Oblique wave motion over multiple submerged porous bars near a vertical wall

This study examines oblique wave motion over multiple submerged porous bars in front of a vertical wall. Based on linear potential theory, an analytical solution for the present problem is developed using matched eigenfunction expansions. A complex dispersion relation is adopted to describe the wave elevation and energy dissipation over submerged porous bars. In the analytical solution, no limitations on the bar number, bar size, and spacing between adjacent bars are set. The convergence of the analytical solution is satisfactory, and the correctness of the analytical solution is confirmed by an independently developed multi-domain BEM (boundary element method) solution. Numerical examples are presented to examine the reflection and transmission coefficients of porous bars, C _R and C _T , respectively, for engineering applications. The calculation results show that when the sum of widths for all the porous bars is fixed, increasing the bar number can significantly improve the sheltering function of the bars. Increasing the bar height can cause more wave energy dissipation and lower C _R and C _T . The spacing between adjacent bars and the spacing between the last bar and the vertical wall are the key parameters affecting C _R and C _T . The proposed analytical method may be used to analyze the hydrodynamic performance of submerged porous bars in preliminary engineering designs.     

Analysis of Oblique Wave Interaction with a Comb-Type Caisson Breakwater

This study develops an analytical solution for oblique wave interaction with a comb-type caisson breakwater based on linear potential theory. The fluid domain is divided into inner and outer regions according to the geometrical shape of breakwater. By using periodic boundary condition and separation of variables, series solutions of velocity potentials in inner and outer regions are developed. Unknown expansion coefficients in series solutions are determined by matching velocity and pressure of continuous conditions on the interface between two regions. Then, hydrodynamic quantities involving reflection coefficients and wave forces acting on breakwater are estimated. Analytical solution is validated by a multi-domain boundary element method solution for the present problem. Diffusion reflection due to periodic variations in breakwater shape and corresponding surface elevations around the breakwater are analyzed. Numerical examples are also presented to examine effects of caisson parameters on total wave forces acting on caissons and total wave forces acting on side plates. Compared with a traditional vertical wall breakwater, the wave force acting on a suitably designed comb-type caisson breakwater can be significantly reduced. This study can give a better understanding of the hydrodynamic performance of comb-type caisson breakwaters.     

Analytical solution of boundary integral equations for 2-D steady linear wave problems

Based on the Fourier transform, the analytical solution of boundary integral equations formulated for the complex velocity of a 2-D steady linear surface flow is derived. It has been found that before the radiation condition is imposed, free waves appear both far upstream and downstream. In order to cancel the free waves in far upstream regions, the eigenso-lution of a specific eigenvalue, which satisfies the homogeneous boundary integral equation, is found and superposed to the analytical solution. An example, a submerged vortex, is used to demonstrate the derived analytical solution. Furthermore, an analytical approach to imposing the radiation condition in the numerical solution of boundary integral equations for 2-D steady linear wave problems is proposed.     

Hydrodynamic conditions in front of a vertical wall with an overhanging horizontal cantilever slab

Transforming wave heights from offshore to the shoreline is the first step of any coastal engineering work. Wave breaking is analyzed to understand hydrodynamic conditions. For vertical breakwaters and sea walls, wave reflection is an important process that affects the determination of the wave height. Many of the design formulas presented in the literature depend on empirical studies based on the structures tested. In this study, the hydrodynamic conditions in front of a vertical wall with an overhanging horizontal cantilever slab with a foreshore slope of 1/20 are determined experimentally under regular wave conditions to assess the applicability of the formulas of Goda (2000) for predicting the nearshore wave height and breaker index equation (Goda, 2010). The selection of wave measurements used to determine the design wave height, the reflection coefficients, and wave breaking is also analyzed, and the reflection equations are derived from the dataset covering different breaker types. Small-scale tests show that the incident wave height is a good representative of the design wave height and that the values predicted by Goda are in good agreement with actual measurements. However, the predicted H_max values are overestimated. In addition, the inception of the wave breaking point is postponed because of the reflection and/or turbulence left over from preceding waves, which is an effect of the vertical wall. At higher water levels, the effect of the vertical wall on the inception point becomes more significant.     

Analytical models for velocity distributions in compound channels with emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains

The lateral distributions of depth-averaged velocity in open compound channels with emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains were analyzed based on the analytical solution of the depth-integrated Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equation with a term to account for the effects of vegetation. The three cases considered for open channels were two-stage rectangular channel with emerged vegetated floodplain, rectangular channel with submerged vegetated corner, and two-stage rectangular channel with submerged vegetated floodplain, respectively. To predict the depth-averaged velocity with submerged vegetated floodplains, we proposed a new method based on a two-layer approach where flow above and through the vegetation layer was described separately. Moreover, further experiments in the two-stage rectangular channel with submerged vegetated floodplain were carried out to verify the results. The analytical solutions of the cases indicated that the corresponding analytical depth-averaged velocity distributions agree well with the simulated and experimental prediction. The analytical solutions of the cases with theoretical foundation and without programming calculation were reasonable and applicable, which were more convenient than numerical simulations. The analytical solutions provided a way for future researches to solve the problems of submerged vegetation and discontinuous phenomenon of depth-averaged velocity at the stage point for compound channels. Understanding the hydraulics of flow in compound channels with vegetated floodplains is very important for supporting the management of fluvial processes.     

