Reconstitution de données climatiques pour l’Algérie du Nord : application des réseaux neuronaux

In the present context of climate change and preservation of biodiversity, the appreciation of the vulnerability of the natural ecosystems and their capacity of adaptation appears among the main preoccupations to the world level (GIEC, 2007). This assessment of the ecosystems requires the availability of climatic data, what is often made difficult by the weak density or even the absence of meteorological stations notably, to the level of the mountains zones. In order to study the climate–vegetation relationship in North Algeria, we use an automatic interpolation method, the neural network method, for the reconstitution of climatic data of the sampled sites, (1035 phytoecological samples), from the existing meteorological network (269 stations). This method is characterized by a great suppleness of non-linearity and by its capacity for reconstituting information from partial and not well-defined indications such as the case of data provided from meteorological networks. In order to reconstitution of climatic data, we use the explicate variables, longitude, latitude and altitude, the variables to explain being the rainfall and temperatures. To define the best approach, the network calibration has been activated on climatic parameters taken globally or solely, for the whole of study zone, and by geographical sector. The results of the interpolation are expressed through a climatic parameter cartography, released automatically by the MapInfo software. The reliability results obtained by this method can be appreciated by elaboration of errors maps comparing to reference data.     

Fluctuations glaciaires de la fin du Würm dans les Alpes françaises, établies par des analyses polliniques

Sediments from the peat-bog La Muzelle (Massif des Ecrins, Iserc, France, alt. 2,150 m) were analyzed. The site was reached by a Pinus forest and an Abies forest during the Allerød and the Atlantic, and during the Bølling a shrubland was noted. Forests have been degrading into lawns without intermediary heath long before the appearance of the first signs of human action. The glacier has been receding ever since the Late Würm, except during the Younger Dryas when big frontal moraines were formed close to the peat-bog. The nature of the sediments allowed a determination of several frontal positions of the glacier. No notable re-advance could be evidenced during the Older or Oldest Dryas nor during the Holocene; only a minor oscillation may have occurred at the beginning of the Allerød.     

Une nouvelle méthode de cartographie de la région d’Oran (Algérie) à l’aide de la télédétection multispectrale

We have mapped the region of Oran, Algeria, using multispectral remote sensing with different resolutions. For the identification of objects on the ground using their spectral signatures, two methods were applied to images from SPOT, LANDSAT, IRS-1 C and ASTER. The first one is called Base Rule method (BR method) and is based on a set of rules that must be met at each pixel in the different bands reflectance calibrated and henceforth it is assigned to a given class. The construction of these rules is based on the spectral profiles of popular classes in the scene studied. The second one is called Spectral Angle Mapper method (SAM method) and is based on the direct calculation of the spectral angle between the target vector representing the spectral profile of the desired class and the pixel vector whose components are numbered accounts in the different bands of the calibrated image reflectance. This new method was performed using PCSATWIN software developed by our own laboratory LAAR. After collecting a library of spectral signatures with multiple libraries, a detailed study of the principles and physical processes that can influence the spectral signature has been conducted. The final goal is to establish the range of variation of a spectral profile of a well-defined class and therefore to get precise bases for spectral rules. From the results we have obtained, we find that the supervised classification of these pixels by BR method derived from spectral signatures reduces the uncertainty associated with identifying objects by enhancing significantly the percentage of correct classification with very distinct classes.     

L'érosion des chaînes de montagnes : influence de la sédimentation de piedmont

The applanation of mountain belts that results in peneplain is generally considered to be caused by the long-term activity of erosion. Peneplanation has been previously defined as the lowering of an elevated topography and the concomitant subduing of its relief. We propose a model following which piedmont sedimentation induces the base level rise, allowing applanation to develop at high elevation and resulting in an elevated ‘peneplain’. This model is illustrated by the morphological evolution of the southern flank of the Pyrenees during the Cainozoic. To cite this article: J. Babault, J. Van Den Driessche, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Paléoclimatologie et stratigraphie du Quaternaire terminal du Golfe de Gascogne déduites de l'analyse des Foraminifères planctoniques et des ensenibles sporopolliniques des sédinients marins

The stratigraphy of the Upper Quaternary in the Bay of Biscay based on planktie Fotaminifera is compared to that deduced by palynological study in the same matine core. An identical paleoclimatic interpretation is observed. However, the study of the palynological association has permitted the observation of several climatic variations in the terminal Würmian stages and in the Holocene. On the basis of the analysis, a correlation has been established in the Flolocene between the Boreal-Atlantic limit and the two previous phases recognized by the planktie Foraminifera.     

