二元混合系的端元Sm—Nd模式年龄及在造山带基底研究中的意义

本文提出二元混合体系的端元Sm-Nd模式年龄的计算方法,利用该方法计算二元混合体系两端元的Sm-Nd同位素组成,二端元在混源样品中的重量百分比及地壳残留时间。借助此方法,笔者计算了东秦岭褶皱带基底的Sm-Nd同位素物质组成及形成时代,并讨论了其基底演化过程。研究结果表明,南、北秦岭褶皱带的基底在物质来源和形成时代上存在明显的差别。北秦岭褶皱带基底由 3000Ma和 608Ma两个端元混合组成;而南秦岭褶皱带的基底,则由 1700Ma和 989Ma两个端元混合组成。研究暗示了东秦岭褶皱带存在二次重要的壳幔分异事件,时间分别为989Ma和608Ma。     

关于《二元混合体系的端元Sm-Nd模式年龄计算方法》几个问题探讨

关于《二元混合体系的端元Sm-Nd模式年龄计算方法》几个问题探讨杨晓松(中国地质大学地质系武汉430074)作者在《二元混合体系的端元Sm-Nd模式年龄计算方法》一文(下简称原文)中(杨晓松等,1993),提出了端元Sin-Nd模式年龄的概念及计算方法,其目的是解决模式年龄在解释时常遇到的困境(Arndt et al.,1987)。     

塔里木盆地北部沥青、干酪根Pb-Sr-Nd同位素体系及成因演化

 Pb、Sr、Nd同位素体系研究表明沥青与寒武纪、奥陶纪地层中的干酪根具有明显的同位素组成差异,表明来自异源。沥青Pb同位素组成具有明显的幔源与壳幔混合特征,而干酪根显示出壳源特征。沥青与干酪根的Nd同位素组成也存在着明显的差别,反映出老地壳源与新地壳源的明显差别。来自柯坪隆起大湾沟沥青的Nd-Sr同位素体系给出了晚元古的相关等时线,年龄分别为872Ma与1195Ma,可能代表了沥青的最早形成年龄。但来自塔北隆起的沥青其Sm-Nd体系显示出介于大湾沟沥青与干酪根之间的混合相关,表明具有壳源与幔源的二元混合成因。Rb-Sr和Pb-Pb等时线趋向和Pb模式年龄还给出加里东期(～440Ma)和印支期(～250Ma)的原油运移与沥青沉淀年龄信息。Nd模式年龄还表明柯坪-阿克苏地区存在太古宙基底(3.2-2.5Ga).塔里木油藏受深断裂控制。     

塔里木盆地北部沥青、干酪根Pb-Sr-Nd同位素体系及成因演化

Pb、Sr、Nd同位素体系研究表明沥青与寒武纪、奥陶纪地层中的干酪根具有明显的同位素组成差异,表明来自异源。沥青Pb同位素组成具有明显的幔源与壳幔混合特征,而干酪根显示出壳源特征。沥青与干酪根的Nd同位素组成也存在着明显的差别,反映出老地壳源与新地壳源的明显差别。来自柯坪隆起大湾沟沥青的Nd-Sr同位素体系给出了晚元古的相关等时线,年龄分别为872Ma与1195Ma,可能代表了沥青的最早形成年龄。但来自塔北隆起的沥青其Sm-Nd体系显示出介于大湾沟沥青与干酪根之间的混合相关,表明具有壳源与幔源的二元混合成因。Rb-Sr和Pb-Pb等时线趋向和Pb模式年龄还给出加里东期(～440Ma)和印支期(～250Ma)的原油运移与沥青沉淀年龄信息。Nd模式年龄还表明柯坪-阿克苏地区存在太古宙基底(3.2-2.5Ga).塔里木油藏受深断裂控制。     

