Northern opportunities: A strategic review of Canada's Arctic icebreaking services

Climate change presages increasingly ice-free waters in the Canadian Arctic and fundamental reconfiguration of Asia–Europe and Asia–US East Coast marine transportation networks via the Northwest Passage (NWP). Retreating sea ice will impact the annual re-supply of goods to northern communities, natural resource development, cruise ship and adventure tourism activity, and the fishing industry. Reviews of infrastructure to support increased shipping activity and support future developments highlight an ageing Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) icebreaker fleet. This paper aims to debate the need for, and provision, ownership and management of Arctic icebreaking services required to serve a NWP. It reports perceptions by 110 experts of future marine activity in the Canadian Arctic and CCG services, principally Arctic icebreaking, in terms of their effectiveness and efficiency. The extent of possible private involvement is identified and evaluated. The requirements needed to ensure timely and uninterrupted marine transportation from vessels operating in these waters are highlighted.     

立足海岛开发的海洋牧场陆海旅游一体化发展模式——以磨盘山岛为例

近年来休闲渔业与海洋牧场的结合作为新兴的渔业产业模式逐渐发展起来。在生态环境退化和近海渔业资源持续衰退的大背景下,以海洋牧场建设为基础、以休闲渔业和旅游业为带动的渔业模式不断发展。我国近海海岛众多,具备围绕海岛综合开发建设海岛类海洋牧场的天然优势,可以预见以海岛为中心、立足海岛生态开发构建海洋牧场的发展模式将是近海海洋...     

中国海洋旅游资源可持续发展研究

通过对海洋旅游资源类型、特点的论述及对中国海洋旅游资源特点与现状的分析，提出了中国海洋旅游资源的开发利用走可持续发展道路的策略：一是要因地制宜，适当开发；二是要以各种法律法规为基础，加速国内海洋旅游资源开发与管理的立法，以法治海，以法管旅；三是要建立海洋旅游管理体系；四是要实施科教兴旅、兴海战略；五是要从大旅游的战略高度来认识海洋旅游。     

The bottom line: An investigation of the economic, cultural and social costs of industrial longline fishing in the Pacific and the benefits of sustainable use marine protected areas

Industrial longline fishing can be understood as a case study of the cultural, economic, environmental and social impacts of unsustainable fishing technology. While much attention has been attributed to the impact of industrial longlines on the marine ecosystem, little is known about the impact of longline fishing on local food security, employment, cultural belief systems and traditions, revenue generation from marine tourism and climate change. New data demonstrate that the contributions of Marine Protected Areas, marine tourism and recreational fishing to local coastal economies dwarf the contributions of longline fishing. When combined with the impact of overfishing on coastal fishing communities and fish consumers, policies promoting sustainable fisheries must be expanded to take these other factors into account along with issues of biodiversity.     

The bottom line: An investigation of the economic,cultural and social costs of high seas industrial longline fishing in the Pacific and the benefits of conservation

High sea industrial longline fishing can be understood as a case study of the cultural, economic, environmental and social impacts of unsustainable fishing technology. While much attention has been attributed to the impact of industrial longlines on the marine ecosystem, little is known about the impact of longline fishing on local food security, employment, cultural belief systems and traditions, revenue generation from marine tourism and climate change. New data demonstrate that the contributions of Marine Protected Areas, marine tourism and recreational fishing to local coastal economies dwarf the contributions of longline fishing. When combined with the impact of overfishing on coastal fishing communities and fish consumers, policies promoting sustainable fisheries must be expanded to take these other factors into account along with issues of biodiversity.     

