高速拓宽软土路基差异沉降数值计算及监测分析

路基差异沉降控制是软土地区高速拓宽工程中的关键性技术问题之一,本文以北方某高速拓宽工程的试验段为例,运用ABAQUS软件进行了拓宽软土路基变形的有限元数值计算,并与路基现场变形监测数据进行对比分析,数值计算与实测结果基本吻合,结论一致地反映了路堤填筑初始阶段新路基的沉降速率较大,旧路基在填筑后期才产生较明显的附加沉降变形; 路基变形在拓宽侧呈现明显的"沉降盆"效应,新、旧路基的差异沉降是造成路基路面纵裂的主要因素; 桩端地基土呈现出较明显的侧向挤压效应,则表明采用带帽PTC桩复合地基中用于减沉时,桩端应置于具有较高承载力的有效持力层上。     

路基拓宽工程的基本特性分析

基于非线性有限元方法, 对路基拓宽工程的基本特性进行探讨。对比分析表明: 拓宽部分竖向沉降与侧向位移的数值明显大于旧路基的相应值,且侧向位移在新旧路基结合处取得最大值,这必然导致新旧路基结合处容易出现拉应力区,从而形成常见的纵向裂缝。对于指定的拓宽宽度来说,在路基两侧进行拓宽比仅在某一单侧拓宽更容易减小新旧路基的沉降差,工程实际中应尽量在旧路基两侧同时进行拓宽。路面竖向沉降的峰值随着土体变形模量的增大而减小,随着土体重度的增大而增大。路基的稳定性随着土体黏聚力或内摩擦角的增大而增大,随着填土重度及车辆等效均布荷载的增大而减小。工程实际中应尽量选用重度小、变形模量大且强度高的土体作为路基拓宽部分的填料。     

山区拓宽公路挡土墙路基的受力与变形特征分析

采用数值计算方法,分析了山区拓宽改造公路挡土墙路基的受力与变形特征。有限元分析结果表明,山区公路填方拓宽工程中,路基顶面沉降曲线呈“勺子”形状,区别于新建公路的抛物线形沉降曲线;与一般公路路基拓宽工程不同,山区拓宽公路不仅要重视新老路基结合部位的处治,新路基与挡墙结合部位的处治也不能忽视;山区公路填方拓宽路基外侧挡墙土压力的分布基本呈抛物线形状,不同于经典土压力理论得出的三角形土压力分布形式。通过分析路基拓宽宽度、老路路堤边坡坡度、新老路基路基材料性能等因素对路基受力的影响,揭示了山区拓宽改造公路新老路基不协调变形及挡墙的受力与变形特征规律。     

多年冻土区路基路面变形及应力的数值分析

针对青藏公路路基下发育多年冻土融化盘的实际情况,选择两种模型,应用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,对冻土路基从修筑到开放交通过程中的路基路面位移及应力进行了分析.结果表明:冻土路基以融沉为主的变形,一般情况下以路中心下最大,变形呈凹形;当路基下融化盘偏移时,最大变形位置随之偏移;路面层底拉应力最大,对融沉变形反映敏感;路面顶部压应力最大值出现在轴载作用位置,面层应力对轴载反映敏感.计算模型断面尺寸、路基填料、路面结构等对青藏公路具有代表性,在3.6 m路基总高度条件下,无论路基下融化盘偏移与否,融化盘厚达0.5 m时路基顶部(路面层底)拉应力即达基层抗拉强度,显示路基融沉变形可能导致路基失稳及路面破坏,此时路基高度即达最大值.     

高速公路扩建工程软基拓宽的沉降监测与分析

高速公路拓宽建设中新老路基特别是软土路基的固结沉降与力学性质的差异将引起严重的路面开裂,因而控制其差异沉降、防止拼接处路面开裂成为扩建工程软基处理中的技术关键。针对采用薄壁管桩和粉喷桩处理的软基路段,选取具有典型地质条件及较高填方的断面,通过埋设地面沉降板,对拓宽路基及新老路堤结合部进行了为期9个月的沉降动态监测。监测结果表明,拓宽路基的累计沉降及差异沉降均很小,后期沉降速率小于控制标准,为新老路基差异沉降的评价提供了依据;薄壁管桩用于处理埋深大、层厚大的拓宽软基及粉喷桩用于处理埋深浅、层厚较小的拓宽软基具有各自的适用性,拓宽后的新老路基已形成整体性强的复合地基,达到了路基拓宽的理想效果。     

