沙尘源区与沉降区粒子的理化特征

在沙尘源区,大气气溶胶粒子主要是地面沙尘来源,沙尘暴发生时气溶胶粒子的浓度大增,浓度峰值向粗粒径范围移动;在沙尘沉降区日本,当浮尘期时气溶胶粒子有地面沙尘和工业排放物两个来源,形成双峰型分布,当非浮尘期时气溶胶粒子主要以工业排放来源为主,在＜2.1 um细粒径范围形成一个峰值.水溶性成分也不相同,沙尘源区粒子以Ca2+、SO42-、Na+、Cl-等沙尘来源离子为主,在3.3～4.7 um形成浓度峰值;沙尘沉降区以NH4+、SO42-、NO3-等工业来源离子为主,在0.65～1.01 um形成峰值.在日本即使是当浮尘时期,大气中的气溶胶粒子浓度也远远比不上沙尘源区沙尘暴发生时的大气气溶胶浓度.这说明能够到达日本沉降区的气溶胶粒子只是沙尘源区大气气溶胶中的很少一部分.     

沙尘源区与沉降区气溶胶粒子的理化特征

在沙尘源区 ,大气气溶胶粒子主要是地面沙尘来源 ,沙尘暴发生时气溶胶粒子的浓度大增 ,浓度峰值向粗粒径范围移动 ;在沙尘沉降区日本 ,当浮尘期时气溶胶粒子有地面沙尘和工业排放物两个来源 ,形成双峰型分布 ,当非浮尘期时气溶胶粒子主要以工业排放来源为主 ,在 <2 .1um细粒径范围形成一个峰值。水溶性成分也不相同 ,沙尘源区粒子以Ca2 +、SO42 -、Na+、Cl-等沙尘来源离子为主 ,在 3.3～ 4 .7um形成浓度峰值 ;沙尘沉降区以NH4+、SO42 -、NO3 -等工业来源离子为主 ,在 0 .6 5～ 1.0 1um形成峰值。在日本即使是当浮尘时期 ,大气中的气溶胶粒子浓度也远远比不上沙尘源区沙尘暴发生时的大气气溶胶浓度。这说明能够到达日本沉降区的气溶胶粒子只是沙尘源区大气气溶胶中的很少一部分     

额济纳地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度特征初步分析

为更好地理解亚洲沙尘源区气溶胶特征,在巴丹吉林沙漠边缘额济纳地区进行了野外观测。通过对沙尘源区之一的额济纳地区沙尘气溶胶的长期临测,获得了其区域代表性沙尘气溶胶理化特征。其TSP年变化以5月最大,9月最小,这与气象条件密切相关。针对典型天气过程的观测结果表明,不同天气条件（背景大气、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴）下TSP浓度存在倍数关系和量级的差异,其质量浓度随粒径的分布特征也明显不同。总体上讲,额济纳地区清洁大气中沙尘气溶胶浓度量级为10^2μg／m^3,而浮尘,扬沙及沙尘暴期间沙尘气溶胶质量浓度量级为10^2μg/m^3,超强沙尘暴沙尘质量浓度可达量级为10^4μg／m^4,在不同风向影响下,气溶胶粒径分布呈现不同特征;与沙坡头、敦煌地区相比,具有其独特的区域特性。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶质量浓度垂直分布特征

 利用Grimm 1.108、Thermo RP 1 400 a以及TSP等仪器于2009年1月至2010年2月对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中不同高度沙尘气溶胶质量浓度进行连续观测,结合天气资料进行分析。结果表明:①80 m高度PM10质量浓度最高,80 m高度PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度明显低于4 m高度PM10,80 m高度PM1.0质量浓度最低。频繁的沙尘天气是影响不同粒径的沙尘气溶胶浓度含量的主要因素。②夜间至日出,PM质量浓度逐渐降低,最低基本上出现在08:00,随后质量浓度逐渐增大,18:00前后浓度达到最高值,然后又逐步降低。其规律与风速的昼夜变化完全一致。③TSP月平均质量浓度高值主要集中在3—9月,其中4月和5月浓度最高,随后逐渐减低。3—9月也是PM月平均质量浓度的高值区域,4 m高度PM10月平均质量浓度最高发生在5月,其浓度为846.0 μg·m-3。80 m高度PM10浓度远高于PM2.5和PM1.0浓度,PM2.5和PM1.0浓度相差较小。风沙天气对大气中的不同粒径粒子的浓度含量影响较大,风沙天气越多,粗颗粒含量越高,反之则细颗粒越多。④沙尘天气过程中不同粒径沙尘气溶胶质量浓度变化具有晴天<浮尘天气<扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气的规律。各种沙尘天气中,PM10/TSP表现为晴好天气高于浮尘天气,浮尘天气远高于扬沙和沙尘暴天气。⑤沙尘天气过程中,沙尘气溶胶浓度随着粒径的减小,浓度逐渐降低。不同高度、不同粒径的沙尘气溶胶质量浓度每隔3~4 d形成一个峰值区,与每隔3~4 d出现沙尘天气强度增强过程直接相关。     

