太阳活动中低年厦门电离层扩展F发生率研究

本文利用2008年至2013年厦门电离层垂测仪的观测数据,分析了太阳活动中低年厦门电离层扩展F发生率的日变化、季节变化特征和太阳活动对厦门电离层扩展F发生率的影响,结果显示:(1)厦门电离层扩展F主要出现在地方时18时至次日8时的时间段内,扩展F发生率最大值出现在午夜后;(2)厦门电离层扩展F主要出现在5—8月的夏季月份,扩展F发生率最大值一般出现在6月份(2009年出现在5月份);(3)厦门电离层扩展F发生率的日变化、季节变化中存在明显的逐年变化;(4)厦门电离层扩展F年出现次数与太阳10.7 cm射电流量年平均值在2008年到2011年正向相关,而在2012年、2013年却负向相关;在每一年中(除了2012年外),厦门电离层扩展F月发生率与太阳10.7 cm射电流量月平均值负向相关.太阳活动和厦门电离层扩展F发生率之间的复杂关系表明,太阳活动可能通过赤道电离层扩展F和中纬电离层扩展F两种机制影响了厦门电离层扩展F发生.     

分层电离层模型中的L电流体系

本文分析了电离层风发电机理论中影响电流分布的几种主要因素,认为电离层电导率模型是最主要的影响因素。在计算太阴日变化（L）电流体系时,本文放弃了过去习惯采用的无限薄球壳的电导率模型,使用了分层电导率模型。考虑电导率随高度的变化以及电导率极大值的高度随纬度的变化,得到了与观测结果较为符合的理论L电流体系。本文的结果还指出,在处理某些全球性发电机理论问题时,不能简单地假定电离层为距地面等高度的无限薄球壳,而必须同时考虑大气潮汐振荡的特性及电导率随高度的变化。由此得出结论:发展三维电导率模型对于电离层风发电机理论是必要的。     

第24太阳活动周中纬度电离层低电离水平的观测研究

延续2008-2009年的太阳极低活动期,第24太阳活动周开始后太阳活动性上升缓慢,即使在趋近峰年时太阳极紫外(EUV)辐射通量的水平仍显著低于前几个活动周.比较第23、24周的太阳辐射水平,及日本国分寺和子午工程武汉站的电离层测高仪观测,发现第24周的太阳EUV辐射、电离层F区临界频率(f_oF₂)和峰值高度(h_mF₂)都显著低于第23周的同期水平;在较低高度上,偏低的EUV辐射带来的电子密度变化不明显,而峰值电子密度(N_mF₂)和0.1~50 nm太阳EUV辐射通量在多数时候都同步的偏低25%~50%;但是在夏季N_mF₂与EUV辐射的关联性较差,即N_mF₂的偏低在夏季较少.分析认为这与热层中性风的季节特点有关:在夏季午后,吹向极区的子午向风总是较弱,在第24周偏低的EUV辐射背景下,减弱的离子曳力使其他季节的极区向风得到增强,进一步促进了N_mF₂和h_mF₂的降低,使这一机制的效果非常显著.基于上述结论,在对第24周电离层进行预测预报时,需更多地考虑非直接电离机制的影响.总体而言,第24周的热层和电离层变化特征可能将有别于之前几个活动周的观测,并偏离人们在此基础上所形成的认识.     

二维电离层发电机理论模式及其初步应用

在地理坐标系下推导出二维电离层发电机理论方程,采用逐线迭代法求解得到全球二维电离层发电机电流函数,进而得到电离层发电机电流和电场.模式中使用的电导率是根据外部经验模式给出的背景大气和电离层参数,采用理论公式计算得出;输入的中性风场和磁场分别由HWM93和IGRF2000模型给出,该电离层发电机理论模式很好地给出了全球Sq电流形态及电离层E层发电机电场的基本特征.利用该模式研究了外部模式风场以及地磁场随高度的变化对模拟结果的影响,发现在90~180 km高度上,风场随高度变化对电流影响较大,而地磁场影响较小;重点模拟研究了地磁平静时期,Sq电流涡旋中心位置和总电流强度的变化规律,初步研究发现,电流中心位置在地理纬度±30°附近,不同的地方时电流随地磁纬度线平行移动,且南北半球两个电流涡中心电流强度之和变化不大.分析发现这种规律与发电机高度上的磁场总强度及地磁倾角的全球分布有很好的相关性.     

