电离层影响层状介质长导线源的电磁场

在大多数勘查地球物理电磁法的应用中,利用长导线源克服天然场干扰问题是非常必要的。同时,考虑电离层影响是电磁法勘探不可轻易忽略的理论问题。这里推导求得了电离层影响层状介质中,长导线源的电磁响应表达式,通过这些表达式能够方便地求得在电离层影响下,位于层状大地表面长导线源地表任意角度的电磁场场值。另外,这些表达式还可作为可控源音频大地电磁法一维正演问题的理论基础。     

饱和孔隙介质中非均匀震电平面波

采用描述地下流体饱和孔隙介质中弹性波与电磁场耦合现象的Pride方程组,利用Helmholtz分解,求解了非均匀震电耦合平面波解,推导了流体饱和孔隙介质中传播的非均匀震电平面波的能流表达式,讨论了非均匀震电平面波的能量特征.结果表明,非均匀震电平面波的平均能流在传播矢量和衰减矢量构成的平面内传播,伴随电磁场对纵波模式的能流没有贡献.当动电耦合系数为0时,震电平面波的能流表达式可退化为Biot弹性波的能流表达式。     

极低频电磁波技术电磁响应建模及电离层影响分析

对极低频电磁波技术的理论进行讨论,首先根据研究对象和问题建立地质模型和相应的数学模型,然后根据电磁场理论选择了相适宜的计算方法,推导出水平长直导线接地源电离层、空气层和层状大地相互耦合频域电磁场响应的一般表达式。这些表达式将电磁响应和电离层的电导率等参数有机联系在一起,为极低频电磁波技术的正演计算以及极低频电磁波技术在资源探测应用中的可行性分析奠定基础。对理论地电模型的计算表明,由于电离层的存在使得电磁波在地面与电离层之间来回多次反射,从而改变了电磁响应曲线的形态。     

大定源瞬变电磁法矩形发射回线激发的电磁场

首先从垂直磁偶极子产生的电磁场表达式出发,推导出了矩形发射回线产生的电磁场表达式;然后通过Guptasarma积分和Hankel积分将这些表达式转换为时间域电磁场,求出感应电动势;最后通过模型计算来难验证其正确性.通过数值模拟发现,在层状介质模型情况下,矩形发射回线中心区域电磁场的瞬变响应近乎均匀,地表低阻层对电磁场有很强的屏蔽作用.     

磁偶源2.5维瞬变电磁场全空间FDTD数值模拟

为解决模拟瞬变电磁场在3维介质中传播出现的计算量大、对计算机要求高等问题,使用了3维磁偶极源来模拟2维均匀介质和层状介质中方形和薄板低阻体的全空间响应特征。模拟中使用了时域有限差分法,采用非均匀网格和时间步长,分析了瞬变电磁场在均匀介质和层状介质中的传播规律,以及巷道和交界面对场的影响特征,为解释全空间均匀介质和层状介质TEM异常提供参考。     

可控源音频大地电磁测深在深部地热资源勘查中的应用效果

可控源音频大地电磁测深法(CSAMT)的电磁场表达式是基于水平电偶极子源在均匀半空间的假设条件下推导而来的,它要求地电结构是水平均匀介质或水平均匀层状介质。实际工作中,电性结构往往不是简单的一维结构,在复杂地质条件下,其应用会受到多种地质因素的约束。通过具有代表性的深部地热资源勘查实例,来说明这些具体的地质影响因素,对应用CSAMT法开展深部地热资源勘探取得良好的地质效果,具有一定的借鉴作用。     

磁偶极子源航空瞬变电磁对飞行高度的响应特征

根据A.A.考夫曼推导水平层状介质表面上磁偶极子电磁场表达式的思路,推导出了水平层状大地上方磁偶极子电磁场的表达式,采用两层和三层典型层状大地模型,研究了不同飞行高度的电磁场响应特征。计算结果表明,飞行高度的变化直接影响测点的电磁响应大小。     

低频谐变电偶极源激发的地下电磁场的闭式解

研究偶极子源产生的电磁场在地下或水下无线电通信和地球物理勘探领域有着重要的应用价值。偶极子和介质的作用往往导致Sommerfeld型积分的解。为了深入揭示电磁波在地下的分布与传播规律,本文针对有耗媒质中为获得大探测深度和长距离通信使用的低频发射天线,在准静态近似条件下导出了水平电偶极子产生的下电磁场Sommerfeld型积分解的闭式表达式。这些公式适用于任意场区和除奇异点以外的任何场点,与数值积分相比,可显著提高计算速度。利用闭合表达式,本文还提出了一种新的场区划分方法。      

垂直磁偶极子场强矢量表达式的导出与频率测深中校正系数K的计算

本文详细地讨论了两种均匀介质分界面上,垂直磁偶极子场场强矢量表达式的理论推导。在此基础上,根据参考文献[1]提出的校正系数K的一般定义表达式,导出了计算公式,并编制了DJS—6机计算程序,给出了该系数的详细计算过程与结果。     

