Sulfur (32S, 33S, 34S, 36S) and oxygen (16O,17O,18O) isotopic ratios of primary sulfate produced from combustion processes

The recent discovery of an anomalous enrichment in ¹⁷O isotope in atmospheric sulfate has opened a new way to investigate the oxidation pathways of sulfur in the atmosphere. From laboratory investigations, it has been suggested that the wet oxidation of sulfur in rain droplets was responsible for the excess ¹⁷O. In order to confirm this theory, sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios of different primary sulfates produced during fossil fuel combustion have been investigated and are reported. None of these samples exhibits any anomalous oxygen or sulfur isotopic content, as compared to urban sulfate aerosols. These results, in agreement with the laboratory investigations, reinforce the idea of an aqueous origin for the oxygen-17 anomaly found in tropospheric sulfates.     

运城盆地秋冬季PM2.5传输特征和源区分析

利用2017-2019年空气质量监测数据，采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT），对运城市秋冬季大气PM2.5传输路径、对应重污染的天气形势和潜在源区进行分析。结果表明：（1）运城近地层盛行偏东风时污染频率高，弱的偏东风和西南风时，污染物浓度较大。秋冬季PM2.5后向轨迹西北方向最多达53.53%，偏东方向最少为11.25%，偏西方向和西南方向介于两者之间，分别为16.61%和12.06%。（2）不同轨迹对应天气形势不同，西北和偏西轨迹下，500 hPa高度场上为两槽一脊或偏西气流，700～850 hPa受脊前西北气流影响，地面为高压前底部型或均压场型；西南轨迹下，500 hPa高度场上为偏西气流，700～850 hPa运城处于槽前西南气流，地面气压场为高压前底部（底部）或均压场。（3）运城PM2.5潜在源区主要位于陕西南部、四川东部和新疆东南、甘肃的东南部等地区，说明影响运城秋冬季PM2.5的浓度除了来自汾渭平原西南部的颗粒物区域输送，来自西北方向新疆、甘肃的远距离颗粒物传输也是重要来源。     

新疆北部暖季短时强降水的时空分布特征

基于2013—2019年暖季新疆北部518个自动站逐时降水资料,运用常规统计、归一化及其偏离程度、降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)等方法,研究该区短时强降水(Flash Heavy Rain,FHR)时空分布和统计特征。结果表明:(1)近7 a新疆北部FHR发生频次年变化大,2016年最多,2014年最少,前者是后者的3.9倍。(2)FHR集中发生在6—7月,6月下旬为峰值,且日变化呈明显的单峰型,峰值主要在17:00—19:00。(3)FHR发生频次集中在山脉的迎风坡和喇叭口地形附近。(4)FHR PCD呈现由南向北、由西向东逐渐集中,阿勒泰地区最集中;PCP自伊犁河谷至天山北坡,从克拉玛依向西、向北逐渐推迟,阿勒泰地区最晚。(5)PCD伊犁河谷、天山北坡年变化呈增大的趋势,其它区域呈减小的趋势。PCP阿勒泰地区、博州、天山北坡年变化呈增大趋势,其它区域呈减小的趋势。     

地形辐合线与华北平原雾空间分布的关系*

使用京津冀冬半年地面气象站雾的常规观测和自动站风的观测资料进行统计分析,得出太行山地形辐合线位置与华北平原雾的空间分布有一定对应关系,即：冬半年(10-2月)华北平原年平均雾日多发区对应地形辐合线的位置；以2013年1月21-22日华北平原雾为例,辐合线附近的能见度相对较低,即辐合线附近雾的浓度较强。为加强对雾天气的成因认识,提高雾天气的预报能力,在科学规划雾天气监测网时应充分考虑地形的影响(如地形辐合线的位置)。     

Projections of SO2, NOx and carbonaceous aerosols emissions in Asia

Estimates of Asian emissions of air pollutants and carbonaceous aerosols and their mid-term projections have been changing significantly in the last years. The remote sensing community has shown that increase in NO _x in Central East Asia is much stronger than any of the emission inventories or projections indicated so far. A number of studies reviewing older estimates appeared. Here, we review the key contributions and compare them to the most recent results of the GAINS model application for Asia and to the SRES projections used in the IPPC work. The recent projections indicate that the growth of emissions of SO₂ in Asia should slow down significantly towards 2010 or even stabilize at the current level. For NO _x , however, further growth is projected although it will be most likely slower that in the last decade, owing to introduction of measures in transport. Emissions of carbonaceous aerosols (black carbon and organic carbon) are expected to decline after 2010, largely due to reduced use of biofuels in residential sector and efficiency improvements. The estimates of these emissions are burdened with significantly larger uncertainties than SO₂ and NO _x ; even for the year 2000 the differences in estimates between studies are up to a factor of 2.     

乌鲁木齐气温与城市热岛强度日内和季节变化特征

运用2013-2014年28个自动气象站的逐小时气温观测资料,分析了乌鲁木齐地区气温的日变化特征及季节特征。结果表明：1)城郊日最高气温出现频率最大的时次均为北京时间17时,出现频率在20%以上。日最低气温出现频率最大的时次为8时,频率在30%以上;2)年平均城郊气温差异即城市热岛强度在夜晚较大,早上7时左右达到最大,在1.5℃以上,白天较小,16时左右最小,仅有0.3℃左右;3)城郊日最高气温出现时间基本一致,但日最低气温出现时间有差别,冬季郊区最低气温出现滞后城区1小时,其他季节保持一致;4)城区逐小时城市热岛强度日内变化可分为三个阶段：8点到17点为下降时期,17点到22点为迅速上升时期,22点到第二天8点为稳定的强热岛时期;5)侯平均城市热岛强度年内变化,最大值发生在年终的第72候,为1.53℃,最小值发生在第秋末第67候,为0.33℃;6)综合来看,各季代表月平均城市热岛强度春季(4月)夜晚较强,夏季(7月)夜晚和白天都相对较弱,秋季(9月)夜晚最强,但白天最弱,甚至白天部分时刻(15到18点)出现了负值。冬季白天和晚上都比较强,是四季代表月份平均热岛强度最强的季节。     

Behaviour of H2O2, NH3, and black carbon in mixed-phase clouds during CIME

We investigated the partitioning of trace substances during the phase transition from supercooled to mixed-phase cloud induced by artificial seeding. Simultaneous determination of the concentrations of H₂O₂, NH₃ and black carbon (BC) in both condensed and interstitial phases with high time resolution showed that the three species undergo different behaviour in the presence of a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled droplets. Both H₂O₂ and NH₃ are efficiently scavenged by growing ice crystals, whereas BC stayed predominantly in the interstitial phase. In addition, the scavenging of H₂O₂ is driven by co-condensation with water vapour onto ice crystals while NH₃ uptake into the ice phase is more efficient than co-condensation alone. The high solubility of NH₄⁺ in the ice could explain this result. Finally, it appears that the H₂O₂–SO₂ reaction is very slow in the ice phase with respect to the liquid phase. Our results are directly applicable for clouds undergoing limited riming.