从海南岛全新世孢粉研究看海滨红树林的演化

海南岛是我国第二大岛,位于18°09'～21°10'N,108°03'～110°03'E北隔琼州海峡与雷州半岛相望.海岸线长达1500km,全岛面积为33900km2,四周地形低,中南部山地耸立,海拔100m以下的台地、平原占全岛面积的近2/3.     

达山岛、平岛、车牛山岛邻近海域大型底栖生物分布特征

在海洋底栖生态系中,大型底栖生物在有机碎屑的分解利用、调节泥水界面的物质交换、促进水体的自净化中起着重要的作用,自身又是其他经济动物的食物,其生产量与渔业产量密切相关,因而底栖生物资源量分布常是衡量海区渔业资源状况的最基本要素.为了解苏、鲁交界海域的底栖生物资源量现状,于2002年6月对达山岛、平岛、车牛山岛(以下简称前三岛)邻近海域的大型底栖生物进行了调查,调查区位于海洲湾外侧,最近点距山东省岚山港和江苏省连云港约10～20km,调查范围为35°08 263'～34°59 598'N,119°14 686'～120°21 160'E.     

鼓浪屿软相潮间带生态初步研究

鼓浪屿位于24°26'22"～24°27'17"N、118°03'06"～l18°04'18"E,地处厦门岛西南侧,相隔一条宽约500m的鹭江水道.略呈椭圆形,长约1 800m,宽1 000m,面积1.78km2.海岸线蜿蜒曲折,四周有9个小半岛,10处礁石群,7处峭壁带,地质以中生代花岗岩为主.岛屿沿岸为狭窄的冲积平原与海滩地,岸滩较高.近湾口段多为岩石陡崖,海蚀崖发育.南岸以沙滩为主,宽者数百米,北岸为泥和泥沙滩.     

海南珊瑚礁的现状与保护对策

海南是我国最大的海洋省,位于我国的最南端,北纬3°58'～20°10',东经108°37'～117°50',总面积150万km2余,其中将近98%是海洋,陆地主要是海南岛,总面积约3.39万km2,环岛海岸线长达1 528km,为热带气候。海南省沿岸一些浅海水域及南海诸岛十分适合珊瑚生存和珊瑚礁生成,曾母暗沙等就是珊瑚礁岛,极大地丰富了海南的生物多样性,对沿海地区发展和环境保护提供了有力的支持。一、珊瑚礁概况珊瑚是地球上最古老的海洋生物,现在的珊瑚都是古珊瑚的后代,在动物分类学上属于腔肠动物门珊瑚虫纲。珊瑚礁是自然界最令人赞叹的景观之一,无数的礁岩生物…     

罗源湾的主要水文特征及其与水产养殖的关系

罗源湾位于福建省东北部(26°19′～26°31′N,119°34′～119°50′E),水域总面积188.6km2,内湾口宽仅950m,通往湾口的可门水道宽约1.8km、长7.2km,是一个典型的口小腹大的港湾(图1)。湾内滩涂面积较大,水产资源丰富,而且水文条件较适合于海洋水产养殖,是一个有待于进一步开发利用的养殖基地。因此,弄清该湾的主要水文特征,对于湾内鱼虾贝养殖地点、方式的选择以及人工增殖放流等都具有极为重要的意义。1　罗源湾的主要水文特征1.1　潮流、余流根据罗源湾春、夏、冬季共22个站的海流实测资料及文献[1]等的分析结果,可以得出该湾潮流、余流…     

台湾海峡西南部水螅水母的生态研究

本调查海区位于台湾海峡西南部,包括福建省南部和广东省东部的广大海域(北纬22°00'-24°00',东经116°00'-118°40').本文结合福建省闽南渔场调查的任务,着重分析了该海区各个站位的浮游水螅水母类的个体数量,试就水螅水母的平面分布,季节分布及生态特点进行探讨,为今后进一步研究台湾海峡海洋学特点及水产资源开发利用提供参考资料.     

福建湄洲湾必须走综合开发的路子

1 问题的提出福建湄洲湾为优良的天然港湾,其地处N24°19＇～25°45＇、E118°27＇～119°05＇,位于闽中沿海,介于本省福州、厦门两个经济较发达的城市中间。近年改革开放以来,福建沿海经济获得重大发展,全省开发实施“南北拓展、中部开花、连片开发、山海协作、共同发展”的社会经济发展战略。湄洲湾地处闽中沿海,“中间开花”,就是以湄洲湾为中心,逐步建成新的重要工业基地,以推进闽中     

东海浮游动物生物量分布特征

根据1997～2000年东海海域23°30'～33°00'N,118°30'～128°00'E分别进行4个季节的海洋调查资料,对东海区浮游动物总生物量及饵料生物量的数量变动,时空分布及与鱼渔场关系作了分析.结果表明,四季总生物量均值为65.32mg/m3,其中秋季大于夏季大于春季大于冬季;饵料浮游动物生物量均值为40.9mg/m3,约占总生物量的60%,其中秋季大于夏季大于冬季大于春季.总生物量与饵料生物量平面分布趋势基本一致,高生物量(250～500mg/m3)区分布范围极小,一般占总调查面积的1%～4%.东海北部近海125°00'E以西,29°30'N以北水域生物量季节变化最明显.饵料浮游动物生物量平面分布取决于甲壳动物丰度的分布.饵料浮游动物生物量与鳀鱼中心渔场及其仔、稚鱼高密集区分布存在着较好的对应关系,春季鳀鱼中心渔场(>100kg/h1)和仔、稚鱼高密集区(≥100尾/网)位于东海中南部(28°00'～29°30'N)饵料浮游动物最高生物量(100～250mg/m3)密集区内或边缘水域.     

浙江滩涂贝类养殖高产技术模式

1自然环境概况1.1渔业生态环境浙江省面临东海,海区北部以长江入海口为界,与黄海相毗邻,南部与福建近海交接,包括北纬27°06′～31°03′,东经120°00′～123°10′的广大海域,大陆沿岸线长达1840km,形成了许多海湾(杭州湾、象山港、三门湾、乐清湾等)和广阔的滩涂;500㎡以上沿海岛屿3061个,岛屿岸线长达4797km,10m等深线以内浅海面积76万ha,滩涂面积约25万ha(其中八大港湾滩涂面积约13万ha,杭州湾、三门湾、乐清湾、象山港、漩门港、浦坝港、大渔湾、沿浦湾的滩涂面积分别为:50100,29500,22100,17200,4300,4000,2700,1500ha)。境内河川密布…     

东海中南部鱼类群聚结构的空间特征

依据1997～2000年东海中南部(25°30'～29°00'N,120°30'～127°00'E)四个季节的底拖网调查资料,运用聚类分析和非度量多维标度(NMDS)的方法分析了东海中南部鱼类群聚结构的空间特征,结果显示,东海中南部鱼类群聚大致可分为近海群聚和外海群聚.在不同季节两个群聚的种类组成保持了相对的稳定,并且具有一定的持续性.近海群聚的特征种类为带鱼、发光鲷等.外海群聚的特征种类主要为黄鳍马面鲀、短尾大眼鲷、黄鲷等.鱼类群聚与环境因子水深有较好的相关关系.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.