惠民凹陷大芦家地区馆陶组三段沉积微相类型及空间展布

针对惠民凹陷大芦家地区各断块地层单元划分不一致,沉积相认识存在分歧等问题,依据旋回级次、旋回性质等,将馆陶组三段划分出2个四级旋回、4个五级旋回、16个六级旋回;并以岩芯及室内分析资料、测井资料等为主要依据,综合分析岩石类型、粒度及结构特征、垂向粒序变化、层理构造类型及自然电位曲线形态等。结果表明:惠民凹陷大芦家地区馆陶组三段主要发育冲积扇及辫状河;冲积扇主要发育辫流砂岛、辫流沟道、辫流带、漫流席状砂、远端砂丘等微相;辫状河主要发育心滩,辫状河道充填,天然堤、漫滩和道间洼地沉积,泛滥平原沉积,废弃河道等微相;2个四级旋回的沉积相类型及空间展布特征相似;第Ⅰ五级旋回在研究区中偏西部属冲积扇沉积,主要发育辫流砂岛、辫流沟道、辫流带微相,在东部属扇前平原沉积;第Ⅱ五级旋回早期以辫状河沉积为主,河道规模较大,仅在第Ⅱ1六级旋回的东北部位见冲积扇的辫流砂岛及辫流沟道微相;第Ⅱ五级旋回中期属辫状河沉积,河道规模减小,2个河道群自NW向SE方向流动;第Ⅱ五级旋回晚期河道规模更小,逐渐向曲流河沉积过渡。     

内蒙古岱海元子沟冲积扇内部构型特征及分布规律

在野外露头观察与剖面实测的基础上,根据内蒙古岱海元子沟岩相组合及垂向序列,划分冲积扇沉积相带,分析构型单元成因,定量表征构型单元几何属性,明确构型单元组合分布规律和分布模式.结果表明:研究区元子沟冲积扇划分为扇中、扇根2个亚相.扇根发育主辫流水道、泥石流沉积、片洪沉积3种构型单元,以主辫流水道发育为主体,主辫流水道宽度为10.0～15.0 m,宽厚比为10.0～30.0,且主辫流水道不同时期物源供给存在差异,多以垂向叠置的方式沉积.扇中发育分支辫流水道、辫流坝、漫洪沉积、冲沟4种构型单元,其中分支辫流水道、辫流坝与储层关系密切,分支辫流水道宽度为8.0～10.0 m,宽厚比为11.4～33.3,辫流坝宽度为5.0～8.0 m,宽厚比为7.1～16.0,受水动力与流体性质变化的影响,多以侧向叠置、侧向分隔、侧向拼接的方式沉积.该结果为研究区点物源冲积扇构型单元体预测提供指导.     

高邮凹陷古近系戴南组扇三角洲沉积体系及其沉积相模式

扇三角洲是苏北盆地高邮凹陷戴南组较为发育的一种沉积类型,集中分布在凹陷南部陡坡带一侧,是该区一个重要的勘探领域。根据岩芯、测井、地震、粒度等资料,对高邮凹陷古近系戴南组扇三角洲的沉积特征进行了研究,建立了高邮凹陷戴南组的沉积相模式。根据单井沉积相、连井沉积相分析以及地震剖面反射特征和砂地比图综合分析,确定了戴南组各亚段沉积相的平面展布,编制了戴南组各亚段沉积相分布图。结果表明:高邮凹陷南部陡坡带地形陡,存在扇三角洲发育的条件,也存在反映浅水环境的岩性特点,成分成熟度和结构成熟度低反映了近物源的条件,还发现反映牵引流和重力流共存的沉积构造特点;从地震反射特征上看,反射结构不稳定,并发现向盆地边缘加厚的楔形地震相。在此基础上,重点对戴南组扇三角洲相各微相进行了分析,共划分出扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲亚相,并进一步划分出水上分流河道、漫滩沼泽、水下分流河道、分流河道间和席状砂等微相,最后详细阐述了各微相的沉积特征。     

基于古地貌和断裂控制的辽西低凸起锦州S油田沙河街组沉积体系

为明确辽西低凸起锦州S油田沙河街组沉积相带展布及其控制因素,综合应用岩心、测井和地震等资料,分析古地貌特征、断裂系统展布及其对沉积体系演化的控制作用,确定沙河街组SQ1—SQ4层序沉积相类型,探讨沙河街组沉积体系的演化规律。结果表明:研究区沙河街组发育辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲、湖泊等沉积体系类型;古地貌整体控制沉积体系类型;构造转换带是锦州S油田沉积物的主要运移通道。古地貌较低的C区,以及受转换带二次运移沉积的F、G区发育辫状河三角洲前缘亚相,砂体厚度大,储层质量好,有利于油气富集。该结果为研究区有利相带及优质砂体预测提供参考。     

