碱长花岗岩位于贺根山蛇绿岩带北侧。为了确定该碱长花岗岩体的岩石成因类型,探讨其构造环境,对该岩体进行了野外地质、岩石学、地球化学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年表明,阿德拉嘎碱长花岗岩体的侵位年龄为310.7±2.6 Ma,形成时代为晚石炭世。岩石地球化学研究表明,阿德拉嘎碱长花岗岩具有较高的SiO₂、Na₂O+K₂O含量和较高的Ga/Al、(Na₂O+K₂O)/CaO值,相对贫CaO、MgO、Sr、Ba、Eu、Ti和P。稀土元素总量较低,轻重稀土分馏不明显,稀土配分曲线呈海鸥性,负铕异常明显(δEu=0.15～0.37)。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,该碱长花岗岩为A型花岗岩,形成于弧后伸展构造环境,为晚石炭世古亚洲洋向西伯利亚俯冲作用的产物。     

西准噶尔南部庙尔沟岩体晚石炭世花岗闪长斑岩岩石成因及其动力学背景

位于西准噶尔南部的庙尔沟岩体主体由碱长花岗岩和少量紫苏花岗岩组成。本文在前人工作基础上,以岩体东南边缘新发现的花岗闪长斑岩为研究对象,开展岩石学、年代学和Hf同位素以及全岩地球化学研究,确定花岗闪长斑岩形成时代、揭示岩石成因类型及源区属性、探讨其与碱长花岗岩和紫苏花岗岩岩浆演化成因联系及其形成的深部动力学过程。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩形成于317.4±1.9Ma,为晚石炭世早期岩浆活动的产物,明显早于紫苏花岗岩(～307Ma)和碱长花岗岩(～303Ma)。岩石地球化学数据表明,花岗闪长斑岩具有较高硅、中等铝,贫钙、铁、镁,富集Rb、K、Th、U,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Ti的特征,为钙碱性弱过铝质I型花岗岩;紫苏花岗岩更多的表现出钙碱性-高钾钙碱性镁质I型紫苏花岗岩特征;碱长花岗岩为碱性准铝质-弱过铝质A型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩、紫苏花岗岩和碱长花岗岩均具有高正的ε_(Hf)(t)值(+11.6～+15.8)和年轻的二阶段模式年龄(325～600Ma),表明其原始岩浆主要起源于亏损地幔新衍生的年轻地壳物质。综合分析认为,庙尔沟岩体花岗闪长斑岩形成于晚石炭世早期洋壳俯冲背景,由底侵的、受流体交代的幔源基性岩浆与其诱发的年轻下地壳酸性岩浆在深部混合而成。紫苏花岗岩和碱长花岗岩形成于弧后伸展背景,前者是伸展初期继续底侵于下地壳的幔源玄武质岩浆降温释放大量的水和热诱使早期侵位于下地壳的镁铁质岩石再次发生部分熔融的产物,后者是伸展后期大规模软流圈地幔上涌底垫加热年轻中下地壳使其部分熔融而成。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.