Sm—Nd模式年龄和等时线年龄的适用性与局限性

陈江峰(1994)与杨晓松(1994)关于“二元混合体系的端元Sm-Nd同位素模式年龄计算方法”的讨论,提出了有关Sm-Nd同位素体系的基本原理和应用的一些问题。他们的讨论很有意义。近十年来,我国Sm-Nd同位素地球化学和地质年代学的研究和应用得到了迅速发展,并在岩石成因、壳幔演化、前寒武纪地质等研究中取得了大量的成果。同时,由于基础理论知识学习、实验技术推广、研究经费等方面诸多因素的限制,我国的Sm- Nd同位素研究和应用也出现了一些问题,这些问题在近年来发表的一些论文中不同程度地有所反映。本文在陈江峰和杨晓松讨论的基础上,着重对Sm-Nd模式年龄和等时线年龄的适用性和局限性及其有关问题进行讨论。     

对《二元混合体系的端元Sm-Nd模式年龄计算方法》的商榷

Nd模式年龄的地质解释有多解性(Arndt et al 1987s Jahn et al., 1990),杨晓松等(1993)在《二元混合体系的端元Sm-Nd模式年龄计算方法》一文(下简称杨文)中提出端元模式年龄的概念和计算方法,试图解决模式年龄的多解性问题.公式推导基本正确,但在公式的内涵、适用性和应用条件等方面尚存在一些值得商榷之处。     

海南岛屯昌玄武质科马提岩Sm-Nd同位素年龄及其地质意义

海南岛屯昌玄武质科马提岩成岩时代一直未获解决。作者利用Sm-Nd同位素法测试了5件样品,获得岩石Sm-Nd同位素等时线年龄1687±10Ma,及与其相近的Nd模式年龄1637-1756Ma。同时获得了钕同位素初始比值I_Nd=0.510796±0.000006(2σ),ε_Nd(T)=+6.64。表明玄武质科马提岩结晶年龄为古元古代(1687Ma),反映了海南岛在古元古时期的壳-幔分异与地壳增生的重要过程。     

云南金宝山铂钯矿Sr-Nd-Os同位素组成:岩浆成因及演化分析

金宝山铂钯矿是峨眉山大火成岩省具有典型意义的岩浆Ni-Cu-PGE矿床,成矿岩体岩矿石Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,Re-Os同位素特征表明:成矿岩浆为地幔柱成因并受到岩石圈地幔和地壳混染作用的影响。εNd(260 Ma)=-1.78~+0.81,介于地幔柱与岩石圈地幔之间但明显靠近地幔柱的同位素组成。γOs(260 Ma)=20~60,高于任何端元类型的地幔储集库,体现地壳混染作用的效果。模式分析认为,成矿岩浆形成演化过程中大约有10%的岩石圈地幔熔体混合并受到5%左右的下地壳混染。     

丹巴地区变质沉积岩Sm-Nd同位素研究

对丹巴地区广泛分布的志留系、泥盆系和三叠系地层进行了较系统的Sm-Nd同位素研究。这些变质沉积岩的地壳存留年龄为2284-1977Ma,它介于扬子板块核部晚太古代地壳(2900-2600Ma)和板块边缘中-新元古代地壳(1180-812Ma)之间,表明丹巴地区的古生代地层可能主要是这两个物源区按一定比例均匀混合的产物。     

金沙江中段元古宙变质岩的Sm-Nd同位素年龄报道

金沙江中段的古老变质岩由多期变质的元古宙变质岩石单元组成。利用Sm-Nd同位素方法获得了雄松群二云母片岩全岩同位素等时线年龄1594Ma和1723Ma、2011Ma两组模式年龄。前者代表了成岩年龄,后者代表金沙江中段地层的基底年龄,这与金沙江流域乃至整个华南地壳最初形成的年龄十分相似。表明,川西、藏东地区雄松群变质岩可能属于华南地壳的组成部分。其形成时间应在早元古代或更早的时期内。     

Direct Isotope Dating of W(−Y) Mineralization at Kyzyltau (Mongolian Altai): Preliminary Results