连续太阳耀斑对甚低频信号传播影响分析

甚低频(VLF)是在地-低电离层之间形成的波导内进行传播的.太阳耀斑可引起电离层突然扰动,VLF信号传播出现异常现象,对导航造成影响,同时也会造成短波通讯中断.为了研究连续太阳耀斑与VLF信号传播的关系,观测2002-04-15连续太阳耀斑爆发时,Alpha导航系统西副台VLF信号传播时的幅度和相位变化情况,解释急始型和缓变型太阳耀斑的不同之处,并且分析单个太阳耀斑与连续太阳耀斑的区别,然后根据观测数据和美国GOES卫星观测数据比较和分析,以此来研究分析连续太阳耀斑爆发对VLF信号传播造成的影响.研究结果显示连续太阳耀斑爆发与VLF信号相位的异常变化情况之间有较好的关联性.     

赤道地区电离层foF2在第23/24太阳活动周极低年期间创造了极低纪录?

太阳辐射是电离层的电离源,强烈地调制电离层的变化.探索不同太阳辐射水平下的电离层状态,有助于认识电离层演变及其内在的基本物理过程.太阳活动在2008—2009年处于有记录以来的极低水平,研究电离层在此期间的变化及与其它太阳活动低年的差异是一个有益的课题.本文利用位于美洲扇区磁赤道地区Jicamarca台站(12.0°S, 283.2°E; dip 0.28°)测高仪观测的电离层F2层临界频率foF₂数据探讨赤道地区foF₂的行为.分别对第22/23太阳活动周低年(1996—1997)和第23/24活动周低年(2008—2009)的月中值、季节中值和滑动年均值进行分析,确认相比上一个太阳低年而言,在2008—2009年foF₂滑动年均值和不同季节中值在各个地方时均降低,而月中值存在降低和升高.对foF₂的时间尺度特性的分析发现,在本太阳周低年foF₂长时间尺度分量下降,而短时间尺度分量呈现不一致的变化.我们认为,现有文献报道给出2008—2009年与以往太阳活动低年对比结果不一致有可能归因于所用分析方法关注的时间尺度不相同.     

磁层-电离层-热层耦合的模式计算和分析

对磁层-电离层电动耦合和电离层发电机两种效应进行了模式计算,并对所得的一些耦合现象作了综合讨论.结果表明,在中低纬和赤道区的电离层和地磁研究中必须考虑磁层-电离层耦合效应向中低纬区的穿透和屏蔽;潮汐发电机效应对极光区（电导率增高时）的作用也值得重视.这两效应的特征和相对重要性随磁暴的发展阶段而异,在高低纬区也各不相同,但都有明显的晨昏不对称性.此外,弱磁扰对中低纬电离层形态的影响也不容忽视.     

新疆区域地磁垂直分量日变背景变化分析

研究新疆区域内乌鲁木齐、乌什、温泉、喀什、红浅等5个地磁台站2008年7月至2014年12月的日变幅资料(乌鲁木齐台FHDZ-M15、喀什台FHDZ-M15、温泉台FHD-2、乌什台FHD-2、红浅台FHD-2数据)。分析了日变幅与磁暴的关系,结果表明:磁暴时日变幅一般会出现高值;不同相对观测仪器的分析结果表明不同采样率、不同原理的仪器对记录的日变幅数据基本无影响;Z分量日变幅呈明显的夏季最高,冬季最低的年变形态,有明显年周期的季节变化,这些都符合潮汐发电机理论和以往的地磁观测结果。这主要是因为地磁要素的日变幅与太阳天顶角有关,太阳天顶角通过控制电子密度分布决定电离层电导率,在中低纬度,天顶角具有夏季大、冬季小的特点。日变幅随着纬度的增大而增大,基本不受经度的影响。     