山区公路拓宽中新旧路基病害机理分析及防治

在公路拓宽过程中,由于沉降、变形累积和稳定性的差异,在新旧路基之间产生差异沉降,进而会引起原有路基变形,新路基失稳,甚至出现路基拉裂和下沉坍塌病害。以某山区拓宽公路中一段病害路基为例,在调查其病害特征的基础上,分析其形成机理,提出防治方法。     

改扩建软土路基的变形分析与控制对策

针对典型公路的改扩建工程,通过现场原位试验对比研究了新老路基地基土体的差异性,老路基土体力学性质整体好于新路基,但这种差异主要表现在浅部一定深度范围内,且随老路堤高度增加而增大,超过这一深度范围后,新老路基土体力学性质差异不大。借助数值预测方法,分析了拓宽路基在运营期的沉降变形和可能引起的路面病害。结果表明:未经处理的软土地基会引起路基较大的工后变形,同时带动老路基产生固结沉降,影响新修路基的稳定性;而新老路基土刚度差异较大时,易导致新老路基产生过大的差异沉降。防治工程病害的关键在于提高路基的整体强度和稳定性以及新老路基的变形协调控制。     

高速公路拓宽工程沉降控制复合地基优化设计

按沉降控制设计理论,结合有关公路设计规范、路面功能性和结构性的要求以及有限元法分析路基差异沉降引起路面附加应力的计算结果,提出了采用工后路基路拱横坡度变化小于等于0.45 %作为软土地基上高速公路拓宽工程的容许新老路基差异沉降控制标准。采用有限元法对佛山-开平高速公路拓宽工程标准断面进行分析,采用不同参数计算出水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的新老路基差异沉降。根据沉降控制标准,优化出既满足新老路基差异沉降控制要求,又效益最优的高速公路拓宽工程软土路基水泥土搅拌桩处理的设计参数,即工程水泥土搅拌桩采用面积置换率为8.9 %(对应桩间距1.6 m),桩长8 m,桩径为0.5 m,水泥掺入比为15 %;实际使用时,考虑桩土存在一定的不协调,可适当提高桩体面积置换率达10.1 %（对应桩间距1.5 m）。     

高原多年冻土地区公路修筑技术研究的回顾与展望

通过大量的研究课题实例,回顾了高原多年冻土地区公路修筑技术研究的各个历史阶段,综述了公路修筑技术的研究内容和成果。高含冰量冻土分布规律及工程地质研究、冻土路基设计与冻土路基变形规律研究及保持冻土路基稳定性的路基设计原则和工程措施研究、路面修筑技术研究、桥涵基础研究等。随着高原多年冻土地区公路路面等级的提高和路面使用时间的延续及人为因素的不良影响,高原多年冻土地区的公路路基、路面和桥涵等出现了一些新     

高速公路路基结构分析及动变形设计方法

考虑汽车运动荷载,基于实测路面不平整资料,对影响动荷载的因素进行分析,提出了动力设计荷载参数的建议值。通过Odemark模量和厚度当量假定,将公路结构简化为3层体系,并利用弹性动力学原理及Fourier变换方法获得了路基顶面动变形的计算式。结合现有规范关于路面弯沉控制的思想,考虑路面路基的相互作用及协调变形,给出了路基顶面的动变形控制标准和确定方法,依据此标准提出了一种路基动变形控制设计的方法。最后以3种典型沥青公路结构为例,进行了路基动变形控制设计。     

The design of precast concrete pavements on low bearing capacity subgrades

By using the finite element method and combining it with Westergaard's analysis for concrete pavements, a new design method using 2 metre by 2 metre precast concrete pavement units is presented for heavy duty pavements on low bearing capacity subgrades. One design example is included.     

