越过截渗墙渗流自由面的求解

对于越过截渗墙的剖面二维含自由面的渗流,应用保角变换方法求解,通过引入速度矢端平面和应用Schwarz-Christoffel变换,推导出了物理平面Z(x,y)和复势平面ξ(Φ,Ψ)的映射关系式.主要的待求参数和积分常量有4个,提出了相应的联立求解关系式.算例表明所提出的求解方法是可行的.     

再论流体势及其与圈闭和油气藏关系

在Hubbert(1953)关于流体势和圈闭的经典论文基础上,从流体势计算的基本原理出发,论证了气势与水势、油势计算表达式的具体形式是不同的,如等地温梯度的静水压力场中理想气体的势包含压力的对数函数与线性函数之和,而不只是包含压力的线性函数.表述了同一求势面所对应的测势面对于不同流体是不同的;指出了圈闭的溢出点通常是等势面与非渗透层面交线的切点;应用简洁的数学分析方法,推导了地下水三维流动情形下油(气)等势面某点切平面坡度与水头、渗滤速度关系的表达式,其中坡度绝对值与渗滤速度关系的表达式为:tanθ=√v2x v2y/|vf vz|,其中vf=K[ρw-p(p)]g/μ,式中:θ为切平面的倾角;vx、vy和vz分别为沿坐标轴ox、oy和oz方向的渗滤速度分量;K和μ分别为渗透率和水的动力黏度;ρw、ρ(p)分别为水和油(气)的密度.根据这些基础性的分析,对被广泛引用的Levorsen(1954)的背斜-水动力复合油藏中水头与油水界面产状的关系示意图进行了两点修改:将油水界面改为曲面、将油水界面处油藏的测势面改为高于油水界面处水的测势面的水平面;对向斜部位聚集油气的水动力条件进行了讨论,认为只有两(各)翼水流都向下流动且水流强度中等条件下才能在向斜部位聚集油气.     

羟基自由基(·OH)暴露量估算方程新参数的确定

氧化流动反应器(OFR)可以模拟真实大气环境,且能在数分钟内达到高度氧化OFR的实验条件,因此被广泛应用于二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成的研究中。羟基自由基暴露量(OH_exp)是量化中氧化过程的关键参数,但受到·OH较高反应活性的限制,难以被直接测定。为了快速且准确地对复杂外场条件下OFR中的OH_exp定量,本研究基于实验室标定实验和动力学模型的模拟结果,发展了一套可基于直接测量反应条件和参数(如停留时间、水汽浓度、臭氧浓度和反应物的·OH反应活性)来估算OH_exp的方程参数。结果表明,当OFR中相对湿度(RH)大于20%时,通过估算方程计算的OH_exp与基于实验室挥发性有机物及外场观测中苯的消耗计算的OH_exp一致,表明该估算方程可以实现对使用最广泛的OFR中的OH_exp快速且准确地定量,为其他研究提供参考。     

垂直界面附近椭圆形夹杂对SH波的散射与地震动研究

利用复变函数法和Green函数法给出了SH波对垂直界面附近椭圆形夹杂散射问题的解析解答。首先,将待求的半空间模型沿垂直边界分割为区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅱ两个直角域。通过保角映射的方法将区域Ⅰ内椭圆形夹杂的外域映射为单位圆外域,并利用镜像方法构造出两个区域内满足直角域边界条件的散射波场及适用的Green函数;其次,利用界面契合思想,通过在界面处添加附加力系的方法建立起满足界面处位移和应力连续条件的无穷代数方程组,并截断有限项求解;最后,给出了求解地表位移幅值的具体算例。结果表明,入射波数、入射角度、夹杂位置、垂直界面以及材料参数都对地表位移幅值的分布有影响。     

一维反散射层速度反演

利用参考速度进行波动方程的坐标变换和玻恩近似,建立了把散射势与速度扰动项相联系的积分方程,通过求解振动项,获得了层速度与界面的反演结果。文中所用的合成记录反演结果表明了本方法运算速度快、精度高,前提条件少。     