Expanding coastal urban and industrial seascape in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Critical need for coordinated planning and policy

Coastal freshwater and tidal wetland habitats are being transformed as a result of increasing demand for commercial, residential and tourism activities. The consequence is a habitat seascape complex, comprising a mosaic of natural and engineered coastal features. This study used the freely available mapping tool (Google Earth) to define the extent of coastal engineering structures in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBR; Australia), a marine ecosystem of global biodiversity and cultural significance. Continuing threats to the heritage estate concomitant with expanding urban and industrial developments has raised concerns directed at the future conservation and resilience of the reef ecosystems, along with maintaining expected human lifestyles and livelihoods it provides. The data here shows that break walls and pontoons/jetties dominate development, contributing to approximately 10% (equivalent) of the coastline linear length. Most (60%) development occurs along the coastline or within the first few kilometres upstream along estuaries. While conservation and protection of natural coastal habitats is still preferred for the objective of fisheries production and biodiversity, managers must consider seascape implication/benefits more broadly when approving new marine infrastructure rather than a case-by-case approach which further contributes to an ad hoc mosaic seascape of natural and engineered habitats. Not only within the GBR heritage estate, but more broadly, coastal managers need to regard wider seascape connectivity processes during the assessment of any new development. There is an urgent need for policy and planning instrument reform that is inclusive of accumulative impacts of urban and industrial development in this heritage estate. Opportunities to include eco-friendly (green engineering) solutions, in the repair and revitalisation of existing artificial structures, is necessary in any new proposed urban and industrial development and expansion.     

围填海对海洋生态系统服务功能价值的损失评估———以烟台芝罘湾为例

围填海会对海洋生态环境产生负面影响,并导致海洋生态系统服务功能损失,开展围填海海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估对于海域资源的节约集约利用和可持续发展具有重要作用。文章基于烟台芝罘湾海域生态系统服务特点,采用功能价值法,构建并优化涵盖供给、调节、支持和文化4项服务功能的近海生态系统服务功能指标体系和价值评估模型,选择烟台芝罘...     

The unintended consequences of regulatory complexity: The case of cruise tourism in Arctic Canada

The cruise tourism industry in the Canadian Arctic has the potential be an important contributor to the northern economy, but undue complexity in the permitting and regulatory process represents a major barrier to cruise operators and as a result seems to be limiting development potential and other cultural and educational benefits related to tourism in the region. Based on a set of interviews and follow-up interviews with Arctic cruise operators and government permit issuers (n=48), investigative phone calls (n=22), and follow-up verification calls (n=20+), analysis of the management system that currently governs cruise tourism in Arctic Canada is provided including recommendations for improvement. There are currently over 30 permits, approvals, and notification processes for cruise companies operating in the Canadian Arctic (collective called ‘permits and permissions'). Permits and permissions are required for vessel safety, environmental protection, gaining access to national parks, and visiting heritage and archaeological sites among others. They are issued by numerous agencies under multiple jurisdictions and statutes with no integration or organizing system. The result is a process that is overly complex, repetitious, and costly for operators. In comparison, the permitting systems in Greenland and Svalbard are more streamlined, causing some cruise companies to consider abandoning Canadian waters in favour of these less bureaucratic regions. Federal and territorial attention is required to create efficiencies in the cruise permitting process in Arctic Canada if the economic, socio-cultural, and educational benefits of the industry are to be fully realized.     

“Living with our backs to the sea”: A critical analysis of marine and coastal governance in Guatemala

Guatemala's rich coastal and marine biodiversity provides essential ecosystem goods and services to local residents and the national economy through artisanal and commercial fisheries, aquaculture, port exports and, to a lesser extent, tourism. As in many other countries, national policies emphasise the significance of marine conservation and marine resources, primarily through implementing marine protected areas (MPAs). However, this assumes that governance, as reflected in legal, institutional and organizational frameworks, political capacity and human resources is sufficiently developed to ensure MPAs meet these goals. These issues are explored through presenting the first detailed analysis of coastal and marine governance in Guatemala. The research highlights a range of barriers to good governance which restrict the extent to which MPAs can function effectively. Recommendations are made which can capitalise upon the potential for locally managed marine areas as a means to facilitate the improved governance of coastal and marine resources in Guatemala.     