塔里木盆地区域沙尘气溶胶特征分析

沙尘天气是塔里木盆地地区常见的天气现象，对大气沙尘气溶胶的分析表明，沙尘暴期间，沙尘气溶胶浓度远大于非尘暴期间。由于两地地理环境的差异，沙尘暴期间，策勒站细颗粒质量百分比呈下降趋势；阿克苏站细颗粒质量百分比呈上升趋势。说明尘暴期间由于当地沙尘源丰富，细粒物质较多，当风速达到起沙风速时，细粒物质迅速被携带到高空，成为沙尘气溶胶的主要来源。阿克苏站大气气溶胶中Al等元素在不同高度的谱分布呈单峰型，浓度最大值出现在4.7-7.0μm范围内，说明当地大气气溶胶颗粒主要来源于地表沙源。富集因子分析表明，阿克苏站和策勒站沙尘暴和扬尘天气的各地壳元素含量均高于浮尘和背景大气，而且能见度愈小，高出的比例愈大；各种沙尘天气发生时，均以亲地元素的浓度为最高。     

沙尘源区与下游地区沙尘期间气溶胶光学特性分析

为了解沙尘传输过程中气溶胶粒子光学性质的变化,利用2001-2008年中国北方4个站点沙尘期间的数据资料,比较分析了沙尘源区与下游地区气溶胶光学特性的差异。结果表明,沙尘期间大量粗粒子对总消光具有强烈贡献,沙尘源区和下游地区粗粒子消光分别占总消光的85.2%和65.8%。沙尘期间沙尘源区与下游地区均表现出较高的气溶胶光学厚度;而源区的Angstrom波长指数明显低于下游地区,当沙尘暴出现时会下降到零甚至负值。沙尘源区与下游区气溶胶体积尺度谱以粗模态峰为主模态峰。在波长440~1 020 nm时,气溶胶单次散射反照率随波长增大而增大,源区与下游地区的单次散射反照率分别达到0.95和0.92。沙尘源区气溶胶的不对称因子大于下游地区,4个波段的平均不对称因子分别为0.73和0.70。     

塔里木盆地沙尘气溶胶对短波辐射的影响——以塔中为例

利用2006年8—9月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站的80 m铁塔上,距地1.5 m的KIPP & ZONEN自动辐射仪获取的监测资料,根据沙尘暴资料中PM10的小时浓度变化,参照TSP的变化趋势和塔中地面气象站的能见度和风速,将天气划分为晴空、浮尘和扬沙、沙尘暴三种类型,并分别选取其代表性天气,分析以塔中为代表的沙漠腹地,沙尘气溶胶浓度的变化对短波辐射的影响。结果表明：沙尘气溶胶减弱到达地面的总的太阳辐射,在大气总的透过率上表现为晴空是沙尘暴的2.04倍;直接辐射表现在大气透明系数的变化与沙尘暴、浮尘PM10呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.714,-0.771;沙尘气溶胶改变散射辐射波形,由遁形平顶型改为倒“V”型,增加散射日总量,沙尘暴是晴空的1.68倍,浮尘是晴空的2.12倍。     

塔里木盆地区域沙尘气溶胶特征分析

沙尘天气是塔里木盆地区常见的天气现象，对大气沙尘气溶胶的分析表明，沙尘暴期间，沙尘气溶胶浓度远大于非尘暴期间。对策勒和阿克苏两地的比较分析表明，由于两地地理环境的差异，沙尘暴期间，策勒站细颗粒质量百分比呈下降趋势；阿克苏站细颗粒质量百分比呈上升趋势，说明尘暴间由于当地沙尘源丰富，细粒物质较多，细粒物质迅速被携带于高空，成为沙尘气溶胶的主要来源。阿克苏站大气气溶胶颗粒主要来源于地表沙源。富集因子分析表明，阿克苏站和策勒站沙尘暴和扬尘天气的各地壳元素含量均高于浮尘和背景大气，而且能见度能见度愈小，高出的比例愈大；各种沙尘天气发生时，均以亲地元素的浓度为最高。     

兰州市2001年沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的特征分析

 分析了2001年沙尘暴期间兰州与靠近沙尘源区的武威的沙尘浓度和粒径分布特征,并运用对数正态分布规律拟合了沙尘粒径的分布。通过对比武威、皋兰和兰州沙尘暴期间沙尘浓度的变化以及武威与兰州的沙尘粒径分布特征,揭示了河西走廊沙漠对兰州市沙尘暴的影响。     

沙坡头地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的试验观测研究

中国北方沙尘气溶胶的理化特征及其气候效应受到了广泛关注,但现有的研究大都是基于较短时段和典型事件的试验观测。本项研究利用大流量采样器和安德森采样器,对沙坡头地区沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度特征进行了长达3a的监测,获得了该地区沙尘气溶胶的年变化特征,并与背景气象资料和降尘观测结果进行了对比分析;针对典型天气过程的观测结果表明,不同天气条件(背景大气、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴)下TSP浓度存在倍数关系和量级的差异,其质量浓度随粒径分布特征也明显不同;两种采样器观测结果的对比分析也表明,局地沙尘释放是沙坡头地区大气气溶胶的主要来源,但在沙尘暴过程中,远源沙尘输送的贡献也不容忽略。     

Urban industrial Areas

Andersen. Hans Thor: Urban industrial Areas. Geografisk Tidsskrift 84: 50–52. Copenhagen, January 1984.

