溢油在海洋生态系统中的风化、生态学效应及环境风险评价

海洋石油污染是全球性的海洋环境问题之一,对海洋生态系统影响极大。本文综述了溢油入海后降解、转化及其随食物链的传递过程,分析其对海洋三大生物类群的毒性效应及可能的作用机制,探讨评价溢油环境风险的方法,并对今后的研究进行展望,为深入研究溢油的生态学效应、科学评价溢油的环境生态风险提供参考。     

海洋环境中溢油与沉积物间的相互作用研究概述

海洋溢油事故频发,促使关于溢油在海洋中的环境行为、归宿及其生态效应等研究蓬勃发展。阐述了溢油进入海洋环境后与悬浮颗粒物和沉积物之间的相互作用及其影响因素;分析了溢油分散剂对溢油环境行为的影响,有助于正确评估溢油的环境归宿和潜在生态效应,为海洋溢油处理提供理论依据。     

我国海洋生态环境监测与风险管控能力研究

随着海洋开发和利用的不断深化,海洋环境问题日益恶化,海洋溢油、有害赤潮、海岸侵蚀、海平面上升等环境风险不断加剧,严重威胁着海洋生态安全,影响着海洋经济的可持续发展和海洋生态文明建设。文章选取对我国海洋生态环境和人类生活产生危害较大的海洋环境风险,详细分析了我国海洋环境风险现状及其发展态势,并从环境监测和风险控制两方面深入探讨了我国海洋环境监测与风险管控能力的发展现状。通过与国家需求相比较,提出我国海洋环境监测与风险控制目前存在的问题,最后明确未来我国海洋环境监控与风险控制的重点与方向。     

海洋溢油污染的应急处理

随着航运经济的发展,溢油污染对海洋环境及经济社会的威胁越来越大。一旦溢油事故发生,正确的应急处理措施非常重要,若不能及时将油污从海洋中清除,溢油破坏的范围会很快扩大,且所造成的破坏在短期内很难恢复。介绍常用的溢油应急处理方法及其适用条件,探讨如何能抓住时机,及时有效地清除溢油,将溢油对海洋环境的破坏降到最低。     

渤海溢油数值预报研究

以溢油漂移扩散模式为核心,采用"油粒子"方法来模拟溢油在海洋环境中的漂移扩散行为,与业务化渤海三维海洋数值预报模式、中尺度海洋风场数值预报模式相衔接,获得海流、海面风场等海洋环境预报产品作为溢油模式的外强迫,建立了渤海溢油数值预报系统.本文简要介绍了该系统的组成、运行机制和模拟试验情况,并讨论了建立我国全海域溢油预报系统的有关问题.     

第六届海洋强国战略论坛——保护渤海环境,推动生态文明建设征文启事

2011年的渤海溢油事件再一次给世人敲响了高度重视海洋环境保护的警钟,海洋环境保护问题引起了党和国家领导人的高度重视。为加大渤海保护工作力度,切实改善海洋环境,国家海洋局已将加强渤海海洋环境保护列为2012年的重点工作任务之一。中国海洋学会作为我国海洋领域最大的学术团体,办会的宗旨之一是     

海洋溢油生态损害评估程序及方法探讨

海洋溢油会对所在海域的海洋环境、海洋生物造成严重损害。近年来,我国海洋溢油事故频发,对海洋环境和人民财产造成相应损害,但往往由于赔偿不充分导致费用支付困难,使得溢油损害得不到及时清除。根据溢油量、油膜覆盖范围、岸滩、水质、沉积物质量、生物质量、潮间带及海洋生物等受损情况,可从六大方面评估溢油对海洋生态造成的价值损失,即海洋生态服务功能损害价值、海洋环境容量损失价值、油污清除费用、海洋生境修复费用、海洋生物修复费用及监测评估费用,从而建立一套相对科学、完整的海洋溢油生态损害评估程序及方法,为我国海洋溢油生态索赔提供一定的科学依据和理论支持。     