夜光藻赤潮发生视角下平潭岛近岸海域生态安全与旅游经济协同发展评价研究

根据近十年平潭海域生态环境调查资料与旅游经济产业发展数据,结合夜光藻赤潮观测资料,通过构建海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统协同发展评价体系,运用耦合、协同、脱钩评价方法对平潭海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统协同发展水平进行测度评价,从时间层面上分析海洋生态环境安全与旅游经济发展的协同强度和发展态势。研究结果表明：（1） 2009-2019年,平潭旅游经济呈线性上升趋势,而海洋生态系统演化呈较为平缓的波动上升趋势,海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统逐渐向高水平耦合阶段演化;（2）平潭海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统发展在研究期间处于非协同或低协同状态,但发展态势和协同程度有所上升;（3）废水排放入海量、废水中COD排放量、废水中氨氮排放量与平潭旅游经济发展呈较为理想的脱钩状态,废水中的有机污染物排放浓度逐年降低;（4）夜光藻赤潮持续天数与平潭旅游经济增长的脱钩指数波动较大,营养盐水平与夜光藻赤潮发生频次的相关性并不明显。基于以上研究结果,本文提出引入具有协同效应的巨涨落机制等对策建议,以期实现平潭海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统的提质升级。     

海洋生态系统动力学模型研究进展

海洋生态系统动力学模型作为定量地认识和分析海洋生态系统现象的有力工具,近年来得到了长足发展。本文首先回顾了海洋生态动力学模型的发展历史,着重介绍了21世纪以来生态系统动力学模型的三大发展趋势:一是进一步探索海洋生态系统复杂性,二是全球气候变化与海洋生态系统的相互作用;三是不再局限于理论研究,而进入于灾害预报与评估、公共决策等应用领域。其次介绍了海洋生态动力学模型的分类及典型海洋生态动力学数值模型COHERENS的特点、功能和最新的应用情况。最后总结归纳了目前海洋生态动力学模型研究领域的几大问题与挑战,展望了该研究领域未来的发展趋势和方向。     

基于生态系统的天津市海洋环境管理

为提高天津市海洋环境管理水平,促进海洋生态文明建设和海洋经济可持续发展,文章分析天津市海洋环境状况及其存在的问题,并对其管理提出建议。研究结果表明:天津市海洋资源丰富,随着大规模的开发利用尤其是围填海工程建设,出现海水富营养化严重、海洋生物栖息地受损和陆源入海污染物超标等问题,导致海洋环境风险加大以及海洋生态系统亚健康;应从顶层设计、管理机制、用海监管、生态补偿、科技研发和资源配置6个方面入手,建立基于生态系统的海洋环境管理新模式。     

Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.     

Lower trophic levels and detrital biomass control the Bay of Biscay continental shelf food web: Implications for ecosystem management

The Bay of Biscay (North-East Atlantic) has long been subjected to intense direct and indirect human activities that lead to the excessive degradation and sometimes overexploitation of natural resources. Fisheries management is gradually moving away from single-species assessments to more holistic, multi-species approaches that better respond to the reality of ecosystem processes. Quantitative modelling methods such as Ecopath with Ecosim can be useful tools for planning, implementing and evaluating ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies. The aim of this study was therefore to model the energy fluxes within the food web of this highly pressured ecosystem and to extract practical information required in the diagnosis of ecosystem state/health. A well-described model comprising 30 living and two non-living compartments was successfully constructed with data of local origin, for the Bay of Biscay continental shelf. The same level of aggregation was applied to primary producers, mid-trophic-levels and top-predators boxes. The model was even more general as it encompassed the entire continuum of marine habitats, from benthic to pelagic domains. Output values for most ecosystem attributes indicated a relatively mature and stable ecosystem, with a large proportion of its energy flow originating from detritus. Ecological network analysis also provided evidence that bottom-up processes play a significant role in the population dynamics of upper-trophic-levels and in the global structuring of this marine ecosystem. Finally, a novel metric based on ecosystem production depicted an ecosystem not far from being overexploited. This finding being not entirely consistent over indicators, further analyses based on dynamic simulations are required.     