长大深基坑施工空间效应研究

针对目前长大深基坑施工空间效应的研究主要集中在数值模拟方面,理论研究尚不多见的现状,提出了黏性土条件下长大深基坑施工空间效应的简化计算方法。引入等代内摩擦角的概念,将基坑坑周土层等代为无黏性均质体,应用土的塑性上限理论及相关联流动法则,采用极限平衡分析法,对长大深基坑拉裂-剪切和纯剪切两种三维破坏模式下的空间效应进行了具体研究,给出了相应的空间效应系数计算公式,并进行了算例分析。研究结果表明,该方法避免了数值模拟的低效率、高费用、长周期的缺陷,可手算完成;计算成果能直接得出基坑坑壁空间效应系数的分布特征及量值大小,可用于指导基坑支护结构、施工方案的设计以及信息化监测测点布置和断面选择。     

Risk provision using field spectroscopy to identify spectral regions for the detection of defects in flexible pavements

Natural and physical hazards accelerate the deterioration of asphalted surfaces. Climatic factors are unavoidable and can affect the properties of asphalt mixtures, making them weaker and less durable. Thus, continuous monitoring of bituminous surfaces is something that can reduce the risks of public health. Remote sensing techniques have become an effective, noninvasive method for early detection of damaged asphalt pavements. This paper outlines a range of different remote sensing methodologies that can be used to monitor asphalt road pavements. This is complemented by the use of field spectroscopy for the examination of asphalt pavements of varying age and conditions. The results of the study found spectral differences regarding asphalt defects, such as physical cracking, patched cracking and polishing. These spectral changes were examined through “in-band” simulation analysis of the Landsat 7 ETM+ sensor, using appropriate relative spectral response filters, concluding that the ratio band 5/band 1 can be used to distinguish asphalt pavements of different date of construction and condition.     

混凝土夯扩桩和土工格室加固铁路基床试验研究

为了考察半干硬性混凝土夯扩桩与土工格室联合作用加固既有线路基基床病害的效果,结合达成铁路k337段成都黏土（膨胀土）基床病害工点的整治,选取了3个测试断面,分别测试了经不同加固方案处理后的轨道平顺性与基床不同高度处在机车荷载作用下的动应力、振动变形和加速度等动力响应。试验表明,3个测试断面的动力作用水平均在合理的范围内,动力学指标均低于相关限值;行车速度对动应力、动位移、加速度都有不同程度的影响。其中,加速度随行车速度的提高而增大最为明显;线路的平顺性与稳定程度对线路及路基结构的动力学（动应力、振动变形、加速度）响应有显著影响。     

Characterization and use of tropical gravels for pavement construction in West Africa

Summary Road transportation is increasingly becoming one of the key factors for promoting economic growth in most developing countries. However, transport and road research in the tropics has received relatively little attention. Experiences in road construction in the tropics within the past 50 years or so have established that local materials specifications and pavement construction technologies have to be developed in relation to the climatic conditions. This would involve knowledge of the processes of formation as well as genetic characteristics of the local gravels. Genetic characteristics exert considerable influence on the geotechnical properties and engineering behaviour of local gravels under pavement. The construction technology of the road pavement should take cognizance of the compositional variabilities of the gravel deposits. Construction studies of pavement sections (as well as assessment of the performance of existing roads) built with different gravels formed over different geological formations in specific climatic, and drainage conditions would provide useful data for evolving local gravel specifications for constructing stable and durable pavements. Stage construction of pavements involving the exposure of the various layers to traffic loading and seasonal climatic influences appears to hold promise for formulating strategies for constructing stable, and long-term durable tropical roads. The problem of achieving reproducible laboratory test data under field conditions is perhaps the most challenging aspect of utilizing local gravels for pavement construction in tropical and sub-tropical conditions. It is noted that the stability of pavements in tropical environments depends not so much on the geotechnical properties of the available gravels as on the appreciation by the designers and construction engineers of the relationship between the genetic and laboratory determined characteristics of the gravels on the one hand and the pavement construction technology and local climatic and drainage conditions on the other. This paper is a contribution to development of highway geotechnics for tropical and sub-tropical conditions.     

三维地质建模技术及其在煤田构造中的应用

煤炭地质勘查的研究对象、勘探方法、数据资料在空间上都是三维的,适合于采用三维地质建模技术进行管理。根据三维地质建模与煤炭地质勘查是否同时,可将煤炭地质勘探三维地质建模分为两类,一类为勘探工作中,主要以钻孔数据为主,用于制作三维地质模型的原型,生成煤层底板等高线、剖面图草图,供地质工程师进一步加工,构建精细的三维地质模型;另一类为勘探工作后,即以已经做好的煤层底板等高线图、剖面图为主要数据源,构建精细的三维地质模型。精细的三维地质模型可用于煤矿设计、数字矿山建设。三维地质建模技术的应用有利于煤炭地质构造的研究,主要表现在:第一,可对地面、钻探、物探、化探多种手段获得的探测资料进行集成与同化处理,提高信息空间的一致性;第二,地质构造要素表达具有直观性与三维立体性,如断层的表达,其在三维环境中不仅可表达为一个面,并且能清晰反映断层与地层、以及断层与断层之间的相互切割关系,弥补了平、剖面图上仅表现为一条断层线的不足;第三,可平、剖面三维联动编辑,很好地保证平面图与剖面图的空间一致性;第四,可以在剖面上以画草图的方式确定剖面上煤层对比与断层切割方案。     

