The Migration of Partnered Gays and Lesbians between 1995 and 2000

This research investigates the interregional migration of partnered gays and lesbians between 1995 and 2000 as the first attempt at understanding the determinants of gay and lesbian migration using data from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 2000 U.S. Census. Briefly, the findings are as follows. Both partnered gays and lesbians are regionally distributed throughout the United States consistent with the geographical distribution of the entire U.S. population. However, the shifting location of the partnered gay and lesbian population between 1995 and 2000 demonstrates significant variability. The general conclusion to be reached from models of the net migration of the partnered gay and lesbian population in that period is as follows: Partnered gay migration is directed toward moderate‐sized urban regions rich in natural amenities without regard for tolerance toward gay lifestyles or the absolute or relative size of the partnered gay community. Partnered lesbian migration is focused on less‐populous regions with a large, existing, partnered lesbian population. The role of natural amenities, the tolerance for lesbian lifestyles, and population density are not significant in determining partnered lesbian migration. The only trait partnered gay and lesbian migrations have in common is in their move toward less populous regions.     

Organization‐Led Migration,Individual Choice,and Refugee Resettlement in The U.S.: Seeking Regularities

The role of organizations in migration has received less attention than warranted; individual choice has typically been emphasized. As an in‐depth illustration, we consider refugee resettlement in the United States, post–World War II, wherein intermediary organizations play(ed) a major role. Central to this system are voluntary agencies (VOLAGs) and community organizations, but secondary migration also is critical. Attention is given to all refugees between 2000 and 2010, and in greater detail to Somalis. The latter provides deeper understanding through state refugee coordinators and case studies of Columbus, Ohio, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Lewiston, Maine. Aside from process, it is evident that the geography of the foreign‐born settlement has been altered. While refugee resettlement and subsequent migration is the example, we broaden that to argue that migration studies have neglected the derived nature of movement via intermediary organizations; directed migrations and/or similar interventions have played a significant, if not dominant, role in population redistribution; and organization‐led migration should be considered in terms of general aspects, not simply as discrete case studies.     

The whiteness of gay urban belonging: criminalizing LGBTQ youth of color in queer spaces of care

Chicago’s gay village of Boystown has long been linked with whiteness, and in the past decade, tensions have flared between neighborhood residents and queer and transgender (trans) youth of color, often homeless, who come to Boystown for the many services provided by its lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) nonprofit organizations, or queer spaces of care. While scholars have attended to community policing in Boystown through the Take Back Boystown movement, the role of LGBTQ nonprofits has yet to be examined in their role of criminalizing queer and trans youth of color in the neighborhood. Through an autoethnographic approach, this paper explores how several nonprofit organizations in Boystown have adopted policing strategies toward the queer and trans youth of color they serve. I argue that community policing has infiltrated these organizations to further defend and maintain an exclusive gay urban space informed by whiteness, which marks and regulates young, Black masculinities and trans femininities as deviant, untrustworthy, and criminal. Racism diminishes the ability for queer spaces of care to fulfill their mandates of supporting queer and trans youth of color, rendering the neighborhood a space of surveillance and furthering a White gay urban belonging that alienates and criminalizes these youth.     

“That is Real America!”: Imaginative Geography among the Chinese Immigrants in Flushing,New York City

Imaginative geography is lived. It is grounded in everyday life, embedded in local context, and influences place identity and place making. By using Chinese immigrants in Flushing, New York City, as an example, this article will explore the formation of multi‐scalar imaginative geographies of the receiving nation, city, and neighborhood among immigrants in their everyday work and travel. The study demonstrates that after migration, physical distance is replaced by the social and cultural distance across which imaginative geographies are formed, reconstructed, and contested. In the case of Flushing, the easy access to ethnic resources leads to a superficial exposure to the world outside the community, thus the geographic knowledge among the Chinese immigrants largely remains imaginative. The imaginative community nurtures a sense of insider‐ness that stands in large contrast with the sense of the outsider‐ness beyond the community, reflected in daily language, racial consciousness, perceived boundaries, and the sense of place among the Chinese immigrants in Flushing.     

