质子耀斑与黑子磁场结构之间的关系

将黑子群磁场结构简单地分为两类:一类为正常的,另一为“异常”的.所谓正常磁结构指的是黑子群具有熟知的正常偶极群的典型特征——前导黑子在低纬,全群大致沿赤道方向排列,其极性与所在半球按规则应有的极性相同;“异常”磁结构指黑子群具有与正常磁结构不同的异常特征.对20周(1964.10—1972.12)期间质子耀斑的研究表明:85%的质子耀斑在它发生的前1～3天,对应黑子群磁场结构为“异常”的.在1969～1970年间“异常”磁结构黑子群占黑子群总数的14%.而磁结构复杂的 A 结构、δ型虽有较高的质子耀斑产率,但它们只占有12%和46%的质子耀斑.因此,区分出“异常”磁结构黑子群对质子耀斑的预报和机制研究可能是有意义的.     

第廿周太阳质子活动的一些特点

本文讨论了第廿周1964.10—1972.12.期间太阳质子活动的一些特点,结果给出:第20周质子活动水平的趋势和黑子活动趋势比较一致,和第19周略有不同;在以约80天为间隔的时间序列上,大多数高级别质子事件集中出现在两个时段上;质子活动有集中在某些经度带的趋势,不同经度带上的黑子活动和质子耀斑伴生的射电爆发等具体特点有比较明显的差别;按磁结构将黑子群分成正常和“异常”两类,具有“异常”磁结构的黑子群产生大部分质子耀斑;复杂磁结构的活动区上米波源的出现有利于产生质子耀斑.     

强质子耀斑活动区的形态和旋转特征

本研究结果表明，同一黑子群在日面期间的顺或反时针方向的旋转运动会先后并存。质子耀斑前１～２天，黑子群的旋转角速度达到极大，耀斑后，磁绳的松弛，黑子群可能会反向转转，强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现，强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征是：（１）形态为单个团状结构δ型黑子，即众多异极性本影核紧锁在同一黑子半影中，（２）黑子面积〉１０００×１０＾－６半球面积，日面跨度〉１０°；（３）黑子群有快速的旋转活动     

大黑子群对太阳总辐照度的影响

本文用云南天文台在第２２周太阳活动峰年期间拍摄到的大太阳黑子群照相资料，太阳黑子目视描资料，以及Ｎｉｍｂｕｓ－７卫星上辐射计测量的太阳总辐照度，分别计算了太阳总辐射照度与大黑子群的本影视面积，大黑子群全群视面积和日面上全部黑子的总视面积的相关系数。     

1981年4月1日大耀斑的X射线、可见光和射电辐射的观测研究

据X射线、可见光(H_α及白光)和射电波段的观测资料,对1981年4月1日太阳大爆发(4N/X2.3)作了综合描述。分析指出:大黑子光桥的消减(作为磁通量变化或磁流浮现的一种形式)、黑子的隐现及小黑子的运动可能是促成这次爆发的直接原因;耀斑前暗条弯曲程度的增加显示了磁场挤压或剪切程度的增强;爆发的软、硬X射线源和微波源位于磁拱形结构的顶部;能量≥20keV的非热电子在第一个爆发峰中提供的能量约为4.3×10~(31)erg。     

22周强质子耀斑活动区的特征

本文研究了22周中的9个强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征,研究结果表明:单个团状结构黑子,即众多异极性黑子本影核紧锁在同一半影结构中的δ型黑子是强质子耀斑活动区的典型形态特征。黑子群的旋转是质子耀斑活动区的又一重要特征,黑子群的旋转方向与日面南、北半球无关。强质子耀斑的爆发总是在黑子群旋转角度达到正或负相极大之后出现。质子耀斑后,磁绳的松弛,黑子群可能会出现反向旋转,强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现。     

强质子耀斑活动区的形态和旋转特征

本文研究结果表明：同一黑子群在日面期间的顺或反时针方向的旋转运动会先后并存．质子耀斑前1～2无，黑子群的旋转角速度达到极大．耀斑后，磁绳的松弛，黑子群可能会反向旋转，强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现．强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征是：（1）形态为单个团状结构δ型黑子，即众多异极性本影核紧锁在同一黑子半影中；（2）黑子面积＞1000×10－6半球面积，日面跨度＞10°；（3）黑子群都有快速的旋转运动．这类活动区，如果在日面西部活动性明显地增强，那么这个活动区在未来转到日面边缘及其背后、或再次从日面东边缘转出时，定能再次爆发耀斑和伴随较强质子事件。     

一种双流CNN的太阳黑子群磁类型分类方法

太阳耀斑大多数发生在磁极复杂的黑子群上空,因此,黑子群磁类型可以作为预测太阳耀斑的重要依据.针对同时具有白光图和磁图数据的太阳黑子分类,提出了一种双流卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)的黑子群磁类型分类方法.该方法通过两个网络分支同时提取白光图和磁图特征,在全连接层对两类特...     