Stratigraphie et évolution structurale paléozoïque d''un segment de la Meseta orientale marocaine (Monts du Sud-Est d''Oujda): rôle des décrochements dans la formation de l''olistostrome intraviséen et le plutonisme tardi-hercynien

In the Paleozoic basement of the southeast Oujda mountains, the Lower Ordovician, Silurian-Devonian and Devonian-Dinantian are dated for the first time through palynology. This paper shows the autochtonous character and continuous stratigraphy of the formations of the Lower Ordovician to Devonian or probably Dinantian. The Intra-Visean Olistostrome is interpreted as a tectono-sedimentary breccia associated with strike-slip faults. The structural Variscan evolution is characterized by two major phases, each of them being divided in three stages. The ante-Upper Visean early phase is characterized in chronological order by (1) submeridian folds, (2) northeast-southwest folds and (3) extensional, oblique-slip, east-west trending faults. The second phase post-dates the Westphalian C and is marked by open east-northeast - west-southwest trending folds cut by reverse faults with the same trend and by a set of north-south sinistral and east-west dextral strike-slip faults. These later faults have allowed the emplacement of late Hercynian granitoïds.A palaeogeographical and structural reconstruction comparable to that established in the rest of the Moroccan Meseta is proposed.     

I Analyse des Minerais de Fer à l'Institut De Recherches de la Sidérurgie Française

Après avoir décrit la structure du laboratoire d'analyse de l'IRSID à Maizières-lès-Metz, en abordant les éléments dosés par spectrométrie de fluorescence X et l'absorption atomique, les auteurs passent en revue les méthodes chimiques dans le cadre de l'analyse des minerais de fer.
Quelques informations sont données sur l'activité au sein de l'ISO/TC 102/SC1 puis le point est fait sur les matériaux de référence certifiés actuellement connus dans le monde.
Si le laboratoire comporte comme équipement de base un spectromètre de fluorescence X associéà diverses autres techniques qui devraient peu évoluer dans le futur, il semble qu'à l'avenir une bonne place soit réservée pour les minerais tout comme pour bien d'autres matrices, à la spectrométrie avec torche à plasma inductif.     

Distribution des thanatocénoses récentes de radiolaires dans l'Atlantique nord-oriental et le sud de la mer de Norvège

The relative abundance of five groups of radiolarian species (nasselarians and spumellarians) in the thanatocoenoses within the recent sediments from 64^oN to the Equator is described. Four types of thanatocoenoses of Radiolarians and several subtypes are distinguished and in the broadest sense four major faunal zones can be delimited: north of 60^oN, a subarctic zone, a boreal zone, a subtropical zone whose boundary runs approximately along 45^oN and, south of 13^oN, a tropical zone. The correlations between the faunal provinces and climatic belts are more gradual in the low and intermediate latitudes than in the high latitudes     

Application de la méthode des simulations croisées à l’analyse de tendances dans la relation pluie-débit à partir du modèle GR2M : cas du bassin versant du N’zi-Bandama (Côte d’Ivoire)

The study area is the N’zi watershed, sub-watershed of the Bandama River (Ivory Coast). The N’zi watershed is located between longitudes 3°49′ and 5°22′ West and latitudes 6°00′ and 9°26′ North and covers an area of 35,500 km². This study aims to identify trends in the rainfall-runoff relationship by using a monthly conceptual model. The methodology has consisted on the one hand in highlighting the existence of interannual climate and hydrological variability by using the method of segmentation of Hubert, and on the other hand, in applying the crossed simulations method by using the GR2M model, over several 7-year sub-periods. The results of the application of the method of segmentation of Hubert have demonstrated the presence of a hydroclimatic variability in the N’zi watershed. The modifications of the climate and physical conditions of the flow resulted in a modification of the hydrological response of the watershed translated by a non-stationarity in the rainfall-runoff relation.     