Absolute ages of granite magmatism, as well as of tungsten mineralization, are poorly constrained in the Mongolian Altai and adjacent areas. There are no reports focusing on special isotopic investigations of the tungsten deposits. For the deposits in the Achit nuur and the Zagaan-Shibetin tectonic zones, two concepts that are discussed in the literature assume Paleozoic or Mesozoic ages for mineralization and related granite magmatism. We report the first results of a combined Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope investigation of rocks and vein minerals of the Ulaan uul tungsten deposit at Kyzyltau; the results suggest Paleozoic ages for vein mineralization and for albitization of the host granite. The Sm-Nd isotope system, and the structure of vein minerals used for isotopic dating, were only slightly affected by late alteration processes. Sm-Nd mineral isochrons for wolframite and fluorite from the veins define an age of 303 ± 17 Ma (MSWD = 1.8, εNd = +0.9 ± 0.2). The Rb-Sr isotope system of the vein-hosting granite was strongly influenced by alteration processes. The Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron (282.2 ± 2.4 Ma, Sr_i = 0.70667 ± 0.00032, MSWD = 0.53) is interpreted as a mixing line and the age so defined has no direct geological meaning. Nevertheless, using Rb-Sr model ages and data on the degree of alteration of the samples, an age somewhat below 316 Ma can be estimated for albitization of the vein-hosting granite. This age estimation is in good agreement with the Sm-Nd isochron age for the vein mineralization. High εNd values obtained for wolframite and fluorite from the ore veins indicate an important role for material derived from the upper mantle in the ore formation processes.     

Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, Southern Black Hills, South Dakota

The Nd, O and Sr isotopic characteristics of Precambrian metasedimentary, metavolcanic and granitic rocks from the Black Hills of South Dakota are examined. Two late-Archean granites (2.5-2.6 Ga) have T_dm ages of 3.05 and 3.30 Ga, suggesting that at least one of the granites was derived through the melting of significantly older crust. Early-Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks have T_dm ages that range from 2.32 to 2.45 Ga. These model ages, in conjunction with probable stratigraphic ages ranging from 1.9 to 2.2 Ga, indicate that mantle-derived material was added to the continental crust of this region during the early-Proterozoic. Previous studies of the Harney Peak Granite complex have reported U-Pb and Rb-Sr ages of about 1.71 Ga and most granite samples examined in this study have Sr isotopic compositions consistent with that age. Two granite samples taken from the same sill, however, give two-point Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages of 2.08 ±0.08 and 2.20 ±0.20 Ga (∑²²⁰⁰_Nd = −15.5), respectively. In addition, whole-rock and apatite samples of the spatially associated Tin Mountain pegmatite give a Sm-Nd isochron age of 2000 ±100 Ma (∑²²⁰⁰_Nd = −5.8 ±1.8).

The Sm-Nd, O and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of these granitic rocks have been complicated to some degree by both crystallization and post-crystallization processes, and the age of the pegmatite and parts of the Harney Peak Granite complex remain uncertain. Processes that probably complicated the isotopic systematics of these rocks include derivation from heterogeneous source material, assimilation, mixing of REE between granite and country rock during crystallization via a fluid phase and post-crystallization mobility of Sr. The Nd isotopic compositions of the pegmatite and the Harney Peak Granite indicate that they were not derived primarily from the exposed metasedimentary rocks.     

浙江莫干山花岗岩体锆石U-Pb、全岩Rb-Sr年代学、Sr-Nd-O同位素地球化学及成因研究

莫干山花岗岩体位于东天目山晚中生代火山盆地东端,用LA-ICPMS进行锆石U-Pb定年得到年龄为128.1±2.1Ma,全岩Rb Sr等时线定年结果为135.4±4.3 Ma,表明其属燕山晚期岩浆活动产物.莫干山花岗岩的Sr-Nd-O同位素分析结果为:初始87Sr/86Sr=0.70933;εNd(t)=-3.75～ - 6.4;δ18O=8.86‰～10.78‰,表明其成因类型属Ⅰ型花岗岩,是壳-幔物质混合形成的.按Sr Nd双变量二元混合模型计算得出源区物质中地壳端员和亏损地幔端员的贡献份额分别为47％～49％、51％～53％.莫干山花岗岩与建德群黄尖组火山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩Rb Sr等时线年龄基本一致,其Nd-Sr同位素组成也很相似,表明它们来自同一岩浆源.     