辽河盆地东部凹陷古近系沙河街组层序地层及沉积相研究

根据岩心、测井和地震资料综合分析结果,研究辽河盆地东部凹陷沙河街组层序地层划分、沉积相类型及展布特征,东部凹陷沙河街组层序地层格架中识别出3个三级层序界面(SB1、SB2和SB3),划分2个三级层序(SQ1和SQ2);识别出冲积扇相、扇三角洲相、辫状河三角洲相、浊积扇相和湖泊相等沉积相类型.基于层序地层格架的划分和层序格架沉积砂体的特征研究,结合岩心相、测井相及地震相分析,绘制东部凹陷沙河街组不同层序的沉积相平面展布图.根据东部凹陷沙河街组沉积相空间展布及演化规律,结合沉积相分布控制因素分析,提出东部凹陷沙河街组沉积相模式,盆地陡坡带短距离搬运的沉积物质在陆上堆积形成冲积扇,进入水体发育扇三角洲、浊积扇体等;缓坡带沉积物搬运距离相对较远,多发育辫状河—辫状河三角洲等远源沉积体系.     

浅海重力流储层沉积模式新认识

Ｄ气田黄流组一段为浅海陆架背景下的海底扇沉积，沉积微相平面展布复杂，储层具有很强的非均质性。开展沉积机理研究，对于厘清海底扇沉积微相展布、预测砂体展布具有重要意义。通过压实校正恢复古地貌，基于粒度标准偏差开展了水动力分析。随后，在综合分析古物源、古 地 貌、古 水 深、古水动力等特征基础上，明 确 浅海重力流沉积物的搬运作用明显受到坡折带、洼陷、沟谷等地貌的控制，并建立了先成洼陷限制性重力流充填－溢出、斜坡坡折下侵蚀－充填－分流、平缓斜坡非限制性漫流３种浅海海底扇沉积模式。      

柴西地区上下油砂山组沉积相及有利储层

通过对研究区露头、岩性、测井等特征的研究,将柴达木盆地新近纪上下油砂山组划分出5种重要的沉积相类型:冲积扇相、河流相、扇三角洲相、三角洲相、湖泊相,并进行详细描述。依据单因素分析多因素综合画图的方法论,做出上下油砂山组沉积相平面展布图。沉积相带是控制储层特征和分布的基本因素。结合沉积相带图,划出油砂山组储集相带,有利储集相主要是三角州前缘砂体,冲积扇—扇三角洲分流河道砂体,浅湖滩坝;主要分布在沙西、乌南、咸水泉、月牙山、红沟子、阿尔金斜坡带,而碱山地区的储集相带发育较差。     

东濮凹陷马寨油田卫95块扇三角洲沉积特征及沉积模式

沙三下亚段是马寨油田卫95块的主要含油层系,钻井资料显示储层厚度大、砂体成因复杂、相带认识难度大.为了研究卫95块沙三下亚段的沉积特征及沉积模式,根据地质学及沉积学理论,分析其泥岩颜色、岩石类型及组合、粒度特征、构造特征及沉积相.结果表明:位于东濮凹陷西北端第三断阶带的马寨油田卫95块发育扇三角洲前缘亚相,物源主要来自于西部的内黄隆起;该亚相又进一步识别出水下分流河道、水下分流河道侧翼、席状砂和水下分流河道间等4种微相,各主力砂组发育多期扇三角洲沉积,各扇体相互叠置,呈北西—南东向展布;亚相以水下分流河道和席状砂微相为主,其余微相次之.在区域构造背景的基础上,结合扇体的物源方向及时空展布特征,总结卫95块的沉积微相模式,为油田开发提供参考.     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下三叠统百口泉组扇三角洲沉积特征

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下三叠统百口泉组的沉积背景分析表明,研究区存在东西2个方向的6个分支物源,古凸起及沟槽对水系具有分隔控制作用,控制砂体沉积。通过岩心观察,归纳总结出9种岩相,结合录井、测井资料分析,认为玛湖凹陷下三叠统百口泉组沉积相类型主要为扇三角洲相,并详述了7种微相的沉积特征。利用地质地震资料综合分析,确定出玛湖凹陷百口泉平面沉积特征,凹陷内发育6个受物源控制明显的扇体,相邻扇体在平原相带被凸起带分隔,在前缘相带内相互交汇叠置。      

沾化-车镇地区古近纪东营组沉积相特征及沉积演化

综合钻井、测井和古生物等资料,依据沉积学基本原理和方法,对济阳坳陷沾车地区古近纪东营组沉积相特征及空间展布进行研究。结果表明:沾车地区东营组发育冲积扇相、曲流河相、三角洲相、扇三角洲相、辫状河三角洲相、湖泊相、滩坝和湖底扇8种沉积相,以湖泊相为主。东营组三段盆地持续下陷,深湖相、滨-浅湖相发育,沉积范围广。东营组二段湖盆重新开始抬升,湖水收缩,沉积范围缩小,沉积相以滨浅湖相为主,伴有小规模的扇三角洲及滩坝沉积。东营组一段湖盆继续抬升,沉积范围进一步缩小,主要为冲积扇-河流沉积,凸起边缘发育一系列的冲积扇。     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.