1980年云南天文台太阳黑子面积与太阳常数的变化关系

本文利用SMM/ACRIM辐射计测量到的太阳总流量及云南天文台太阳黑子观测的资料,计算了太阳常数与各类黑子投影面积之间的相关系数。结果表明太阳辐照度与“活动”黑子投影面积之间存在很强的负相关;而和“残留”黑子之间存在着正相关。两种相关和太阳活动区的年龄、发展状态及磁结构有关。 本文再次验证了JUDIT PAP的发现,同时也说明了云台黑子资料的可靠性及通用性。     

大黑子群对太阳总辐照度的影响

本文用云南天文台在第２２周太阳活动峰年期间拍摄到的大太阳黑子群照相资料，太阳黑子目视描述资料，以及Ｎｉｍｂｕｓ—７卫星上辐射计测量的太阳总辐照度，分别计算了太阳总辐射照度与大黑子群的本影视面积，大黑子群全群视面积和日面上全部黑子的总视面积的相关系数。结果表明，太阳总辐射照度与这三种视面积均存在强的负相关。其中与大黑子群本影视面积的相关最强，其次是与全群视面积的相关，最后是与日面上全部黑子的总视面积的相关。并对以上结果和其它有关结果进行了分析和讨论。     

A digital method to calculate the true areas of sunspot groups

The areas of sunspots are the most prominent feature of the development of sunspot groups. Since the size of sunspot areas depend on the strength of the magnetic field, accurate measurements of these areas are important. In this study, a method which allows to measure true areas of the sunspots is introduced. A Stonyhurst disk is created by using a computer program and is coincided with solar images. By doing this, an accurate heliographic coordinate system is formed. Then, the true area of the whole sunspot group is calculated in square degrees with the aid of the heliographic coordinates of each picture element forming the image of the sunspot group. This technique’s use is not limited with sunspot areas only. The areas of the flare and filaments observed on the chromospheric disk can also be calculated with the same method. In addition to this, it is possible to calculate the area of any occurrence on the solar disk, whether it is related to an activity or not.     

Variation of the solar constant during the solar cycle

Measurements of the Nimbus-7 and Solar Maximum Mission satellites reported temporary large decreases of the solar constant of the order of a few tenths of a percent on a time-scale from days to weeks. Our investigations show that these decreases were caused by active sunspot groups with fast development and complex structure. This connection between the solar constant variation and the appearance of the active groups seems to be more clear in the maximum of the solar activity. At the time of the solar minimum, mainly in the second part of 1984, there were not any active sunspot groups practically on the solar disk, the value of the solar constant only fluctuated around its mean without large variation. The results of time series analyses show that the periodicity of the solar constant values, of young and active spot areas was nearly 23.5 days in 1980, which increases to 28 days towards the minimum of the solar cycle till 1983. During this time interval the main periodicity of the old, passive spot areas was around 28 days. In 1984, at the time of the solar minimum, there were not any obvious periodicities practically in the projected areas of the different types of the sunspot groups.     

What do the solar activity indices represent?

Sunspot number, sunspot area, and radio flux at 10.7 cm are the indices which are most frequently used to describe the long‐term solar activity. The data of the daily solar full‐disk magnetograms measured at Mount Wilson Observatory from 19 January 1970 to 31 December 2012 are utilized together with the daily observations of the three indices to probe the relationship of the full‐disk magnetic activity respectively with the indices. Cross correlation analyses of the daily magnetic field measurements at Mount Wilson observatory are taken with the daily observations of the three indices, and the statistical significance of the difference of the obtained correlation coefficients is investigated. The following results are obtained: (1) The sunspot number should be preferred to represent/reflect the full‐disk magnetic activity of the Sun to which the weak magnetic fields (outside of sunspots) mainly contribute, the sunspot area should be recommended to represent the strong magnetic activity of the Sun (in sunspots), and the 10.7 cm radio flux should be preferred to represent the full‐disk magnetic activity of the Sun (both the weak and strong magnetic fields) to which the weak magnetic fields mainly contribute. (2) On the other hand, the most recommendable index that could be used to represent/reflect the weak magnetic activity is the 10.7 cm radio flux, the most recommendable index that could be used to represent the strong magnetic activity is the sunspot area, and the most recommendable index that could be used to represent the full‐disk magnetic activity of the Sun is the 10.7cm radio flux. Additionally, the cycle characteristics of the magnetic field strengths on the solar disk are given. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On umbral flashes in different sunspot groups

The results of a statistical investigation of the occurrence of umbral flashes for 40 sunspot groups are reported for the period 1966–1983. The following characteristics were chosen for the analysis: (a) position on the solar disk; (b) group area; (c) sunspot area; (d) maximum magnetic field strength of a sunspot; (e) modified Zürich class; (f) sunspot age; (g) magnetic structure; and (h) flare activity of a group. The dependence of umbral flashes on magnetic structure of a sunspot is the most essential feature. The absence of umbral flashes in the umbrae of main sunspots perhaps may be used as one of the predictors of flare activity.     