基于生物标志物的海洋溢油污染评价方法研究

生物标志物是指能够指示或表征暴露于环境化学污染物而引起生物机体发生响应变化的标志物或指标。采用生物标志物指示海洋环境的水质变化及其生态预警作用的研究是当今海洋环境科学研究的热点和前沿,在海洋污染评价领域中应用广泛。本文介绍了生物标志物的定义及分类,综述了国内外基于不同种类的生物标志物的评价方法在海洋溢油污染监测与评价中的应用特点和研究现状,以及多种生物标志物综合应用的典型方法及重要意义,例如生物标志物响应指数(biomarker response index,BRI)和综合生物标志物响应指数法(Integrated biomarker responses index,IBR)。最后,本文总结并指出了今后开展相关溢油污染评价的研究方向,包括针对海洋溢油污染特点筛选特异性强、敏感性高的生物标志物以及建立基于生物标志物的海洋溢油污染预警系统等,从而提供更加精准有效的技术方法和科学保障。     

海上溢油生态损失赔偿的法律与技术探讨

针对我国在处理海洋溢油事件上的经验与不足,参考美国在溢油事件对肇事者的惩罚条例以及惩罚效果,探索用惩罚性赔偿来处理我国海洋生态环境侵权案件的可能性.为保障惩罚性赔偿的实施,提出以溢油量为基础的溢油损害索赔评估技术建议.     

浅析加强海洋环境文化建设必要性

环境文化不单是环境与文化两个概念的简单相加.环境是文化发展的基础,文化是环境优化的结晶和动力.把海洋环境问题纳入海洋可持续发展的框架中,确立海洋环境文化在海洋可持续发展中的地位,对解决目前海洋环境恶化的问题意义重大.通过建设海洋环境文化的意义、海洋环境文化建设与海洋环境保护等内容的阐述,对提倡国民海洋意识和教育作了一些分析.并提出一些建议.     

Trends in the variation of the sea level in the lagoons of the Southeastern Baltic

This paper analyses the global tendency of the sea level rise (SLR) and its long term influence on the sea level upstream drainage cascade based on the example of the level’s variation in the Vistula Lagoon of the Baltic Sea compared to the other lagoons and coastal regions of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. A steady positive trend in the water level variations was revealed; its magnitude varies significantly depending on the time period. In general, during the 100–150 year period, the rate of the SLR in the lagoons and coastal areas of the Baltic Sea (1.7–1.8 mm per year) is close to the SLR rate in the World Ocean. In the second half of the 20th century, the increased rate of the SLR in the lagoons and marine areas became stronger (up to 3.6 mm per year in the Vistula Lagoon and in 1959–2006 in the sea and exceeded the rate of global ocean SLR). It dramatically increased at the end of the last century both in the lagoons and in the sea (up to 10.0–15.0 mm per year). This is the response not only to the global climate warming but it is likely that it is also a response to the changes of the climate driving forces that influence the regimes of the local wind and precipitation in the catchment.     

Distribution of Pacific-origin water in the region of the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2003

1Introduction Besidestheprecipitationandriverdischarges,the watersinthePacificOceanandtheAtlanticOceanare thesourcesoftheArcticOceanwater.TheAtlantic waterenterstheArcticOceanviatheFramStraitand theBarentsSea.Foritsdenserfeatureduetohigh salinity,mostofitsinkstothenorthofSvaldbardand circulatesinallthedeepbasinsintheArcticOcean, formingthedeepandbottomwatersoftheArcticO- cean(Aagaardetal.,1985;Rudelsetal.,1999).The BeringStraitistheonlychannelforthePacificwater toflowintotheArcticOce…     

鄂霍茨克海北部沉积盆地的含油气层系

1 古新-下渐新统含油气层系 古新-始新统母岩形成于滨海和湖泊沉积环境中,并在大量冲积源的参与之下,促进了含分散有机质混合类型砂-黏土质陆源岩层的堆积。在中国东北诸盆地中,含工业油气的白垩-早第三纪建造形成于开阔的浅水和深水湖泊环境中。与中国的盆地类似,在下第三系下部     

Variations in the Kinematics of Deformation in the Vicinity of the Catastrophic Sumatra Earthquake

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The Great Andaman–Sumatra earthquake (GASE) on December 26, 2004, with magnitude Mw of 9.2, occurred in the Indian Ocean near the northwestern...     