GIM和IRI2012模式在中国地区的时空变化和扰动分析

在合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)定位中,电离层延迟是不可忽略的误差源之一,需要选择合适的电离层模型进行校正.为了验证IRI2012模式和GIM模式在中国不同纬度地区的适用性以及中国地区电离层扰动与太阳耀斑、地磁场等因素的相关性,本文利用IRI2012模式计算的TEC预测值,并结合GIM模式给出的TEC观测值对2014太阳活动低年的中国不同纬度地区TEC时空变化特性进行了分析,包括周日变化、半年变化和年变化等.此外,由于电离层扰动引起的电离层延迟对星载低频SAR定位精度影响比较严重,以IRI2012模式为背景电离层,根据电离层平静期的GIM-TEC观测值确定电离层TEC扰动指数的阈值,在太阳耀斑和地磁异常发生时统计前后一定时间的电离层TEC扰动指数.实验结果表明:IRI2012模式和GIM模式在中国低纬和中高纬度地区的空间和时间变化均符合一般规律,在中国地区具有适用性;电离层扰动指数连续5小时超过阈值0.5判定为电离层扰动事件,当中国地区位于向阳面或处于日冕物质抛射区时,其上空电离层扰动与太阳磁暴和地磁暴紧密相关.     

磁偏角和热层风对中纬电离层TEC经度分布的影响

本文利用北美、南美和大洋洲三个地区的电离层TEC数据,分析了磁偏角为零的经度线两侧中纬电离层TEC的差异.结果表明,在2001年至2010年的几乎所有季节,在磁偏角为零的经度东西两侧,北美、南美和大洋洲中纬电离层TEC都存在规则性的差异;中纬电离层TEC的这种经度差异显著地依赖地方时,对季节和太阳活动水平也有不同程度的依赖.地磁场影响下电离层与热层动力学耦合的分析表明,磁偏角的经度变化和热层风的地方时变化两者的共同作用是引起磁偏角为零的经度两侧中纬电离层TEC差异的重要原因之一.     

Stellar Dynamo Waves: Asymptotic Configurations

We investigate the parameter space of a Parker dynamo with a simple alpha quenching nonlinearity, taking as governing parameters the dynamo number D (D<0) and the ratio of diffusion times in the radial and latitudinal directions in the convective zone. The latter parameter, μ, is connected with the aspect ratio (dimensionless thickness) of the convective zone. We isolate two asymptotic configuration of the dynamo waves excited by the Parker dynamo in the limiting case of strong generation. Apart from the standard case with the solar type dynamo wave travelling from mid-latitudes to the equator, we describe a form of dynamo activity which is basically an anharmonic standing wave. The first situation occurs when μ increases with |D|. With μ fixed and |D| increasing, the second asymptotic configuration occurs. We discuss possibilities of identifying these asymptotic configurations with various types of stellar activity as traced by stellar CaII data.     

Implications for the low latitude cloud formations from solar activity and the quasi-biennial oscillation

We examined the effect of the 11-year solar cycle and quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on the ～27-day solar rotational period detected in tropical convective cloud activity. We analyzed the data of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for AD1979–2004, dividing into four different cases by the combination of high and low solar activities in terms of the 11-year variation, and easterly and westerly stratospheric winds associated with QBO. As a result, ～27-day variation has been most significantly detected in high solar activity period around the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool. Based on correlation analysis, we find that solar rotation signal can explain 10–20% of OLR variability around the tropical warm pool region during the high solar activity period. The spatial distribution has been, however, apparently different according to the phases of QBO. It is suggested that the 11-year solar cycle and stratospheric QBO have a possibility to cause large-scale oceanic dipole phenomena.     