中国老年人空间行为研究进展

中国人口老龄化及空巢化现象的加快使得老龄问题受到学者关注.老龄化进程和养老模式等宏观层面的研究为中国老龄工作的开展提供政策指导,而政策的落实状况及其对老年人生活的影响需要从微观层面通过空间行为分析来还原老年人个体与环境之间的互动关系.本文从空间行为的视角对国内多个学科的老年人日常行为相关研究进行评述.基于对老年人生活方式及需求层次理论的认知,文章聚焦中国老年人日常生活的主体行为：就医行为、购物行为和休闲行为,梳理这3 类行为的国内研究发展历程及其行为特征、影响机制分析等主要研究结论.基于时空间尺度和出行链进行了中国老年人空间行为研究的地理学探讨,并结合国际老年地理学的研究发展,提出了老年人空间行为研究的展望.     

‘Ageing out of place’: Experiences of resettlement and belonging among older Bhutanese refugees in New Zealand

Previous research has suggested that older refugees are particularly vulnerable to the stresses of resettlement in developed countries. However, to date the voices of older refugees have largely been missing from the body of refugee resettlement research. Using in‐depth interviews and thematic analysis, this paper explores the personal resettlement experiences of three former refugee elders from the Bhutanese community in Palmerston North. The findings suggest that culture, religion and social connections are of vital importance to the well‐being of these Bhutanese elders and their ability to foster a sense of self and place in a foreign land.     

发达国家通勤影响个人健康的研究综述与展望

随着社会经济的不断发展,健康问题已经越来越受到大家的关注。通勤作为居民每日的重要出行活动,是时间利用中的重要组成部分。近些年,城市交通状况开始不断恶化,糟糕的通勤形势逐渐对个人的健康状况构成威胁。发达国家较早开始了对于该问题的关注,已取得丰富的研究成果。相较之下,国内关于通勤影响个人健康的文献则相对缺乏。本文主要从个人心理健康、客观健康、健康行为三个维度,对西方发达国家通勤时间、通勤距离、通勤方式等通勤行对个人健康影响的相关文献进行了系统梳理与评述,并对未来研究进行展望,以期能够为我国城市通勤领域的研究提供新的视角与借鉴。     

基于活力特征分析的城市安置社区公共空间研究——以苏州城区6个安置社区为例

由“散居”到“集居”,安置社区面临社会关系重建的巨大压力。基于公共空间活力内涵,采用AHP-模糊综合评价法,构建了城市安置社区公共空间活力评价模型,以苏州市6个安置社区为例,对3种安置模式的社区公共空间活力特征进行定量评价和比较。发现：① 不同安置模式的社区公共空间活力存在明显差异。尽管异地安置社区的公共空间的设施完备、类型多样,但是其公共空间的社会活力度最低。对于公共空间活力提升,社区公共空间背后的社会属性比其物质属性更为重要。②公共空间因子活力度与关注度存在不匹配现象。基于“社会-空间”辩证互动逻辑,提出安置社区公共空间活力营造策略： 对于今后安置社区,适宜“村内小集居+跨村大聚居”的安置模式,通过最大程度维系原有“熟人社区”群体的社会边界,提升公共空间活力,减轻社区社会关系重建的压力;对于现有安置社区,可根据公共空间因子活力度和关注度的匹配关系,划分公共空间改造的优先级,采用差别化的改造策略,提升公共空间活力及其改造资金的使用效率。     

Perceptions of Climate Vulnerability,Tenure Security and Resettlement Priorities: insights from Lami Town,Fiji Islands

The future impact of climate change will be a considerable challenge for all countries, and in particular Small Island Developing States. Challenges related to climate vulnerability and tenure security are exacerbated in areas of rapid urbanisation and urban growth, with highly vulnerable informal settlements a common result. Drawing on research into vulnerable informal settlements in the Greater Suva Urban Area in Fiji, this research seeks to better understand perceptions of climate vulnerability, adaptive capacity, tenure security and options for resettlement. This research confirmed that there are important linkages at the settlement level between tenure security, perception of vulnerability, and people’s ability to adapt. Two critical factors in any decision to resettle people are (i) providing tenure security for all people affected, and (ii) considering livelihood impacts as a result of resettlement. We conclude that vulnerability, tenure security and resettlement decisions are complex issues and specific to individual settlements, and to specific households within settlements.     

Health Seeking Behavior: Q‐Structures of Rural and Urban Women in India with Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Reproductive Tract Infections

I use a gender framework to examine why women need to utilize social networks to discover and resolve problems related to reproductive tract infections (RTI) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In India, women's health is linked with social status and perception of their health needs. This paper provides insight on how social networks are gender‐, location‐, and context‐specific and how they are linked to STD issues. This paper examines why social networks are integral to women. The health‐seeking behavior of rural and urban casual sex workers is examined via Q‐analysis, a language of mapping relationships. Results from Q‐analysis reveal women's use of four systems—kinship, belief, traditional medical, and western medical services. Finally, I conclude with important implications for research on gender relations and social networks.     