巷道影响下三维全空间瞬变电磁法响应特征

使用磁偶极源模拟三维均匀介质内部低阻体的全空间响应特征,采用非均匀网格和时间步长推导了瞬变电磁场的三维时域有限差分格式,并根据多个测点计算的数据,绘制了磁场和磁场对时间导数的等值线图,分析了瞬变电磁场的传播规律,以及巷道和交界面对场的影响特征。结果表明:在磁场穿过低阻体与大地的交界面时,磁场的扩散速度降低,衰减变慢;随着迭代次数的增加,磁场以低阻体为中心形成等值线环。巷道在早期对场影响较大,晚期则不明显,为解释全空间TEM异常提供参考。     

地壳校正在长江中下游地区远震层析成像中的应用

利用布设在长江中下游地区的47个固定台站所接收到的473个远震事件,对该地区进行了地壳校正研究。结果显示：(1)内陆地区下方的地壳呈现为低速异常,而沿海地区下方的地壳却呈现为高速异常;(2)地壳校正前后的速度异常确有变化,但差别不是很大,说明长江中下游地区的地壳结构比较稳定;(3)随着深度的增加,速度异常的差别越来越小,说明地壳校正对浅部的速度结构影响较大,而对深部的影响较小。因此,在远震层析成像研究中,若缺少浅部信息,可以进行地壳校正,以消除或减少地壳结构对最终反演结果的影响,从而提高深部结果的质量。     

Imaging the continental upper mantle using electromagnetic methods

The internal structure of the continental lithosphere holds the key to its creation and development, and this internal structure can be determined using appropriate seismic and electromagnetic methods. These two are complementary in that the seismic parameters usually represent bulk properties of the rock, whereas electrical conductivity is primarily a function of the connectivity of a minor constituent of the rock matrix, such as the presence of a conducting mineral phase, e.g. carbon in graphite form, or of a fluid phase, e.g. partial melt or volatiles. In particular, conductivity is especially sensitive to the top of the asthenosphere, generally considered to be a region of interconnected partial melt. Knowledge of the geometry of the lithosphere/asthenosphere boundary is important as this boundary partially controls the geodynamic processes that create, modify, and destroy the lithosphere. Accordingly, collocated seismic and electromagnetic experiments result in superior knowledge than would be obtained from using each on its own. This paper describes the state of knowledge of the continental upper mantle obtained primarily from the natural-source magnetotelluric technique, and outlines how hypotheses and models regarding the development of cratonic lithosphere can be tested using deep-probing electromagnetic surveying. The resolution properties of the method show the difficulties that can be encountered if there is conducting material in the crust. Examples of data and interpretations from various regions around the globe are discussed to demonstrate the correlation of electromagnetic and seismic observations of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary. Also, the observations from laboratory measurements on candidate mineralogies representative of the mantle, such as olivine, are presented.     

中国海城地震区地壳与上地幔构造特征的研究

研究表明,海城地震区地壳与上地幔构造特征可以归纳为如下四点:1.震区所处的辽南地区,其地壳是由高速与低速相间的成层介质组成,地壳与上地幔结构不论纵向和横向都是不均匀的,且被深大断裂切割为若干块体;2.本区地壳按其界面分布特征可分为上层地壳、中层地壳和下层地壳;3.本区地壳介质在纵向及横向上均存在明显的不均一性;4.海城地震震源区位于耿庄——海城上地幔局部隆起东侧的中层地壳上部。     

低频电磁波与地倾斜传感器对地震预报分析与研究

5.12大地震对国家造成了一次重大的损失,则对地震预报的研究则显得尤为重要。本文认为地震发生的机理是板块挤压破裂学说。在地震动发生前后都会出现一些宏观或微观异常,在地震发生前其微观异常主要表现为电磁波、地壳倾斜、地应力等异常。本方通过对低频电磁波和地倾斜进行测量和研究,可通过数据多台站共享来进行地震预报分析。     

层状地壳的等效力学模量和分层应力

针对地球动力学研究中的板壳力学模型的分层问题,根据等效原则, 给出了用各分层弹性参数和厚度表示的中性面位置、折合抗弯刚度和等效弹性参数。结合实际地壳受横向和侧向力作用时产生的弯曲形变和应力,具体介绍了用这种折算模量的方法去求解地壳中的应力、应变状态, 并通过比较等效应力与各分层应力的差异, 阐明了岩石力学性质的不同对各圈层应力的影响作用。研究进一步表明,来自地壳深部的垂直向上的力是造成上部地壳伸展类构造的重要因素之一。     

Bearing Capacity of Two-Layered Artificial Ground with Firm Crust and Weak Subgrade Under Circular Pressure