The application of a numerical model to coastal surface water waves

Based on the Navier-Stokes Equations (NSE), numerical simulation with fine grids is conducted to simulate the coastal surface wave changes, including wave generation, propagation, transformation and interactions between waves and structures. This numerical model has been tested for the generation of the desired incident waves, including both regular and random waves. Some numerical results of this model are compared with available experimental data. In order to apply this model to actual cases, boundary conditions are considered in detail for different shoreline types (beach or breakwater, slope or vertical wall, etc. ). Finally, the utility of the model to a real coastal area is shown by applying it to a fishing port located in Shidao, Rongcheng, Shandong Province, P.R. China.     

Determination of fractional energy loss of waves in nearshore waters using an improved high-order Boussinesq-type model

Fractional energy losses of waves due to wave breaking when passing over a submerged bar are studied systematically using a modified numerical code that is based on the high-order Boussinesq-type equations. The model is first tested by the additional experimental data, and the model’s capability of simulating the wave transformation over both gentle slope and steep slope is demonstrated. Then, the model’s breaking index is replaced and tested. The new breaking index, which is optimized from the several breaking indices, is not sensitive to the spatial grid length and includes the bottom slopes. Numerical tests show that the modified model with the new breaking index is more stable and efficient for the shallow-water wave breaking. Finally, the modified model is used to study the fractional energy losses for the regular waves propagating and breaking over a submerged bar. Our results have revealed that how the nonlinearity and the dispersion of the incident waves as well as the dimensionless bar height (normalized by water depth) dominate the fractional energy losses. It is also found that the bar slope (limited to gentle slopes that less than 1:10) and the dimensionless bar length (normalized by incident wave length) have negligible effects on the fractional energy losses.     

Wave attenuation mechanism of cross-plates applied in landslide-induced tsunami in river course

Since the impounding of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the channel of the Yangtze River has become a busy watercourse and the probability of landslide-induced tsunamis has increased. In the case of landslide-induced tsunamis in the Three Gorges Reservoir, even after shipping closures in advance, there are still facilities and objects in urgent need of protection within the risk zone of the watercourse, such as wharfs, marine fueling stations, berthed ships. The emergency protection against and decay of landslide-induced tsunamis in inland watercourses is a new challenge. In this study, 37 sets of wave decay experiments were conducted with the hydromechanics numerical method. The wave decay efficiencies of common simple structures including submerged horizontal plate, horizontal plate on the water surface, inclined thin plate and cross-plates in coastal areas were compared and analyzed. Cross-plates structure showed better wave decay capacity than other simple plates. The wave decay performance of cross-plates was related to five modes of energy dissipation and transformation, namely run-up/run-down, overtopping, reflecting, return flow and disturbed wave orbital path. The type of wave had little relation with the decay performance of cross-plates, but a strong correlation with cross-plates structure, especially the height of the vertical emerged plate. The best decay performance was observed when the ratio of wave amplitude to emerged vertical plate height was between 1 and 1.5, which can reduce up to about 80% of the incoming wave amplitude. Finally, the emergency way of cross-plates applied to the decay of landslide-induced tsunami in river course is discussed. This study provides a conceptual reference for related studies to practice the attenuation of landslide-induced tsunami in reservoirs.     

THE EFFECTS OF A SLOPING BOTTOM ON THE EQUATORIAL WAVE-INDUCED DEEP RESIDUAL CURRENTS

ImODUcnONThedeepequatorialoceanhasobvioussignilicantflowapparentlycarryinghacelsa1ongandacrosstheequator(WissCtal.,l985).RmtfloatmsurementSshoWedthattheflowishigh1yvariable(Richardsonetal.,l993).ThomPsonandKawase(l993)pro-posedthatthelargeinstantaneousandfloatvelocitiesasWellasthevariabilitysuggestthatthetracersignaIsreflCCtreCtificationoftimedependentmotionsandniinginsteadofrneanEulerianflow.TheresultSoftheirstudyonthegenerationofmeancurrentSbyperi-odicfordngintheequatorialoceaninasir…     

计算Darcy流速时第一类边界的处理

提出了一种求解Darcy流速时一类边界的处理方法.该法利用有限元方程得出一类边界节点的水力坡度和渗流速度,并且模拟了一个理想算例,结果显示解析解与数值解吻合地很好,这表明了该法的有效性.     