饱和土中任意形状衬砌对稳态压缩波的散射

采用不同的复平面间的保角映射法,对无限饱和土中任意形状的多孔衬砌结构对弹性压缩波的散射问题进行了研究。首先,通过引入位移势函数将饱和土和衬砌两种介质的Biot波动方程解耦成6个Helmholtz方程,并求出复平面极坐标下相应势函数的通解;之后,利用两个复平面间的极角变换关系,得到位移、应力和孔压在映像平面上势函数表达式。在此基础上,将原像平面中任意形状的衬砌内外边界处的边界条件代入到映像平面中圆环势函数的关系式中,从而求出饱和土中衬砌介质在弹性稳态体波作用下产生的动态响应。最后通过具体算例,变换不同的入射角及介质参数得出相应数值解及规律。     

非饱和介质中热能传输及水分迁移的数值积分解

在给出非饱和介质热能-水分传输的耦合质量控制方程和基于Fourier热传导定律的热能平衡方程的基础上,对热能传输及水分迁移的基本特征和机理进行了分析。其中,考虑了温度势、吸力势和重力势的耦合作用影响。给出有热源时控制方程的简化形式,并对半无限体自由表面作用平面热源条件下介质内非稳态温度场、体积含水率分布场进行数值积分求解。利用这些解答给出常热源强度和变热源强度两种情况下,温度场随时间的变化特征以及水分迁移的演化过程,并分析了重力项对计算结果的影响。     

复杂边界孔口出流的数值模拟

运用复势理论建立了求解明流泄洪洞泄流的一种新的计算模型,并提出了未知流量的求解方法。通过数值求解边界积分方程组,对流量、水面线和边壁压力等水力参数进行了数值模拟。计算表明,提出的方法计算速度较快、收敛性较好、精度较高,计算值与试验值符合良好。     

非保守示踪剂条件下的河流水质参数的确定

将描述示踪剂为非保守、瞬时投源条件下的一维河流水团示踪试验的解析表达式进行2次适当的变形,分别得到一个二元和一元线性方程。对二元线性方程应用相关系数极值法,可以推导出计算河流横断面平均流速的公式;利用直线图解法或一元线性回归法能够计算出一元线性方程中的2个常数值,据此可以计算河流的纵向离散系数D_L与示踪剂的一级反应速率常数k。与现有的数据分析方法相比较,该方法具有:(1)适用于示踪剂为非保守的情况;(2)利用一组野外试验数据可以同时计算河流离散系数D_L、河流横断面平均流速V与示踪剂的一级反应速率k常数3个参数值;(3)全部数据分析过程可以程序化,由计算机完成等特点。     

扩展型Boussinesq水波方程的混合求解格式

为高效求解扩展型Boussinesq水波方程,建立了基于有限差分和有限体积方法的混合数值格式。将一维控制方程写为守恒形式,方程中通量部分采用有限体积方法求解,剩余部分采用有限差分方法求解。其中,有限体积方法采用Godunov类高分辨率格式,并结合HLL(Harten-Lax and van Leer)式黎曼问题近似解求界面数值通量,黎曼问题界面左右变量通过高精度状态插值方法(MUSCL)构筑。有限差分方法则采用具有二阶精度的中心差分公式进行。采用具有TVD(Total Variation Diminishing)性质的三阶龙格-库塔多步积分法进行时间积分。对数值模式进行了验证,数值结果同解析解或实验数据吻合良好。     

A local groundwater divide in a regional system

This paper presents an analytical solution of a groundwater flow problem involving a local drainage system embedded in a regional system. As an extension of the usual complex variable methods it combines the planes of the hodograph and the Zhukovsky function. This combination of basic parameters appears to be useful for problems involving a free water table and horizontal potential lines. The solution may elucidate the relation between local and regional water divides.     

大气臭氧遥感中光化学模型及其反应系数解算

奇氧族光化学模型是描述臭氧浓度与氧红外波段气辉体发射率关系的微分方程,结合气辉遥感数据可反演大气臭氧浓度剖面。介绍了以大气动力学与奇氧族光化学为基本原理的O₂a¹Δ_g)光化学模型。采用一种新提出的斜路径积分法计算了光学厚度,从而完成了光化学模型反应系数的解算。针对系数求解计算量巨大的问题,提出建立纬度-高度-太阳天顶角三维系数查找表。利用传统方法和斜路径积分法计算光学厚度比较结果表明,随天顶角增加,偏差由天顶角80°时12%急剧增加至88.7°时的100%,且新方法不会出现负值等结果。系数查找表的建立,可省去实际应用中重复设定参数进行的复杂计算过程。     