Classical bearing capacity expressions can not afford variant engineering requests, since they were deducted under hypotheses of strip footing on homogeneous soil. An often met case was taken into account that circular footing on two-layered ground, which has firm crust and weak subgrade. Weighted method and layered method were used in capacity deduction, respectively. The former counts layered soils as single layer of weighted structure and material parameters. But it is restricted to conditions with close strength to each layer. The latter is preferred in engineering calculation, which regards the whole bearing capacity as subgrade’s capacity under the influence of the upper layer. Thus the issue is transformed to K. Terzaghi model plus stress reduction and dispersion effects. At last, the expressions gained from both methods and finite element analysis (FEA) were used in an example calculation, respectively. It approves layered calculating method and suggests the corresponding security coefficient based on elastoplastic FEA results.     

俯冲循环组分对大洋地幔不均一性的定量约束

大洋地幔内部存在广泛的不均一性,其成因可有多种模式,其中俯冲循环作用对地幔组成的变化具有重要影响. 为明确各循环组分对亏损地幔的改造作用及其在富集源区中的相对贡献,系统总结了不同循环组分（远洋沉积物、俯冲洋壳、陆壳）的平均微量元素特征,计算了各循环组分在俯冲过程中经历的化学变化. 基于改造后的循环组分,开展与亏损地幔源区的混合和熔融模拟. 结果表明,HIMU型玄武岩可以由纯俯冲洋壳（≤10%）与亏损地幔（≥90%）混合形成的源区,经较低程度熔融（0.5%~1.5%）形成;而EMI型玄武岩可以由俯冲洋壳（≤10%）、俯冲剥蚀的下陆壳物质（≤3%）、亏损地幔（≥90%）混合形成的源区,经较低程度熔融（1%~2%）形成;EMII型玄武岩可以由俯冲洋壳（≤10%）、GLOSS-II（全球俯冲沉积物）或上陆壳物质（≤0.8%）与亏损地幔（≥90%）混合形成的源区,经较低程度熔融（1%~1.5%）形成.      

Faulting of the lithosphere during extension and related rift-flank uplift: a numerical study

In this contribution, we present a new model of passive rifting and related rift-flank uplift. The numerical model is based on a lattice spring network coupled with a viscous particle model so that we can simulate visco-elasto-plastic behaviour with dynamic fault development. In our model, we show that rift-flank uplift can be achieved best when extension in the crust is localized and the lower crust is strong so that major rift faults transect the whole crust. Uplift of rift flanks follows a smooth function whereas down-throw in the rift basin takes place in steps. The geometry of the developing faults has also an influence on the uplift; in this case, displacement along major rift faults produces higher flanks than distributed displacement on many faults. Our model also shows that the relative elastic thickness of the crust has only a minor influence on the uplift since fault depth and elastic thickness are not independent. In addition, we show with a second set of simulations and analytically that a strain misfit between the upper and lower boundaries of a stretched crust, which is created by the horizontal extension, leads to an active uplift driven by elastic forces. We compare the numerical simulations, the analytical solution and real surface data from the Albertine rift in the East African Rift System and show that our new model can reproduce realistic features. Our two-layer beam model with strain misfit can also explain why a thick crust in the simulations can have an even higher rift flank than a thin crust even though the thin crust topography has a higher curvature. We discuss the implications of our simulations for real rift systems and for the current theory of rift-flank uplift.     

Computational simulation of seepage instability problems in fluid-saturated porous rocks: Potential dynamic mechanisms for controlling mineralisation patterns

Pore-fluid flow associated with seepage instabilities can play an important role in controlling large mineralisation patterns within the upper crust of the Earth. To demonstrate this process, two kinds of seepage instability problems in fluid-saturated porous rocks are considered in this paper. The first kind of seepage instability problem is caused by the temperature-induced buoyancy of pore fluid, so that it can be called the buoyancy-driven seepage instability problem, while the second kind of seepage instability problem is caused by chemical dissolution reactions that are commonly encountered in the upper crust of the Earth, so that it can be called the chemical-dissolution-driven seepage instability problem. After the mathematical governing equations of and computational methods for these two kinds of seepage instability problems are introduced, two numerical examples are used to elucidate how and why these two kinds of seepage instabilities can provide favorable places for the formation of large mineralisation patterns within the upper crust of the Earth. The related computational simulation results have demonstrated that: (1) the convective pore-fluid flow caused by the buoyancy-driven seepage instability not only can dissolve minerals at the lower part of the upper crust, but also can transport the dissolved minerals from the lower part to the upper part of the upper crust, resulting in large mineralisation patterns near the surface of the Earth's upper crust. (2) The chemical-dissolution-driven seepage instability in fluid-saturated porous rock can provide some favorable places, such as finger-like channels created by porosity enhancement in the porous rock, for the formation of large mineralisation patterns within the upper crust of the Earth.