A shell model for a large-scale turbulent dynamo

This article addresses the interesting and important problem of large-scale magnetic field generation in turbulent flows, using a self-consistent dynamo model recently developed. The main idea of this model is to consider the induction equation for the large-scale magnetic field, integrated consistently with the turbulent dynamics at smaller scales described by a magnetohydrodynamic shell model. The questions of dynamo action threshold, magnetic field saturation, magnetic field reversals, nature of the dynamo transition and the changes of small-scale turbulence as a consequence of the dynamo onset are discussed. In particular, the stability curve obtained by the model integration is shown in a very wide range of values of the magnetic Prandtl number not yet accessible by direct numerical simulation but more realistic for natural dynamos. Moreover, from our analysis it is shown that the large-scale dynamo transition displays a hysteretic behaviour and therefore a subcritical nature. The model successfully reproduces magnetic polarity reversals, showing the capability to generate persistence times which are increasing for decreasing magnetic diffusivity. Moreover, when the system reaches a statistically stationary dynamo state, where the large-scale magnetic field can abruptly reverse its polarity (magnetic reversal state) or not, keeping the same polarity (steady state), it shows an unmistakable tendency towards the energy equipartition for the turbulence at small scale.     

Solar activity forcing of the middle atmosphere

Studies on the influence of solar activity in 11-year cycle on middle atmospheric thermodynamic parameters, such as temperature, pressure and density, and zonal and meridional wind components over three meteorological rocket launching stations, located in the tropics (Thumba), mid-latitude (Volgograd) and high-latitude (Heiss Island) regions of the northern hemisphere have been carried out. The temperature in all the three regions showed a negative response in the stratosphere and positive association in the mesosphere with the changes in solar activity. The temperature decreases by 2-3% from its mean value in the stratosphere and increases by 4-6% in the mesosphere for an increase in 100 units of solar radio flux. Atmospheric pressure is found to be more sensitive to solar changes. An average solar maximum condition enhances the pressure in the stratosphere by 5% and in the upper mesosphere by 16-18% compared to the respective mean values. Density also showed strong association with the changes in solar activity. Increase in the solar radio flux tends to strengthen winter westerlies in the upper stratosphere over the mid-latitude and summer easterlies in the middle stratosphere over tropics. Larger variability in the zonal wind is noted near stratopause height. Results obtained from the study indicate that there is an external force exerted on the Earth’s atmosphere during the period of high solar activity. These results can be incorporated for further studies on the dynamics of the middle atmosphere in association with the changes in solar activity.     

On Convection Driven Dynamos in Rotating Spherical Shells

Solutions for chaotic dynamos driven by thermal convection in a rotating spherical shell are obtained numerically for different Prandtl numbers. The influence of this parameter which is usually suppressed in the magnetostrophic approximation is emphasized in the present analysis.     

The solar magnetic flux mid-term periodicities and the solar dynamo

We investigate here the fluctuations in the total, open and closed solar magnetic flux (SMF) for the period 1971–1999 by means of the maximum entropy method in the frequency range 5×10⁻⁹–10⁻⁷ Hz (6 yr to 120 days). We use monthly data for the total, open and closed magnetic solar fluxes. Periodicities found in the series are similar showing that there is some relationship between the fluxes. The most important finding of this work is the existence of fluctuations at around 1.3 and 1.7 yr in the SMF with alternating importance during consecutive even and odd solar cycles. These fluctuations are directly related with variations present in cosmic rays, solar wind parameters and geomagnetic activity indexes. A quasi-triennial periodicity previously found in sunspots and other solar phenomena is also of importance. The SMF is generated by the action of the solar dynamo; therefore, it is through the magnetic flux that the solar dynamo influences several heliospheric phenomena.     

近50年中国东南地区地面太阳辐射变化对气温变化的影响

太阳是地球表层的最终能量来源,地面太阳辐射的变化会深刻影响地球的气候变化.本文利用中国东南地区14个气象台站1961～2008年总辐射和气温的同步观测资料,分析了近50年该地区地面太阳辐射的变化对气温变化的可能影响.结果表明,1961～1989年期间,该地区的地面太阳辐射显著减弱,所引起的气温下降超过了其他因素的增温效...     