A fully-coupled discontinuous Galerkin method for two-phase flow in porous media with discontinuous capillary pressure

In this paper, we formulate and test numerically a fully-coupled discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for incompressible two-phase flow with discontinuous capillary pressure. The spatial discretization uses the symmetric interior penalty DG formulation with weighted averages and is based on a wetting-phase potential/capillary potential formulation of the two-phase flow system. After discretizing in time with diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta schemes, the resulting systems of nonlinear algebraic equations are solved with Newton’s method and the arising systems of linear equations are solved efficiently and in parallel with an algebraic multigrid method. The new scheme is investigated for various test problems from the literature and is also compared to a cell-centered finite volume scheme in terms of accuracy and time to solution. We find that the method is accurate, robust, and efficient. In particular, no postprocessing of the DG velocity field is necessary in contrast to results reported by several authors for decoupled schemes. Moreover, the solver scales well in parallel and three-dimensional problems with up to nearly 100 million degrees of freedom per time step have been computed on 1,000 processors.     

线性层结盐水中的羽流运动特性

采用线性层结盐水发生装置以及喷嘴向下以重盐水注入盐水层结的方法,模拟线性层结盐水中羽流的发展过程;应用时间分辨粒子图像测速技术（PIV）,研究线性层结盐水中羽流内部流场结构。羽流的发展过程可以定性地归纳为3个阶段:入射阶段、中性浮力层出现阶段和中性浮力层稳定阶段。实验结果显示:羽流流速从中心区域向边缘逐步递减;羽流在下沉到最大深度后回升到中性浮力层,并向四周扩散;在羽流内部及边界存在大量复杂的涡旋结构,说明在羽流发展的过程中,始终伴随着羽流与周围环境水体之间的掺混作用。重新拟合确定了羽流最大穿透距离公式中的量纲一常数C,取值为4.03。     

复杂地表地震资料叠前深度偏移成像

分析了复杂地表地区复杂地震波场的形成原因,探讨了基于高角度时空域单程波动方程适用于起伏地表之下构造成像的逆时叠前深度偏移方法。从声波方程有限差分法合成起伏地表上的炮集记录知,当激发点位于低速层中,共炮点道集中低速层表面和高速层表面接收到的信号强度相差较大:低速层表面的信号很强,而高速层表面的信号很弱,低速层中产生了较强的槽波。将该逆时叠前深度偏移方法应用于起伏地表地震波场的偏移处理。虽然在偏移成像前既没有压制与低速层有关的槽波,又没有压制随机噪声,但偏移剖面上界面清晰、位置正确,断层面也得到了很好的聚焦。     

流场法探测土石坝渗流矢量分布的有效性分析

利用电流场的电势微分控制方程与渗流场的流速势微分控制方程的相似性原理,流场法通过检测电流场的分布来确定渗流场,并能快速查明堤坝的管涌渗漏入口。为了更精确地描述土坝管涌的渗流分布及渗流方向,可以测试迎水面和背水面的水平方向与垂直方向的电位差,模拟渗流的矢量分布。从电流密度、电位微分及电位微分绝对值等方面,阐述了矢量流场法模拟渗流矢量分布的基本原理,并以某土石坝渗漏探测为例开展了验证工作。结果显示,矢量流场法可以有效揭示土石坝的渗流等级及渗流方向,结合流场法和矢量流场法探测成果,可为查明土石坝渗漏入口、渗流等级及渗流方向提供新的思路。      

双相介质AVO方程及参数简化研究

基于2种双相介质分界面的反射系数和透射系数方程组,推导出了单相/双相分界面(储层顶界面)、双相/单相分界面(储层底界面)和单相/单相分界面(两种致密岩层分界面)3种类型分界面的反射系数和透射系数方程组,形成了从单相介质到双相介质较全面的AVO方程组;推导出了双相介质参数（A,N,Q,R,ρ11,ρ12,ρ22,）与纵波速度、横波速度、密度、孔隙度以及流体类型（油、气、水）之间的关系式,为双相介质AVO理论走向实用进行了有益的探索。设计了3种类型的岩性分界面,分别用双相介质AVO方程和Zeoppritz方程计算了各类界面的快纵波反射系数曲线,证实了Zoeppritz方程是双相介质AVO方程的一个特例。     