Étude de la Représentativité des Teneurs en Platine et En Iridium d'un Echantillon de Sédiment de Ruisseau Prélevé a Proximité d'un Gîte de Cr-EGP-Ni

Une étude de représentativité a été effectuée sur un échantillon de sédiment de ruisseau (SRH-1) prélevéà proximité d'un gîte de Cr-EGP-Ni contenu dans la ceinture ophiolitique des Appalaches du Québec (Canada). Notre étude avait pour but de démontrer que l'analyse de quelques grammes de SRH-1 assurait une représentativité adéquate à l'utilisation des teneurs en EGP d'échantillons de sédiment de ruisseau comme outil d'exploration pour les gîtes de Cr-EGP-Ni associés aux séquences ophiolitiques. Pour ce faire, les teneurs en EGP de SRH-1 ont d'abord été caractérisées par pyroanalyse au sulfure de nickel (29 parties aliquotes de 50 g) et par pyroanalyse plombeuse (50 parties aliquotes de 25 g). Dans ce dernier cas, seulement Pt, Pd et Rh ont été mesurés. Ensuite, les EGP ont été mesurés dans des quantités de plus en plus petites de SRH-1 par pyroanalyse au sulfure de nickel (8 parties aliquotes de 15 g, 8 de 8 g et 8 de 5 g). Les résultats démontrent que des prises de 5 g de SRH-1 assurent une représentativité adéquate à l'analyse de Pt et de Ir soit des résultats analytiques similaires (moyennes et écarts types) à ceux découlant de l'analyse d'une prise de 50 g. Il nous a été impossible de juger de la représentativité d'une prise de 5 g en ce qui concerne les déterminations de Pd, Rh, Os, Ru, ces éléments se trouvant sous ou près des seuils de détection dans les prises de 15, 8, et de 5 g.     

La stratigraphie du Pleistocène supérieur et de l'Holocène dans le Golfe de Gascogne: Essai de synthèse des critères actuellement utilisables

Using analysis of marines cores from the Bay of Biscay as a basis, a system of different episodes of the Upper Pleistocene and the Holocene in the area of the Bay is presented. These episodes are characterized by several sedimentological and micropaleontological observations and particularly by the analysis of the coiling ratio of a few species of planktonic foraminifera. From the cores it is thus possible to determine the Holocene, the Würmian with its four glacial and three interglacial stages, and, at the base of the last glacial stage, the Riss-Würm interglacial or its upper level.     

Une méthode de simulation de l'évolution des profils d'altération

Calculations of transfer of elements between minerals and aqueous solutions can be extended to water open systems. With this method, we can obtain steady state for water composition. Furthermore, evolution in space and time of a weathering profile can be computed.     

Analyse des circuits mineralurgiques par cascadographie—Caracterisation de l'alimentation et evaluation de la fonction de selection

Cascadography is a generic, laboratory, instrumentational method of separating and characterizing mixes of mineral or particle species based on subtle physical and physiochemical differences. Like gas chromatography, cascadography characterizes a sample by the temporal separation of mineral species. Using a number of identical unit operations in series, the sample feed is injected into the first unit operation at time equals zero, and samples are taken at regular intervals from the last cell product. From the n-th cell, the product becomes the feed to the (n+1)th cell. Other than as a product, no material is removed from any cell—there is no circulating load or feedback. First to appear in the product are the rapidly moving particles followed by the more slowly moving particles. For example, if there exists a number of identical particles, then the particles will appear together in the output of the system. As the number of cells in series increases, so does the resolution between batches of particles with similar properties. If the system being studied is flotation, pure mineral species as well as locked particle assays can be made of the feed and waste streams, and from this information, the flotation cell selection function can be calculated.     

Apport de la gravimétrie à l'étude des structures profondes du Sahel de Tunisie (cas de la région de Kairouan–Sousse–Monastir)

The monotony of the surface and of the deep structure of the Sahel domain in eastern Tunisia (low topographic area covered by a Quaternary series) induces the possible existence of an important subsiding collapsed block and associated faulted zones. Gravity data analyses have permitted the reconnaissance of the crustal and gravimetric setting of the northern part of the Sahel domain and the discussion of main outlines of subsurface structures. The deep structure of a particular zone (Kairouan–Sousse–Monastir area) demonstrates the existence of an east-west en-doigt-de-gant crustal thinning confirmed by the gravity data. This deep structuring is perfectly showed by the high-resolution second-order enhanced analytic signal technique developed to image geologic boundaries such as contacts and faults. This technique, correlated with the distribution of all seismic events in the last century, has permitted to define an important east–west Kairouan–Sousse–Monastir tectonic corridor (CKSM). This corridor corresponds to major faults oriented east-west, were some folded structures can be developed. To cite this article: H. Gabtni, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).