U-Pb garnet chronometry in high-grade rocks—case studies from the central Damara orogen (Namibia) and implications for the interpretation of Sm-Nd garnet ages and the role of high U-Th inclusions

Garnets from different migmatites and granites from the Damara orogen (Namibia) were dated with the U-Pb technique after bulk dissolution of the material. Measured ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are highly variable and range from ca. 21 to 613. Variations in isotope (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) and trace element (Th/U, U/Nd, Sm/Nd) ratios of the different garnets show that some garnets contain significant amounts of monazite and zircon inclusions. Due to their very low ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios, garnets from pelitic migmatites from the Khan area yield Pb-Pb ages with large errors precluding a detailed evaluation. However, the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages (ca. 550–500 Ma) appear to be similar to or older than U-Pb monazite ages (530±1–517±1 Ma) and Sm-Nd garnet ages (523±4–512±3 Ma) from the same sample. It is reasonable to assume that the Pb-Pb garnet ages define growth ages because previous studies are consistent with a higher closure temperature for the U-Pb system in garnet relative to the U-Pb system in monazite and the Sm-Nd system in garnet. For igneous migmatites from Oetmoed, Pb-Pb garnet ages (483±15–492±16 Ma) and one Sm-Nd garnet whole rock age (487±8 Ma) are similar whereas the monazite from the same sample is ca. 30–40 Ma older (528±1 Ma). These monazite ages are, however, similar to monazite ages from nearby unmigmatized granite samples and constrain precisely the intrusion of the precursor granite in this area. Although there is a notable difference in closure temperature for the U-Pb and Sm-Nd system in garnet, the similarity of both ages indicate that both garnet ages record garnet growth in a migmatitic environment. Restitic garnet from an unmigmatized granite from Omaruru yields similar U-Pb (493±30–506±30 Ma) and Sm-Nd (493±6–488±7 Ma) garnet ages whereas the monazite from this rock is ca. 15–25 Ma older (516±1–514±1 Ma). Whereas the monazite ages define probably the peak of regional metamorphism in the source of the granite, the garnet ages may indicate the time of melt extraction. For igneous garnets from granites at Oetmoed, the similarity between Pb-Pb (483±34–474±17 Ma) and Sm-Nd (492±5–484±13 Ma) garnet ages is consistent with fast cooling rates of granitic dykes in the lower crust. Differences between garnet and monazite U-Pb ages can be explained by different reactions that produced these minerals at different times and by the empirical observation that monazite seems resistant to later thermal re-equilibration in the temperature range between 750 and 900 °C (e.g. Braun et al. 1998). For garnet analyses that have low ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios, the influence of high- inclusions is small. However, the relatively large errors preclude a detailed evaluation of the relationship between the different chronometers. For garnet with higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios, the overall similarity between the Pb-Pb and Sm-Nd garnet ages implies that the inclusions are not significantly older than the garnet and therefore do not induce a premetamorphic Pb signature upon the garnet. The results presented here show that garnet with low ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb ratios together with Sm-Nd garnet data and U-Pb monazite ages from the same rock can be used to extract geologically meaningful ages that can help to better understand tectonometamorphic processes in high-grade terranes.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs     