Study on internal waves generated by tidal flow over critical topography

Resonance due to critical slope makes the internal wave generation more effectively than that due to supercritical or subcritical slopes(Zhang et al., 2008). Submarine ridges make a greater contribution to ocean mixing than continental margins in global oceans(Müller, 1977; Bell, 1975; Baines, 1982; Morozov, 1995). In this paper, internal wave generation driven by tidal flow over critical topography is examined in laboratory using Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) and synthetic schlieren methods in synchrony. Non-tidal baroclinic velocities and vertical isopycnal displacements are observed in three representative regions, i.e., critical, outward-propagating, and reflection regions. Temporal and spatial distributions of internal wave rays are analyzed using the time variations of baroclinic velocities and vertical isopycnal displacement, and the results are consistent with those by the linear internal wave theory. Besides, the width of wave beam changes with the outward propagation of internal waves. Finally, through monitoring the uniformly-spaced 14 vertical profiles in the x-z plane, the internal wave fields of density and velocity fields are constructed. Thus, available potential energy, kinetic energy and energy fluxes are determined quantitatively. The distributions of baroclinic energy and energy fluxes are confined along the internal wave rays. The total depth averaged energy and energy flux of vertical profiles away from a ridge are both larger than those near the ridge.     

Active earth pressure acting on retaining wall considering anisotropic seepage effect

This paper presents a general solution for active earth pressure acting on a vertical retaining wall with a drainage system along the soil-structure interface. The backfill has a horizontal surface and is composed of cohesionless and fully saturated sand with anisotropic permeability along the vertical and horizontal directions. The extremely unfavourable seepage flow on the back of the retaining wall due to heavy rainfall or other causes will dramatically increase the active earth pressure acting on the retaining walls, increasing the probability of instability. In this paper, an analytical solution to the Laplace differential governing equation is presented for seepage problems considering anisotropic permeability based on Fourier series expansion method. A good correlation is observed between this and the seepage forces along a planar surface generated via finite element analysis. The active earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb’s earth pressure theory based on the calculated pore water pressures. The obtained solutions can be degenerated into Coulomb’s formula when no seepage exists in the backfill. A parametric study on the influence of the degree of anisotropy in seepage flow on the distribution of active earth pressure behind the wall is conducted by varying ratios of permeability coefficients in the vertical and horizontal directions, showing that anisotropic seepage flow has a prominent impact on active earth pressure distribution. Other factors such as effective internal friction angle of soils and soil/wall friction conditions are also considered.     

Hydroelastic Analysis of a Very Large Floating Structure Edged with a Pair of Submerged Horizontal Plates

This paper is concerned with the hydroelastic problem of a very large pontoon-type floating structure(VLFS) edged with a pair of submerged horizontal plates, which is a combination of perforated and non-perforated plates attached to the for-end and back-end of the VLFS. For the hydroelastic analysis, the fluid is assumed to be ideal and its motion is irrotational so that a velocity potential exists. The VLFS is modeled as an elastic plate according to the classical thin plate theory. The fluid-structure interaction problem is separated into conventional hydrodynamics and structure dynamics by using modal expansion method in the frequency-domain. It involves, firstly, the deflection of the VLFS, which is expressed by a superposition of modal functions and corresponding modal amplitudes. Then the boundary element method is used to solve the integral equations of diffraction and radiation on the body surface for the velocity potential, whereas the vibration equation is solved by the Galerkin’s method for modal amplitudes, and then the deflection is obtained by the sum of multiplying modal functions with modal amplitudes. This study examines the effects of the width and location of the non-perforated horizontal plates on the hydroelastic response of the VLFS, then the performance of perforated plates is investigated to reduce the motion near the fore-end of the VLFS. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of submerged plates without and with cylindrical holes, we propose a simple anti-motion device, which is a combination of a pair of perforated and non-perforated plates attached to the for-end and back-end of the VLFS. The effectiveness of this device in reducing the deformation and bending moment of the VLFS has been confirmed, and is compared with the results in cases without and with the submerged horizontal plates by the analysis in this paper.     

Determination of fractional energy loss of waves in nearshore waters using an improved high-order Boussinesq-type model

Fractional energy losses of waves due to wave breaking when passing over a submerged bar are studied systematically using a modified numerical code that is based on the high-order Boussinesq-type equations.The model is first tested by the additional experimental data,and the model's capability of simulating the wave transformation over both gentle slope and steep slope is demonstrated.Then,the model's breaking index is replaced and tested.The new breaking index,which is optimized from the several breaking i...     