健康维度下可持续性研究框架解读与重构

我国快速城镇化导致的环境危机引发了诸多公共健康问题,渐成为实现可持续发展过程中的新常态问题。基于2000年后西方学者对城市环境、健康、可持续发展及其关系的论述,从医学地理学、公共卫生学、城市规划学3个视角对健康与环境的关系进行述评;并在现有可持续发展研究维度的基础上,提出引入健康维度的必要性、合理性及其理论基础,整合并重构健康与可持续性研究框架。我国应以广义城市环境系统为平台,以健康与可持续性的两重性为出发点,基于健康维度重构可持续性的研究框架,为新常态下实现城市可持续发展提供新的理论视角。     

超大城市城中村外来人口归属感研究——以深圳上步村为例

以超大城市深圳为例,基于1 800多份上步村外来人口调查问卷数据,分析超大城市城中村外来人口的社区归属感和城市归属感,探讨外来人口归属感强弱的影响因素。研究发现:城中村42%的外来人口对城中村和城市有归属感,归属感强弱的群体特征差异明显。回归结果表明:年龄、受教育水平、来深圳年数、自我评价、职业、居住条件、房东评价、邻里关系、歧视情况、安全性评价、社区设施评价和社区工作站是否提供了帮助等个体因素、社区因素和居住环境因素均显著影响城中村外来人口的社区归属感和城市归属感。城市管理者和政策制定者需要改进服务方式和制定相应政策增强外来人口的归属感,使他们真正融入城市生活。     

城市街景绿地对居民心理健康的影响——以广州为例

随着城市建设用地飞速扩张,绿地作为稀缺资源,对居民心理健康具有重要影响。本文基于2015年广州市1273份居民问卷调查数据,并通过腾讯街景视图和机器学习算法提取街景绿地数据,考察街景绿地、地方依恋和心理健康之间的内在逻辑与机理,并对比本地居民和外来移民的差异。研究发现：① 街景绿地与居民心理健康水平呈显著的正相关关系;② 街景绿地与心理健康的关系受到中介变量地方依恋的影响,即街景绿地通过影响居民地方依恋,间接影响其心理健康水平;③ 对于本地居民,地方依恋发挥完全中介效应,即街景绿地对居民心理健康的影响完全通过地方依恋实现;④ 对于外来移民,地方依恋则发挥部分中介效应,即街景绿地不仅直接作用于居民的心理健康状况,而且通过影响居民的地方依恋间接提升其心理健康水平。     

建成环境是否影响居民健康生活方式?——基于北京22个社区的实证分析

健康社区建设是后疫情时代的重要趋势,在促进居民健康状况方面,只有针对各类生活方式进行组合干预才能将个体患病风险降到最低并保证居民身心的全面健康。论文选取了北京22个典型社区,利用2019年北京城市体检问卷调查数据构建了社区居民健康生活方式的评价指标体系,并在此基础上结合社区生活圈内的建成环境空间数据,借助多层线性模型考察了社区建成环境对居民生活方式的影响。模型分析结果表明：居民生活方式健康度差异的6.93%可以被社区之间的差异解释;在社区边界500 m搜索口径内,城市功能混合度较低、公共交通系统较发达、公园邻近度较高的建成环境更有利于居民形成健康的生活方式;从社区类型上看,政策性住房社区居民的生活方式健康度显著低于其他类型社区。研究从促进社区居民形成健康生活方式的角度,为健康社区建设提供新的思路。     

Reservoir resettlement in China: past experience and the Three Gorges Dam

This paper reviews involuntary resettlement resulting from dam-building, which has been ignored relative to the dominant focus of migration research in China, rural to urban migration. Reservoir resettlement in China has a long history, often of misery and hardship for those displaced. Relocatees affected by the Three Gorges Project (1994–2009) on the Yangtze River face a similar situation. In China priority has been given to building the dam to provide electricity, flood control and navigation. Less attention has been paid to the problems of the people affected by the reservoir inundation. The rural population forced to relocate and rural-urban migrants in general have been discriminated against by national policies.     