湖南东坡矿田金船塘、红旗岭锡多金属矿床Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素年代学研究

与千里山岩体有密切时空联系的东坡矿田是我国主要钨锡多金属矿产资源基地之一。在前人对千里山复式岩体成岩时代和金船塘与千里山岩体第一期似斑状花岗岩侵入活动有关的成矿作用研究的基础上,笔者选择金船塘及红旗岭矿床含矿石英脉中的石英和金船塘矿床矽卡岩矿石中的单矿物,进行石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr和矽卡岩矿物(包括符山石和石榴石)Sm-Nd同位素年代学研究,得出金船塘及红旗岭矿床石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄分别为133.4±5.9 Ma(MSWD=1.3)和143.1±8.7 Ma(MSWD=47),金船塘矿床矽卡岩矿物Sm-Nd等时线年龄为141±11 Ma(MSWD=0.27)。同位素年代学研究表明金船塘矿床至少存在164 Ma±、133~141 Ma两期成矿作用,在测定误差范围内,它们分别与千里山岩体第一期似斑状花岗岩(152 Ma)和第二期等粒黑云母花岗岩(136~137Ma)的侵入活动有关,而红旗岭矿床的成矿作用与千里山岩体第二期岩浆侵入活动有关。     

U-Pb,Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd chronology of granitic basement,hydrothermal albitites and uranium mineralization (Lagoa Real,South-Bahia,Brazil)

The granites orthogneisses, hydrothermal albitities and rocks which have suffered uranium mineralization from the Lagoa Real District (South State of Bahia, Brazil) have been investigated by U-Pb, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd techniques. U-Pb values on zircons from the granitic protolith give an age of 1725 Ma; U-Pb on U-mineralization dates the primary mineralization at 1395 Ma and indicates a reworking at 480 Ma, which may represent the age of the thrusting of the Lagoa Real complex over Espinhaço metasediments during the Brazilian orogeny. These two dates are given by Rb-Sr on albitites, but from sparse information and are not supported by unequivocal arguments. The uranium deposition and sodium metasomatism, however, cannot be linked either with the thermal history of the granite or with Brazilian thrusting. Sm-Nd gives scattered results which are suggestive of autochtonous reworkings of REEs. These results lead to the following suggestions (1) magmatic activity of subalkaline affinity existed within the Sao Francisco craton at about 1.7 Ga (2) such subalkaline plutons are likely sources for U-mineralization (3) at about 1.4 Ga an unknown event caused hydrothermal activity leading to U-deposition at Lagoa Real (4) Brazilian overthrusting at about 480 Ma did not play any genetic role in the hydrothermal activity.     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔榴辉岩Sm-Nd年龄及其地质意义

南苏鲁中国大陆科学钻探主孔CCSD-MH及地表的榴辉岩Sm—Nd同位素年龄测试结果显示，每件样品中全岩（Wr)与石榴石(Grt)和绿辉石(Omp)点均在一条直线上。除样品B210R186以外，其余5件榴辉岩均给出十分相近的Sm—Nd等时线年龄，位于202．6-219Ma之间，这与榴辉岩围岩——片麻岩锆石边缘记录的近等温减压退变质年龄(200-220Ma)十分接近，表明测试的榴辉岩中石榴石的Sm—Nd同位素体系有可能在近等温减压退变质时重置，并在向角闪岩相退变质过渡时封闭。因此，笔者测定的202．6-219Ma的Sm-Nd全岩-矿物等时线年龄，应代表了南苏鲁榴辉岩在构造折返过程中近等温减压阶段的退变质年龄，而不能代表苏鲁地体的超高压变质年龄。     