Coupled solution of oil slick and depth averaged tidal currents on three-dimensional geometry of Persian Gulf

In this paper, simulation of oil spill due to tidal currents in Persian Gulf is performed by coupled solution of the hydrodynamics equations and an equation for convection and diffusion of the oil. The hydrodynamic equations utilized in this work consist of depth average equations of continuity and motion in two dimensional horizontal planes. The effect of evaporation is considered in the continuity equation and the effects of bed slope and friction, as well as the Coriolis effects are considered in two equations of motion. The overlapping cell vertex finite volume method is applied for solving the governing equations on triangular unstructured meshes. Using unstructured meshes provides great flexibility for modeling the flow in arbitrary and complex geometries, such as Persian Gulf flow domain. The results of the hydrodynamic model for tidal currents in Persian Gulf domain is examined by imposing tidal fluctuations to the main flow boundary during a limited period of time. Finally, the developed model is used to simulate an accidental oil spill from a point in Persian Gulf.     

田间冬小麦蒸腾量的计算方法

依据彭曼-蒙蒂思(Penman-Monteith)模式对田间冬小麦蒸腾量的计算方法进行了研究,对计算模式中包含的两个主要参数进行了详细的分析与讨论.提出了冬小麦冠层截留的净辐射(R_n')和冠层整体气孔阻力(r_8T)的经验表达式,对模式的计算精度作了检验,并分析了缺水条件下冬小麦实际蒸腾量与充分供水条件下潜在蒸腾量的关系.     

A phase-field method for the direct simulation of two-phase flows in pore-scale media using a non-equilibrium wetting boundary condition

Advances in pore-scale imaging (e.g., μ-CT scanning), increasing availability of computational resources, and recent developments in numerical algorithms have started rendering direct pore-scale numerical simulations of multi-phase flow on pore structures feasible. Quasi-static methods, where the viscous and the capillary limit are iterated sequentially, fall short in rigorously capturing crucial flow phenomena at the pore scale. Direct simulation techniques are needed that account for the full coupling between capillary and viscous flow phenomena. Consequently, there is a strong demand for robust and effective numerical methods that can deliver high-accuracy, high-resolution solutions of pore-scale flow in a computationally efficient manner. Direct simulations of pore-scale flow on imaged volumes can yield important insights about physical phenomena taking place during multi-phase, multi-component displacements. Such simulations can be utilized for optimizing various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) schemes and permit the computation of effective properties for Darcy-scale multi-phase flows.We implement a phase-field model for the direct pore-scale simulation of incompressible flow of two immiscible fluids. The model naturally lends itself to the transport of fluids with large density and viscosity ratios. In the phase-field approach, the fluid-phase interfaces are expressed in terms of thin transition regions, the so-called diffuse interfaces, for increased computational efficiency. The conservation law of mass for binary mixtures leads to the advective Cahn–Hilliard equation and the condition that the velocity field is divergence free. Momentum balance, on the other hand, leads to the Navier–Stokes equations for Newtonian fluids modified for two-phase flow and coupled to the advective Cahn–Hilliard equation. Unlike the volume of fluid (VoF) and level-set methods, which rely on regularization techniques to describe the phase interfaces, the phase-field method facilitates a thermodynamic treatment of the phase interfaces, rendering it more physically consistent for the direct simulations of two-phase pore-scale flow. A novel geometric wetting (wall) boundary condition is implemented as part of the phase-field method for the simulation of two-fluid flows with moving contact lines. The geometric boundary condition accurately replicates the prescribed equilibrium contact angle and is extended to account for dynamic (non-equilibrium) effects. The coupled advective Cahn–Hilliard and modified Navier–Stokes (phase-field) system is solved by using a robust and accurate semi-implicit finite volume method. An extension of the momentum balance equations is also implemented for Herschel–Bulkley (non-Newtonian) fluids. Non-equilibrium-induced two-phase flow problems and dynamic two-phase flows in simple two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) geometries are investigated to validate the model and its numerical implementation. Quantitative comparisons are made for cases with analytical solutions. Two-phase flow in an idealized 2-D pore-scale conduit is simulated to demonstrate the viability of the proposed direct numerical simulation approach.