Spectrum of geomagnetic activity in the period range 5–60 days: possible lunar influences

The series of daily Ap-indices has been subdivided into pentades (1932–1936 etc.) and spectra with fine-frequency resolution have been calculated for the indices in each of these intervals. Daily sunspot numbers have been processed in the same way. The average spectrum from all spectra in the pentades, as well as the spectrum from the whole interval have been calculated, and significant peaks have been determined. There is a significant difference between the spectra in the pentades containing the solar activity minimum (1932–1936, 1942–1946 etc.) and those containing the solar activity maximum (1937–1941, 1947–1951 etc.). Most peaks can be interpreted as a response to solar rotation and to the structure of solar wind speed (two high-speed streams per solar rotation), both modulated by the 11-year, annual and semi-annual waves. No significant peak corresponding to the period of the synodic month, or its half has been found. This result suggests that the influence of lunar cycles on some natural phenomena (if any) is not mediated by geomagnetic activity.     

A decadal solar effect in the tropics in July–August

The availability of global gridded precipitation and outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) data after 1978 makes possible an investigation of the influence of the decadal solar oscillation in the tropics during three solar maxima and two solar minima. The NCEP/NCAR reanalyses starting in the 1950s allows the inclusion of an additional two solar maxima and minima to look for consistency of response across a longer time period. In the northern summer (July–August), the major climatological tropical precipitation maxima are intensified in solar maxima compared to solar minima during the period 1979–2002. The regions of this enhanced climatological precipitation extend from the Indian monsoon to the West Pacific oceanic warm pool and farther eastwards in the Intertropical Convergence Zone of the North Pacific and North American Monsoon, to the tropical Atlantic and greater rainfall over the Sahel and central Africa. The differences between solar maxima and minima in the zonal mean temperature through the depth of the troposphere, OLR, tropospheric vertical motion, and tropopause temperature are consistent with the differences in the rainfall. The upward vertical motion is stronger in regions of enhanced tropical precipitation, tropospheric temperatures are higher, tropopause temperatures are lower, and the OLR is reduced due to higher, colder cloud tops over the areas of deeper convective rainfall in the solar maxima than in the minima. These differences between the extremes of the solar cycle suggest that an increase in solar forcing intensifies the Hadley and Walker circulations, with greater solar forcing resulting in strengthened regional climatological tropical precipitation regimes. These effects are as strong or even more pronounced when warm and cold extremes in the Southern Oscillation are removed from the analyses. Additionally, lower stratospheric temperatures and geopotential heights are higher with greater solar forcing suggesting ozone interactions with solar forcing in the upper stratosphere.     

Solar wind influence on atmospheric processes in winter Antarctica

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) altered by solar wind are traditionally regarded as the most plausible agent of solar activity influence on the Earth's atmosphere. However, it is well known that severe reductions in the GCRs flux, known as Forbush decreases (FDs), are caused by solar wind of high speed and density, which sweeps away the GCRs on its way. Since the FD beginnings are registered at the Earth's orbit simultaneously with dramatic disturbances in the solar wind, the atmospheric effects, assigned to FDs, can be, in reality, the results of the solar wind influence on the atmospheric processes. This paper presents a summary of the experimental results demonstrating the strong influence of the interplanetary electric field on atmospheric processes in central Antarctica, where the large-scale system of vertical circulation is formed during winter seasons. The influence is realized through acceleration of the air masses, descending into the lower atmosphere from the troposphere, and the formation of cloudiness above the Antarctic Ridge, where the descending air masses enter the surface layer. The acceleration is followed by a sharp increase of the atmospheric pressure near-pole region, which gives rise to the katabatic wind strengthening above the entire Antarctica. The cloudiness formation results in the sudden warmings in the surface atmosphere, since the cloud layer efficiently backscatters the long wavelength radiation from the ice sheet, but does not affect the adiabatic warming process of the descending tropospheric air masses. When the drainage flow strengthening the circumpolar vortex around the periphery of the Antarctic continent decays, the surface easterlies typical of the coast stations during the winter season are replaced by southerlies and the cold Antarctic air masses flow out to the Southern ocean.