Examination of policies and MEAs commitment by SIDS for sustainable management of the Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea hosts twenty-seven small island developing states (SIDS), some of which utilise their marine resources found in the Caribbean Sea for economic gains. Many of the economic activities such as tourism, shipping and industrial development are currently incompatible with a healthy and sustainable marine environment. Sewage, agricultural effluents and hydrocarbon pollution resulting from these economic activities have led to degradation of this large marine ecosystem. In an effort to address these issues; policies, programmes and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) were initiated in order to regionalise the response efforts. These include efforts such the Cartagena Convention, the integrated watershed and coastal area management (IWCAM) initiative and pollution assessment among others. This paper reviews the regional responses by the SIDS and other agencies in dealing with pollution from land and marine-based activities and biodiversity loss via these initiatives.     

现代海洋环境监测体系和海洋管理背景下的浮游生物监测

浮游生物在海洋生态系统中处于基础性地位,为促进我国浮游生物监测工作的发展,文章在现代海洋环境监测体系和海洋管理的背景下,从海洋生态系统保护、全球变化研究和现代海洋管理3个方面,系统梳理和分析浮游生物监测的意义和价值,并对我国相关领域的工作提出启示和展望。研究结果表明:浮游生物的恶性暴发和入侵对海洋生态系统造成严重影响,各类国际公约和政府间协议都将浮游生物监测作为保护海洋生物多样性的重要内容;浮游生物的分类信息以及其分布区和物候学特征对气候变化和海水温度的指示信息,可作为全球变化研究的重要指标;浮游生物监测已被广泛应用于国内外现代海洋管理中,主要包括海洋生态系统服务评价、海洋环境影响评价和海洋生物资源评价3个方面;我国浮游生物监测工作在浮游生物分类和鉴定以及大数据应用方面存在不足,未来应加强相关能力考核、标准化计量认证、数据整合共享和新技术手段运用。     

福建海洋旅游资源开发的前景

本文描述了福建沿岸海域的地理环境、气候及水文气象等状况,对其海洋旅游资源开发前景作了初步探讨。文中根据其海洋旅游资源结构特点和开发条件,结合当今世界海洋旅游发展动向,将其分为9个海洋旅游功能区,以供有关方面参考。     

基于模板匹配和不变矩的浮游动物快速测量方法

近年来基于图像处理方法的浮游动物分类技术逐渐用于海洋生态系统的研究中,相关检测仪器也从实验室处理向原位现场分析发展,这对检测算法的效率和处理速度提出了更高要求。本文根据海洋浮游动物显微图像的形状特点,提出将模板匹配方法与不变中心矩描述方法相结合,先利用模板匹配限定目标初步范围,再比较不变矩确定最终目标动物,并统计动物数量和尺寸。本文方法不受动物方位旋转和尺寸缩放的影响。实验验证结果表明,该方法与传统识别方法相比简单高效,处理速度快,误差范围小,适用于浮游动物的实时原位观测。     

青岛海上旅游业可持续发展的潜力与空间

青岛有蜿蜒崎岖的海岸线，有众多的海湾及岛屿，并具有深厚的海洋文化底蕴。发展海上旅游的潜力巨大，空间广大。根据青岛海上旅游资源的分布和目前状况及未来发展趋势可建设青岛一线三湾五岛的海上旅游网络，形成点、线、面相互结合，相互支持的海上旅游区。发展海上旅游，一定会拉动青岛海洋旅游经济，使旅游业有更大更快的发展。     

Economic value of marine ecosystem services in Zanzibar: Implications for marine conservation and sustainable development

Marine ecosystem services are seriously undervalued, resulting in under-investment in conservation and lost opportunities for economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic valuation provides a powerful tool for sustainable development by showing how dependent the economy is on an ecosystem and what would be lost if the ecosystem is not protected. This paper estimates the value of marine ecosystem services in Zanzibar, links the values to the national income accounts, and quantifies how the benefits from each ecosystem service are distributed among five different stakeholder groups. Marine ecosystem services contribute 30% of GDP, yet the ecosystem is seriously degraded due to both human and natural causes. The paper explores the reasons for this, focusing on the distribution of benefits and the (dis)incentives this creates for conservation, especially among local communities that steward the marine ecosystem.