The development of the large cities has been closely connected with industrialization. However, the decentralization of industry and manufacturing jobs has accelerated from 1970. This process has left a huge stock of old. derelict industrial buildings and a pool of unemployed workes.     

Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China

Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km² of paddy fields and 1.01×10⁵ km² irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×10⁴ km² urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×10⁴ km² of rural settlements and formed 6.64×10⁴ km² of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×10⁴ km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas.     

Areas of fuzzy geographical entities

Fuzzy Geographical Entities (FGEs) refer in this paper to geographical entities with fuzzy spatial extent. The use of FGEs in geographical information systems requires the existence of operators capable of processing them. In this paper, our contribution to that field focuses on the computation of areas. Two methods are considered, one crisp due to Rosenfeld (1984 Rosenfeld, A. 1984. The diameter of a fuzzy set. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 13: 241–246. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), which has limited applicability, and the other fuzzy, which is a new approach. The new fuzzy area operator gives more information about the possible values of the area and enables the fuzziness in the spatial extent of the entity to be propagated to the area. Crisp and fuzzy areas have different meanings, and the use of one or the other depends not only on the purpose of the computation but also on the semantics of the membership functions. When the FGEs are represented by normal fuzzy sets, the fuzzy area operator generates fuzzy numbers, and therefore arithmetic operations can be performed with them using fuzzy arithmetic. However, we show that care must be taken with the use of the fuzzy arithmetic operators because, in some situations, the usual operators should not be applied. Properties of the Rosenfeld and fuzzy area operators are analysed, establishing a parallel with properties of the areas of crisp sets.     

基于主体功能区规划的中国城市化地区生态功能评估

从县域尺度对中国主要城市化地区生态功能开展后评估研究，分析城市化地区生态功能指数与第三级指标的相关性，对生态功能明显衰退地区提出政策建议。结果表明：2009?2015年，“两横三纵”城市化战略格局生态功能中高水平区县占比从78.68%降低至68.13%；优化开发区域生态功能中高水平区县占比由53.85%减少至37.28%，明显降低区域主要分布于京津冀东南部、环渤海地区；重点开发区域生态功能中高水平区县占比由73.78%降低至69.21%，明显降低区域分布在中原城市群和东北地区。生态退化的城市化地区均伴随不同程度的生境质量指数降低、生态空间减少、开发强度以及人口密度增加现象。生态功能与第三级指标的相关性由大到小依次为生态空间占比＞生境质量指数＞开发强度＞人口密度。建议强调发展控制，加强生态保护，实施分区分类管控，健全不同主体功能区差异化协同发展长效机制。     

北京城市社会区分析

自从1984年中国实施城市改革以来,城市土地市场和住房市场建立已经对城市的社会空间结构产生重要影响。作者利用1998年北京街道一级调查数据进行城市社会区分析。结果显示,经济社会和种族状况具有一定的影响,但并没有发挥重要的作用。土地利用强度在形成新的城市社会空间结构过程中发挥了关键的作用。与家庭状况相关的流动人口状况也表现为非常强劲的影响。北京的社会区表明：土地利用强度分布呈同心圆模型,家庭分布形态具有扇形结构的特征;社会经济状态因子分布形态既表现了同心圆的特征,也具有扇形结构的特点;种族因子的空间分布形成了一种多核空间结构。     

Delineating Hierarchical Hospital Service Areas in Florida

Hospital service area (HSA) and hospital referral region (HRR), known as a hierarchical HSA system, have been used as analysis units in a growing body of large‐scale studies of healthcare spending, utilization, and outcome in the United States. However, the popular Dartmouth HSAs and HRRs were produced more than two decades ago and are unable to represent contemporary healthcare markets. This research uses a revised Huff Model to delineate two levels of hospital service areas in Florida, resulting in sixty‐four HSAs nested in twenty‐one HRRs. Three elements distinguish our method from existing work. First, a best‐fitting distance‐decay function derived from the actual travel pattern of hospitalization is embedded in the Huff Model to strengthen the model's theoretical foundation in individual spatial behavior. Secondly, the hierarchal central place structure is supported by the differing travel‐friction coefficients for general versus specialized patients; general patients experience a steeper gradient and thus a shorter average travel range that supports delineating more HSAs of smaller area size, and specialized patients exhibit a flatter gradient and thus a longer average travel range that leads to fewer HRRs of large‐sized areas. Finally, the delineation method automated in geographic information systems (GIS) can be easily replicated in other regions to define large‐scale and consistent hierarchical HSA systems.