Shear effects in shakedown analysis of offshore structures

In this paper, a formulation for shakedown analysis of elastic-plastic offshore structures under cyclic wave loading is presented. In this formulation, a fast numerical solution method is used, suitable for the Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis of large offshore structures on which shear effects in addition to bending and axial effects are taken into account. The Morison equation is adopted for converting the velocity and acceleration terms into resultant forces and it is extended to consider arbitrary orientations of the structural members. The theoretical methods of the shakedown analysis are discussed in detail and the formulation is applied to an offshore structure to verify the concept employed and its analytical capabilities.     

川滇地区壳幔方位各向异性研究

利用2011～2013年在川滇地区布设的190台宽频带流动地震台站,采用背景噪声程函层析成像方法和远震面波亥姆霍兹方程层析成像方法对川滇地区的地壳上地幔各向异性结构进行研究,得到高分辨率下的6～60 s瑞利面波相速度和方位各向异性结构。结果表明：1)川滇地区上地壳各向异性方向与地表构造走向一致,反映出川滇块体向东南向挤出的构造运动特征;2)川滇地区中下地壳存在较强的方位各向异性相速度低速异常,符合中下地壳流模型;3)以26°N为界,川滇地区南部地壳与上地幔的各向异性方向不一致,表明其下方可能存在壳幔解耦变形;4)川滇地区南部长周期瑞利面波的方位各向异性特征与剪切波分裂方向一致,均为近EW向,推测可能为印度板块东向俯冲回撤引起的东西向地幔流。     

Numerical analysis of the nonlinear parameterization of waves in currents over a submerged sill with a non-hydrostatic model

An investigation of the effects of a uniform current strength direction (following or opposing wave propagation) on the nonlinear transformation of irregular waves over a submerged trapezoidal sill is carried out using SWASH, a non-hydrostatic numerical wave model. The nonlinear parameters (i.e., asymmetry, skewness, and kurtosis) are calculated, and the empirical formulas for these parameters are presented as a function of the local Ursell number based on the present numerical data measured. In the shoaling area of the submerged sill, the nonlinear characteristics of waves are more obvious when waves propagate in the same direction as the currents than when waves propagate in the opposite direction. Whereas nonlinear parameters grow with the strengthening of the following currents over the crest, they tend to decrease as the adverse current velocity increases over the crest area of the submerged sill.     

Time domain Rankine-Green panel method for offshore structures

To solve the numerical divergence problem of the direct time domain Green function method for the motion simulation of floating bodies with large flare, a time domain hybrid Rankine-Green boundary element method is proposed. In this numerical method, the fluid domain is decomposed by an imaginary control surface, at which the continuous condition should be satisfied. Then the Rankine Green function is adopted in the inner domain. The transient free surface Green function is applied in the outer domain, which is used to find the relationship between the velocity potential and its normal derivative for the inner domain. Besides, the velocity potential at the mean free surface between body surface and control surface is directly solved by the integration scheme. The wave exciting force is computed through the convolution integration with wave elevation, by introducing the impulse response function. Additionally, the nonlinear Froude-Krylov force and hydrostatic force, which is computed under the instantaneous incident wave free surface, are taken into account by the direct pressure integration scheme. The corresponding numerical computer code is developed and first used to compute the hydrodynamic coefficients of the hemisphere, as well as the time history of a ship with large flare; good agreement is obtained with the analytical solutions as well as the available numerical results. Then the hydrodynamic properties of a FPSO are studied. The hydrodynamic coefficients agree well with the results computed by the frequency method; the influence of the time interval and the truncated time is investigated in detail.     

利用SH横波反射资料中的勒夫面波反演浅部横波速度结构

由于勒夫波速度与纵波速度无关,勒夫波多道分析方法具有频散曲线简单、能量清晰、反演过程中未知参数少、对初始模型依赖小、反演结果稳定、分辨率高等特点。实验结果表明,利用浅层SH横波反射地震数据中的勒夫面波信息,反演得到近地表横波速度结构,在浅层地质构造、断层位置、上断点埋深等方面与浅层SH横波反射地震剖面以及地质钻孔数据吻合较好。该方法可为地下构造解释提供更多依据,提高探测成果的可靠性。     

高速岩体反射地震探测中的数据采集与处理

为了调查内蒙古阿拉善某高放废物地质处置库预选场址中目标花岗岩体的空间展布、内部结构和边界接触关系,应用人工反射地震探测技术,采集数据并进行处理,获得了针对大型高速岩体的近地表速度剖面和地震反射波法成像剖面。针对崎岖地表工区近地表速度建模与层析静校正、强散射干扰波压制等问题,引进基于MSFM射线追踪算法的初至波旅行时层析反演与层析静校正技术、改进的矢量分解压噪方法等,并在常规高分辨反射地震数据处理流程的基础上形成了适合于高速岩体地震探测的精细数据处理流程。