2010—2020年中国老年人口健康水平空间格局演变及其影响因素

把握中国老年人口健康水平空间演变规律对快速老龄化背景下的健康老龄化战略实施具有重要意义。本文基于第六、七次全国人口普查老年人口自评健康数据,采用探索性空间数据分析和重心—时空地理加权回归模型等方法,刻画2010—2020年中国省域城乡老年人口健康水平空间动态演化过程,揭示社会经济发展、人口流动、环境污染与保护等因素的影响变迁,主要发现：① 2010—2020年间中国老年人口健康水平总体上升,但城乡差异进一步扩大,城镇老年人口健康水平“东—中—西”递减格局趋于强化,乡村老年人口健康水平向“南高北低”转变;② 社会经济发展是影响城乡老年人口健康水平及其空间格局演变的首要因素,但作用趋于减弱,乡城人口流动导致老年人口健康城乡差距进一步扩大;③ 环境本底因素作用减弱,环境污染因素作用增强,环境保护举措在城镇地区呈现健康改善效应。     

农村人口流动中的“人地关系”与迁入地创业行为的影响因素

基于“人地关系”视角下的农村流动人口创业行为影响机制理论模型,并辅之以江苏省的实证研究,从“环境”和“个体”两个方面解读其对农村流动人口迁入地创业行为的影响。采用2010年江苏省城镇暂住人口的抽样调查数据,通过二元Logistic模型发现,农村流动人口的个人经济社会特征及其所处的社会、文化、城市环境均对其创业行为产生影响。特别是城市环境方面,城市总人口规模和农村流动人口规模对农村流动人口的创业行为具有反向影响;控制规模之后,在户口含金量越高的地区,农村流动人口创业的可能性越低,这反映了中国特殊的制度环境对农民工创业行为的影响。     

Looking back and moving forward: Health geography in Aotearoa and beyond

Health geography in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) has had a major impact on international sub‐disciplinary debates. It is timely to celebrate our domestic health geography achievements and alert ourselves to the challenges ahead. This reflection article provides a brief overview of Aotearoa NZ's maturing health geography community and includes the reflections of a panel discussion held during the bi‐annual NZ Geographical Society conference in 2016. We argue that the eclectism of health geography in NZ and beyond is both the sub‐discipline's major strength and challenge.     

郊区化背景下居民健身活动时空约束对心理健康影响——以广州为例

本文从健康地理跨学科的视角入手,以广州市典型郊区的102个样本为研究对象,并选择10个城区街道的927个样本作为参照组进行对比研究,重点探讨中国式快速郊区化背景下,郊区居民健身活动时空约束对心理健康状况的影响。通过构建多元线性回归模型,从微观层面探讨居民城市建成环境、健身行为和心理健康之间的相互关系。结果表明：基于WHO-5反映心理健康量表的评分,郊区样本心理健康状况平均分值只有8.411分,远低于城区样本的平均12.788分,郊区居民的心理健康问题需要引起重视。相对于城区居民,郊区居民健身活动受长距离的通勤及不完善的公共交通系统的时空约束更为明显,健身活动频率更低、时间更短、空间上主要集中在住宅附近。这种差异除了受个人经济社会属性、邻里社区融入等因素影响外,还明显受到建成环境因素的影响。研究结论对弥补过度市场化逐利下造成的城市公共性缺失,维护社会空间公平,完善中国式郊区化下的公共服务设施配套体系,改善郊区居民心理健康状况有重要意义,同时也可为郊区规划及公共政策制定提供参考。     

Immigrant Profiles of U.S. Urban Areas and Agents of Resettlement*

This article targets the role of intermediaries, such as refugee resettlement programs, in altering the geography of the foreign‐born. It argues that, under such intermediaries, destination choice within the United States is largely determined not by economic mechanisms but instead by information‐related factors such as friction of distance, migration chains, labor procurement, and resettlement intermediaries. Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) destinations are grouped into four profiles based on their mix of foreign‐born. The result is sets of MSAs differentiated by the era of immigration, immigrant origins, geographic pattern, and place characteristics that draw migrants. To evaluate intermediary impacts, monies allocated to states by the Office of Refugee Resettlement, refugee resettlement by state, and refugee movements to MSAs are expressed as a Refugee Resettlement Index and linked to MSA profiles. We conclude that although refugees constitute only a portion of total immigration, their effects are disproportionately large in terms of changing the foreign‐born profiles of MSAs and other communities, changing the fabric of society, and changing the geography of the foreign‐born in all its ramifications.