p Modes in and Away from a Sunspot

A time series of GONG Dopplergrams for the period 10–14 May 1997 from Udaipur and Big Bear sites has been used to measure the velocity fluctuations in a sunspot (NOAA active region 8038) and quiet photosphere simultaneously. We observe that the power of pre-dominant p mode is reduced in the sunspot as compared to quiet photosphere by 39–52% depending on the location of the sunspot region on the solar disk. We also observe a relative peak frequency deviation of p modes in the sunspot, of the order of 80–310 Hz, which shows a linear dependence on the magnetic field gradient in the active region. The maximum frequency deviation of 310 Hz on 12 May appears to be an influence of a long-duration solar flare that occurred in this active region. We interpret this relative peak frequency deviation as either due to power re-distribution of p modes in the sunspot or a consequence of frequency modulation of these modes along the magnetic flux tubes due to rapidly varying magnetic field structure.     

Common Characteristics of the Active Regions of Strong Proton Flares

Common characteristics of nine active regions with strong proton flares in the 22nd solar activity cycle have been presented. Results show that the typical morphology of these active regions is a -type sunspot with a single multiple structure, in which there are many umbras with different magnetic polarities, packed tightly by a single penumbra. In these active regions, the rotating directions of the sunspot groups are nearly independent of their position on the solar disk. When the angle of rotation approaches the positive or the negative maximum, proton flares may occur in these active regions. After proton flares, sunspot groups rotate in the inverse direction because of the slack in the flux rope.     

Activity of sunspots and solar constant variations during 1980

A strong inverse correlation is shown between the irradiance dips observed by the SMM/ACRIM radiometer and the projected areas of the active sunspots. This strong correlation and the results of a preliminary time series analysis indicate that the value of the solar constant decreased when quickly developing sunspot groups with complex structure occurred on the solar disk. On the other hand, when the old groups with simple structure were dominant the value of the solar constant increased slightly or these groups could reduce the effects of the active spots. On the basis of our investigations it seems that the formation of the sunspots and the new activity of the older ones as well as the decreases of the solar constant may be the common symptoms of such a physical process which takes place in deeper regions of the Sun through the interaction of magnetic fields with the convection.     

Automatic Detection of Sunspots and Extractionof Their Feature Parameters

Sunspots are solar features located in active regions of the Sun, whose number is an indicator of the Sun's magnetic activity. With a substantial increase in the quantity of solar image data, the automated detection and verification of various solar features have become increasingly important for the accurate and timely forecasts of solar activity and space weather. In order to use the high time-cadence SDO/HMI data to extract the main sunspot features for forecasting solar activities, we have established an automatic detection method of sunspots based on mathematical morphology, and calculated the sunspot group area and sunspot number. By comparing our results with those obtained from the Solar Region Summary compiled by NOAA/SWPC, it is found that the sunspot group areas and sunspot numbers computed with our algorithm are in good agreement with the active region values released by SWPC, and the corresponding correlation coefficients for the sunspot group area and sunspot number are 0.77 and 0.79, respectively. By using the method of this paper, the high time-cadence feature parameters can be obtained from the HMI data to provide the timely and accurate inputs for the solar activity forecast.     

Stable Sunspot Area Level of Debrecen Photoheliographic Data and Multivariate Correction Factor of SOON Data

We investigate the spatial and temporal variation of sunspot group areas reported by the Greenwich Photoheliographic Results (GPR), the Solar Optical Observing Network (SOON), the Kislovodsk Mountain Astronomical Station (KMAS), and the Debrecen Photoheliographic Data (DPD) databases. We identify improved correction factors for reconciling these individual records to a common scale. Our results show that the DPD sunspot group areas are stable over the studied interval (1974?–?2014). We find an improved fit between GPR and DPD sunspot group areas when using a correction factor such that \(\mathrm{GPR} = 0.975(\pm 0.006) \times \mathrm{DPD}\), independent of the position of the sunspot group on the solar disk. We also find that the scale of KMAS sunspot group areas fits that of DPD well, but has a small position-dependent trend near the limb. However, in order to set SOON sunspot group area records onto the scale of DPD, we find that there is a need for a multivariate correction factor. This multivariate correction factor has a value ranging between 1.1 and 1.9 and is dependent upon the time of the SOON observation, the distance of the group from disk center, and the observatory within the SOON network. Finally, we provide further context to the systematic bias in SOON sunspot group area observations toward lower values relative to those recorded in the GPR and DPD databases that has previously been reported in the literature. We have identified the two main contributors to the SOON area deficit; some penumbral parts are unobserved, and the spot areas are underestimated. Our analysis is vital for studies that require stable, long-term solar activity records such as solar irradiance models that estimate irradiance reduction from records of sunspot group numbers, areas, and locations.