十杭带湘南—桂北段中生代A型花岗岩带成岩成矿特征及成因讨论

十杭带是华南内陆一条重要的北北东向、具有高εNd (t )值和低t DM值的花岗岩带,该带在湘南—桂北段的花岗质岩体（千里山、骑田岭、西山、金鸡岭、花山和姑婆山等）均形成于151~163 Ma间。但从西南往东北方向,形成时代有逐渐变年轻的趋势。这些岩体在地球化学组成上显示出较为相似的特征,岩石均富碱、高钾,富含Rb,Th,U等大离子亲石元素（LILE）和REE,Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf等高场强元素（HFSE）。在地球化学图解上均落入A型花岗岩区域,因此该花岗岩带应属于一条A型花岗岩带。进一步划分,这些花岗岩应该属于A2亚类。这些花岗岩均具有较低的（87Sr/86Sr）i 值、较高的εNd (t )值和相对低的Nd模式年龄值,但从西南往东北方向,εNd (t )值具有逐渐降低的趋势。在这些花岗质岩体中暗色包体非常发育,岩石学和地球化学,特别是锆石的Hf同位素组成,指示这些花岗质岩石是通过壳-幔岩浆混合作用形成的,幔源岩浆端元来自亏损地幔,可能是软流圈地幔物质的直接参与。该A型花岗岩带可能形成于古太平洋板块俯冲引起的弧后或弧内拉张构造环境,软流圈地幔上涌及诱发的幔源岩浆沿超壳深断裂底侵,导致了强烈的壳幔岩浆混合作用,形成了该花岗岩带。该拉张事件从西南往东北方向进行,拉张强度由强变弱,混入花岗岩中的地幔物质也由多变少。该花岗岩带也是我国 一条重要的W-Sn多金属成矿带。研究表明,这些花岗岩均属于富Sn花岗岩,但Sn在这些花岗岩中的富集机制与传统的结晶分异富集的方式不同。该区锡矿化类型十分丰富,除了存在传统的岩浆热液演化成矿外,还存在新类型的绿泥石化花岗岩锡矿化,丰富了A型花岗岩的成矿理论。     

浆混花岗岩专题填图方法初探——以东昆仑加鲁河地区为例

东昆仑造山带花岗岩中广泛发育暗色微粒包体,含有丰富的壳幔岩浆混合作用的证据,被认为是研究岩浆混合作用的天然场所。适逢近阶段同源花岗岩谱系填图方案在造山带岩浆混合(浆混)花岗岩图区实践时深受质疑,本研究以东昆仑加鲁河地区浆混花岗岩为例,开展浆混花岗岩区专题填图试点工作,旨在探索一套适合浆混花岗岩填图的岩石单位划分方案。从野外地质、岩相学、岩石和矿物化学等不同角度论证了加鲁河花岗闪长岩及其内部包体形成于开放体系下的壳幔岩浆混合作用。在填图工作中,将图区内的岩浆岩划分为浆混花岗岩和非浆混花岗岩2个超单元。以岩浆混合作用为理论依据,将浆混花岗岩超单元划分为基性端元、酸性端元和浆混产物3个二级单位,对于2个端元岩石单位按照其矿物组成、结构构造等方面的差异(岩浆演化导致)再次划分最基本岩石单位——侵入体,对于浆混产物单位,建议可按照岩浆混合程度差异或者内部包体变化规律灵活划分基本岩石单位——浆混体。由此建立了一套可与同源花岗岩谱系单位相兼容的浆混花岗岩谱系单位划分方案,为岩浆混合花岗岩区开展填图工作提供了初步探索方案。     

研究花岗岩类成因类型和幔壳成分比的同位素方法探讨

Sm-Nd法及其参数εNd（O）、εNd（T）、TCHUR^Nd、εDM^Nd及x,是测定花岗岩形成年龄及研究花岗岩成因类型、模式年龄及地幔物质百分比的重要手段,但因其测试费用高等原因,难以广泛使用。作者提出了Rb-Sm法的相应参数εSr（O）、εSr（T）、TUR^Sr、εDM^Sr及μ做为补充,在没有Sm-Nd同位素资料的情况下,Rb-Sr同位素参数基本上可以代替Sm-Nd同位素参数。经对比,求花岗岩中幔源物质百分比时,Rb-Sr法计算值与Sm-Nd法计算值相比,误差一般不超过10％。此外,作者还提出了计算花岗岩山幔源物质百分比的简化式,使该计算更为简便易行。