Peculiarities in the distribution of hydrocarbons in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea

Data on the contents and compositions of the hydrocarbons (HCs)—aliphatic (AHCs) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs)—are provided in comparison with the contents of the total organic carbon (C_org), the lipids in the particulates, and the C_org in bottom sediments. Particular attention has been paid to the distribution of the HCs in the water area of the Kravtsov oil field. It has been established that the concentrations of AHCs in the water are governed by the content of particulates, and the elevated AHC concentrations are confined to the coastal areas. In the water area of platform D-6, the sandy bottom sediments were notable for the great variability of the HC concentrations, both laterally and from year to year. In the summer of 2010, the content of AHCs averaged 40 μg/g (19% in the C_org), and that of PAHs, 23 ng/g. Natural seepage from the sediment mass is considered to be a source of HCs along with oil contamination.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Causes of the bottom hypoxia in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland in the baltic sea

The data on the bottom concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland obtained in 1923–1939 and in 1962–1989 were analyzed. No statistically reliable differences were found between the two periods studied. It was found that, during the 20th century, the fluctuations in the oxygen concentration were caused by the interannual variability of the winter severity and water salinity. A strong oxygen deficit in the summer was recorded after cold winters, when early freezing suppressed the vertical mixing, and/or in the years of a significant inflow of salt waters from the Baltic Sea with low oxygen contents. It is likely that the long-term dynamics of the oxygen concentration near the bottom in the open parts of the bay is determined by the large-scale variability of the hydrometeorological parameters.     

Role of the small-size fraction of mesozooplankton in the pelagic community of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the autumn

The role of the small-size (SF; 0.1–0.5 mm) and large-size (LF; 0.5–20.0 mm) fractions in the biomass and abundance of mesozooplankton (0.1–20.0 mm) was assessed using the database of samples obtained during the cruises of RV Akvanavt in the northeastern Black Sea in November 2000 and October 2006. The mesozooplankton was collected by means of Juday nets (37/50, filtering gauze 160 μm) and Niskin bottles in two areas: (1) the shelf and continental slope (30–1480 m depth) and (2) the deep sea (depths of more than 1500 m). The plankton net was considerably less effective in collecting the SF of the mesozooplankton (by a factor of 30–36) than the Niskin bottles. When comparing the SF and LF, we estimated the abundance and biomass of the SF in the samples obtained with the Niskin bottles. The abundance of the SF in the deep-sea area was 2.5 times lower compared to the shelf and continental slope, and the LF abundance was 5.0 times lower in the same way. The abundance of the SF constituted 88% of the total mesozooplankton on the shelf and continental slope, and 78% in the deep-sea area. The biomass of the SF was higher as well on the shelf and continental slope. Meroplankton played a significant role in the SF zooplankton abundance (0.5 × 10³ + 0.16 ind. m⁻³) in this area. The SF grazing impact was 10% of the total mesozooplankton grazing on the shelf and continental slope, and 17% in the deepsea area. Appendicularia and nauplii of copepods had the greatest contribution to the mesozooplankton grazing among the SF group.     

Features of the distributions of the transparency and particulate matter content in the surface water layer in the northwestern part of the Black Sea in the autumn period

Using the data of long-term simultaneous optical, biological, and hydrological observations (1980–1993), particular features of the horizontal distribution of the transparency and the total particulate matter content and the contents of its organic components (organic carbon and nitrogen and chlorophyll a) and their variability in the surface water layer (0–5m) over the northwestern shelf and the adjacent abyssal part of the Black Sea in the autumn season are considered. The detritus/phytoplankton ratio in the particulate organic matter and their relative contents in the total particulate matter are calculated. The distributions of the transparency and particulate matter content were found to be in good agreement and both depend on the water dynamics. It was established that, during the period of the abrupt growth in the Black Sea water turbidity (in the early 1990s), a significant decrease in the transparency and an increase in the particulate matter content caused by the production-destruction processes were observed only in the central and southern regions of the sea.