Silica fume stabilization of an expansive clay subgrade and the effect of silica fume-stabilised soil cushion on its CBR

ABSTRACT

Expansive soil subgrades, which are subjected to dual swell-shrink problem consequent upon absorption and evaporation of water, need to be improved by chemical stabilization or compacted cushion or geosynthetic reinforcement in order that pavements constructed over them are even, stable and safe. This paper presents extensive experimental data on plasticity, free swell index (FSI) and compaction characteristics of a highly swelling expansive clay stabilized with varying silica fume contents. In another series of tests on a laterite soil to be used as a cushion over the expansive clay subgrade, plasticity properties, compaction characteristics and strength characteristics were determined at varied silica fume contents. Further, CBR of the expansive clay subgrade was determined in the laboratory stabilizing it with varied silica fume contents and providing a cushion of 50 mm thickness of silica fume-stabilized lateritic soil. Liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI) and free swell index (FSI) of the expansive clay decreased with increasing silica fume contents. The compaction and strength characteristics of both the soils improved with silica fume stabilization. The CBR of the expansive clay provided with silica fume-stabilized cushion improved significantly.     

Development and validation of a 3D numerical model for TBM–EPB mechanised excavations

A 3D numerical model for mechanised excavations is presented, which is capable of simulating the overall process of excavation and construction of a tunnel when a TBM EPB (Tunnel Boring Machine–Earth Pressure Balance) is used.The main construction aspects of a mechanised excavation are modelled. Their influence on calculated ground displacements are investigated by means of a series of parametric analyses.With the aim of testing the performance of the proposed 3D numerical model, a series of 25 Class C predictions has been carried out. Case Histories related to the construction of the 1995–2003 Madrid Metro Extension Project were considered for this purpose.As a general rule, the results obtained with the Modified Cam–Clay model closely fit in situ measurements. When the Linear-Elastic or the Mohr–Coulomb models are used, it is not as easy to summarise the results obtained, as higher fluctuations are observed around in situ measured data. A good agreement is also shown when the distribution of horizontal displacements along depth is considered.For some sections, the mechanised excavation model is not capable of reproducing the high values of the surface settlements measured in situ. A closer look at the results shows that mixed face conditions are found for these cases, with the TBM excavating through layered soil formations having sharply different mechanical behaviour.     

承压水位变动下深大基坑空间效应离心试验与数值模拟

基坑工程是典型的三维空间问题,只有在一定条件下才能简化为平面应变问题。针对基坑工程的空间效应问题,首先采用离心模型试验建立基坑工程三维模型,分析承压水位变动条件下基坑变形规律;然后,进一步开展三维数值模拟,与离心模型试验结果进行对比验证,并开展基坑长度、开挖深度、承压水位高度和基坑面积等因素对基坑三维空间效应的影响研究。研究表明：三维基坑离心模型试验监测得到基坑中部和角部断面处的地连墙水平位移以及基坑外侧地表沉降,验证了角隅效应,且承压水位上升时角隅效应更显著;影响因素分析表明,长江I级阶地中当基坑长度大于6倍开挖深度时,基坑中间断面基本为平面应变状态;随开挖深度逐渐增大时平面应变比显著增大,而当深度大于25 m时增大速率减缓;承压水位升高时角隅效应更显著,承压水位超出地表3 m时平面应变比为0.46。该研究成果为长江I阶地典型二元结构地层深大基坑的设计和施工提供依据。     

TGLW220×660型冲洗液离心机转鼓的强度分析

对自行研制应用于地质钻探的TGLW220×660型冲洗液离心机的转鼓建立了三维实体模型,利用有限元分析软件对其在正常工况下的整体结构进行了三维有限元分析与模拟仿真。分析结果表明,离心机转鼓在正常工况下的强度满足要求;传统理论强度校核进一步验证了转鼓设计的合理性和安全可靠性,为TGLW220×660型冲洗液离心机在现场安全使用提供了重要的理论依据。